Chemistry Form Four 2021-2022

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QUESTIONS AND ANNSWERS FOR CHEMISTRY FORM FOUR
CHEMISTRY FORM FOUR

CHAPTER ONE
HYDROCARBONS
CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

1) Name and draw the structural formulas for four smallest alkanes.
Ans:
2) What is the main component of natural gas?

 The main component of natural gas is Methane
3) What is meant by the term saturated, when applied to hydrocarbons?
 Saturated hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons that contain only single
bonds between carbon atoms.
4) What is meant by fractional distillation?
 Fractional distillation: is the chemical process of separating a
mixture of two or more liquids that have different boiling points by
heating a liquid mixture until it turns into gas and then cooling and
collecting each substance separately.
5) Where in the fractional column will the longest hydrocarbon condense?
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 Longest chain hydrocarbons condense at the bottom and are

collected as liquids.
 Note: Fractional column is hot at the bottom and cool at the top.
6) Name and draw the structural formula for the four smallest alkenes.
7) CnH2n can represent an alkane or alkene. Explain.

 CnH2n can represent the general formula of alkenes, because alkenes
have fewer hydrogen atoms than alkanes.
8) What does the term aromatic imply about an organic molecule?
 Aromatic means that the molecule has a benzene ring.
9) Which of the following could be the formula of a cyclic alkane?
a) C8H18 b) C5H8 c) C6H6 d) C5H10
10) How many carbons are in the longest chain of each of the
following compounds? Write the name of the longest alkane chain for
each.

The carbons are in the longest chain and their names:

a) 6 carbon atoms and its hexane

b) 8 carbon atoms and it is octane
c) 9 carbon atoms and it is nonane
d) 7 carbon atoms and it is heptane.
11) Name the substituents attached to the longest chains in question
10 and give the IPUAC names for the compounds.
 a ) 2,3,5 - trimethyl and IUPAC name is 2,3,5-trimethylhexane
 b) 2,3,5-trimethyl and IUPAC name is 2,3,5 – trimethyloctane
 c) 3,3 – dimethyl and IUPAC name is 3,3 – dimethylnonane
 d) 4 – methyl and IUPAC name is 4 – methylheptane.
12) What does the term normal imply when used in alkane?
 The term normal is used to name straight chain alkanes.
13) Identify the following as alkane, alkene, or alkyne. Assume that
the compounds are not cyclic.
a) C8H16 e) CH4
b) C5H12 f) C10H20
c) C4H8 g) C18H38
d) C20H38
 a) Alkene b) Alkane c) Alkene d) Alkyne e) Alkane
f) Alkene g) Alkane
14) Explain why the name 1 – propene is incorrect. What is the
proper name for this molecule?
 The 1 is not necessary. The proper name is propene
15) Explain why the name 3 – butene is incorrect. What is the proper
name for this name?

 The double bond is between carbon 1 and carbon 2, therefore

the proper name is 1 – butene.
16) Name and draw the structural formula for each isomer of
pentene. Pentene has 2 position isomers
Pentene has 3 isomers
17) Name and draw the structural formula for each isomer of hexyne.
 Hexyne has 3 postion isomers and 4 chain isomers.
18) Write a chemical equation for the reaction between methane and
bromine.

19) Write a chemical equation for the reaction between Ethane and
chlorine.

20) Draw the structure of the product of the reaction of:

a) Bromine with propene
b) Chlorine with 2 – butene
c) Hydrogen with 1 – butene
d) Hydrogen with 2 – pentene
Ans

21) Write the balanced chemical equation for the combustion of :

a) Heptane b) Benzene c) Ethyne d) Hexene
ANS
a)
b)
c)
d)
22) Draw the structure for each of the following compound

a) 3,4 – diethyloctane
b) 3 – methylpentane
c) 4 – ethyl – methylheptane

d) n – hexane
e) 3 – isopropylhexane
f) 2,4,5 – trimethyloctane
g) 2,3 – dimethyl- 4 – t- butylnonane
h) 2,2 – dimethyl – 4 – propylnonane
i) 3 – ethyl – 4- methyl – 3- heptane
j) 3,3-diethyl-1-pentyne
k) 4-ethyl-4-propyl-2-octyne
l) 4-butyl-2,2-dimethldecane
m) 3,4-diethyl-1-hexyne
n) 4-propyl-3-ethyl-2-methyloctane
Answer





23) The name 2 – ethylhexane is incorrect. Draw the structure and

write the correct name for this molecule.
 The structure is
24) The name 3 – butyl – 7 – methyl octane is incorrect draw the

structure and write the correct name for this molecule.
 The structure of the molecule is:

25) The following skeletal structures represent alkenes or alkynes. Fill

in the proper number of hydrogens on each carbon.
Answer

26) Write the condensed structures of a compound with seven carbon

atoms in each of the four hydrocarbon classes.
27) Explain the process of polymerization.

 Polymerization: is the process in which small molecules called
monomers combine chemically together to form large molecule
called a polymer.

CHEMISTRY FORM FOUR

CHAPTER TWO
ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS
AND ETHERS
1) What are the characteristics of alcohols and ethers?
 Alcohols: are organic compounds which contain hydroxyl (-
OH) as a functional group. And it is also hydroxyl derivatives
of alkane while ethers are organic compounds which contain
oxy (-o-) as functional group and it is also derivatives of water.
2) How alcohols are classified?
 Alcohols: are classified into four categories, according to
number –OH group and they are:
a) Monohydric alcohols
b) Dihydric alcohols
c) Dihydric alcohols
d) Polyhydric alcohols
 Alcohols: are classified into two categories, according to
bond between carbon atoms and they are:
a) Saturated alcohols
b) Unsaturated alcohols
3) What are the properties of alcohols and ethers?

 The properties of alcohols are:

a) Lower alcohols are liquids, while higher members with more than 12
carbon atoms are waxy solids.
b) The boiling points of alcohols are higher than those of corresponding
hydrocarbons.
c) Alcohols having less than 6 carbon atoms are miscible in water.
 The properties of ethers are:
a) Dimethyl ether and ethyl methyl ether are gases at ordinary temperature,
while other ethers are liquids.
b) The boiling points of ethers are higher than hydrocarbons but lower than
alcohols comparable size and shape.
c) Ethers having more than a total of 5 carbon atoms are insoluble in water.
4) State the IUPAC name for diethyl ether.
 The IUPAC name for diethyl ether is ethoxy ethane
5) What products are formed when an alcohol undergoes dehydration?
 Alcohol undergoes dehydration to produce: alkene and water.
6) What products are formed when an alcohol is oxidized?
 Primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes which are then
oxidized further to carboxylic acid.
 Secondary alcohols are oxidized to ketones

7) Draw structures for the four constitutional isomers of molecular

formula C4H10O. That contain OH group.

8) Classify each alcohol as 10 , 20 and 30

a) CH3CH2CH2OH
b) (CH3CH2)3COH
c)
Ans
a) Primary alcohol b) primary alcohol c) secondary alcohol
9) Give the IUPAC name for each alcohol

10) Give the structure corresponding to each IUPAC name.

a) 3 – methyl – 3 – pentanol
b) 4 – methyl – 2 – pentanol
c) 2,4 – dimethyl – 2– hexanol
d) 1,3 - prpanedinol
e) 3,5 – dimethyl cyclohexanol
f) 6,6 – diethyl – 4– nonanol
Answer


11) Give an acceptable name IUPAC or common for each below.
12) Give the structure corresponding to each IUPAC name

a) 2 – methoxypropane
b) Cyclobutyl ethyl ether
c) 1 – ethoxy – 2 - ethyl cyclohexane
Answer

13) Rank the compounds in each group in order of increasing boiling point
a) CH3CH2OCH2CH3, CH3(CH2)3CH3, CH3CH2CH2CH2OH
b) CH3CH2CH2CH2OH, CH3CH2CH2OH, CH3CH2OH
c) CH3CH2CH2CH2OH, CH3CH2CH2CH3
ANS
 (Low to high) Hydrocarbon – ether - alcohol
a) CH3 (CH2)3CH3, CH3CH2OCH2CH3, CH3CH2CH2CH2OH
 The boiling point of alcohols increases with the increase in molecular

mass or number of carbon atoms
b) CH3CH2OH, CH3CH2CH2OH, CH3CH2CH2CH2OH
 The boiling points of alcohols are higher than those of corresponding
hydrocarbons.
c) CH3CH2CH2CH3, CH3CH2CH2CH2OH

14) Explain the following observation. Dimethyl ether (CH3)2O and ethanol
CH3CH2OH are both water soluble compounds. The boiling point of ethanol is 78Co,
however, is much higher than the boiling point of dimethyl ether (- 24C).
 The boiling points of alcohols are much higher than those ethers with similar
molecular weight.
 Alcohols and ethers having less than 6 carbon atoms are readily soluble in water.
15) Methanol (CH3OH) is used as a fuel for some types of rice cars, because it
readily combusts in air to form CO2 and H2O. Write balanced equation for the
complete combustion of methanol.

CHEMISTRY FORM FOUR

CHAPTER THREE
ALDEHYDES, KETONES
AND CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
1) Define each of the following:
a) Aldehydes b) Ketones c) Carboxylic acids
 Aldehydes: are organic compounds which contain aldehydic carbonyl
(-CHO) as functional group.
 Ketones: are organic compounds which contain carbonyl (-CO-) as a
functional group.
 Carboxylic acids: are organic compounds which contain carboxyl (-
COOH) as a functional group.
2) How aldehydes and ketones named?

 ALDEHYDES
1. Aldehydes take their name from their parent alkane chains. The -e is
removed from the end and is replaced with -al.
2. The aldehyde functional group is given the #1 numbering location and this
number is not included in the name.
3. For the common name of aldehydes start with the common parent chain
name and add the suffix -aldehyde. Substituent positions are shown with
Greek letters. The common name for simple aldehydes which are derived
from corresponding common names of carboxylic acid by changing –ic acid
into aldehyde.
4. When the -CHO functional group is attached to a ring the suffix -
carbaldehyde is added, and the carbon attached to that group is C1.
 KETONES
1. Ketones take their name from their parent alkane chains. The ending -e is
removed and replaced with -one.
2. The common name for ketones are simply the substituent groups listed
alphabetically + ketone.
3. Some common ketones are known by their generic names. Such as the fact
that propanone is commonly referred to as acetone.
Prepared by ustd compound .
3) What are the characteristics of aldehydes and ketones?

 Aldehydes has at least one hydrogen atom bonded to carbonyl group

 Ketones have no hydrogen atom bonded to the carbonyl group.

 Aldehydes can be oxidized to produce carboxylic acids.
 Ketones are not easily oxidized.
 Aldehydes are reduced to primary alcohol.
 Ketones are reduced to produce secondary alcohol.
4) Give examples of useful aldehydes and ketones.

 Examples of useful aldehydes and ketones include: Formaldehyde,
acetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, acetone, acetophenone, carvone.
5) What products are formed when aldehydes and ketones are reduced?
 Aldehydes are reduced to primary alcohols.
 Ketones are reduced to secondary alcohols.
6) Sketch the hydrogen bonding between formaldehyde and water.
Prepared by ustd compound .
7) Classify each of the following as an aldehyde or ketone


CHEMISTRY FORM FOUR

CHAPTER FOUR
Prepared by ciid Prepared by ciid

BIOCHEMISTRY
Answer the following questions
1) Define
a) Carbohydrates b) Nucleic acid c) Proteins d) Lipids
Ans
a) Carbohydrates: are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones
 Carbohydrates: are organic compounds which contain carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen.
b) Nucleic acids: are polynucleotides that occur in the nuclei of living cells.
c) Proteins: are polymers of amino acids with vey higher molar mass.
d) Lipids: are organic compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in
non-polar solvents.
2) What are the structural difference between ribose and deoxyribose?
 Ribose has 5 oxygen atoms while deoxyribose has 4 oxygen atoms
3) What are the structural difference between DNA and RNA?

Points DNA RNA

Structure Double helix Single helix
Pentose sugar Deoxyribose sugar Ribose sugar
Nitrogen bases A, G, C and T A, G, C and U
4) Why some amino acids are essential?

 Some amino acids are essential because our body cannot make by
essential amino acids. As a result, they must come from food.
5) State at least two biologically important proteins and their functions.
 Two biologically important proteins and their functions:
 Keratin: hair, horns, hooves and fingernails are all made up of
keratin.
 Hemoglobin: transport oxygen and carbon dioxide from lungs
to tissues and tissues to the lungs respectively.
6) What is protein denaturation, and give example of denaturing agents?
 Protein denaturation: is a process that disrupts secondary, tertiary
and quaternary structures.
 Example of denaturing agents include: heat, organic compounds,
change in PH and heavy metals.
7) Identify the individual amino acids used to form the following
tripeptide.

8) Name the dipeptide using three letter abbreviations.
Answer


9) Draw a triacylglycerol formed from two molecules of myristic acid and

one molecule of palmitic acid?
In a given triacylglycerol it consists of:

 One molecule of Palmitic acid consists with 16 carbon atoms
 Two molecules of Myristic acid with 14 carbon atoms
10) Give an example of each type of lipid.
a) Mono unsaturated fatty acid b) saturated triacylglycerol

ANS
 Example of mono unsaturated fatty acid is: Oleic acid
 Example of saturated triacylglycerol is: palmitic acid.
Prepared by ustd compound

11) What type of lipids is represented by each of the following bloc

diagrams?
ANS
a) A is a type of glycerophospholipid
b) B is a type of Sphingolipid
c) C is a type of phospholipid

Choose the correct answer:

1) Which of the following is a polysaccharide?
a) Cellulose
b) Fructose
c) Glucose
d) Sucrose
2) What elements make up carbohydrates?
a) Carbon , Hydrogen , nitrogen , oxygen
b) Sulfur , carbon , hydrogen
c) Glucose and fructose
d) Carbon , hydrogen , oxygen
3) C6H6O6 is the molecular formula for what carbohydrates?
a) Sucrose
b) Glucose
c) Fructose
d) Both glucose and fructose
4) Which bimolecular is this a picture of?
a) Protein
b) Nucleic Acid
c) Lipids
d) Carbohydrates
5) The information for protein synthesis is stored in:
a) Amino acids
b) Fats
c) Glucose
d) Nucleic acids
6) The repeating units in both DNA and RNA are called :
a) Amino acids
b) Hydrogen bonds
c) Nucleic acids
d) Nucleotides
7) The sugar that is in the backbone of DNA is called :
a) Delta glucose
b) Deoxyribose
c) Fructose
d) Ribose
8) The sugar that is in the backbone of RNA is called :
a) Deoxyribose
b) Fructose
c) Ribose
d) Sucrose
9) The RNA molecule is a :
a) Double helix
b) Double – stranded molecule
c) None of the choices
d) Single – stranded molecule
10) Adenine bonds with ________________.

a) Guanine
b) Thymine

c) Cytosine
d) Adenine
11) Guanine bonds with____________________.
a) Adenine
b) Guanine
c) Cytosine
d) Thymine
12) Nucleotides are made up of a sugar, phosphate and a ___________.
a) Nitrogenous base
b) Nucleic acid
c) Cholesterol
d) Fatty acid
13) Which one of the following is a monosaccharide?
a) Fructose
b) Glycogen
c) Lactose
d) Sucrose
14) Which is component is found in all sphingolipids?
a) A carbohydrate
b) A negative charge
c) Phosphate group
d) An amino alcohol
15) Which of these is not lipid
a) Fats
b) Oils
c) Proteins

d) Waxes
16) What are the functions of lipids?
a) Provide energy to the body
b) Form part of cellular membrane
c) Control metabolism
d) All options given are correct

CHEMISTRY FORM FOUR

CHAPTER FIVE
P - BLOCK ELEMENTS

Answer all the following questions
1) Define p – block elements.

 P – block elements: are elements in which the last electron enters the
outermost p-orbital.
2) What are the types of elements in P-block elements?
 The types of elements in P-block elements are: metals, nonmetals
and metalloids.
3) What is the valence shell electronic configuration of
a) Boron family b) Carbon family
c) Nitrogen family d) Oxygen family
e) Halogens f) Noble gases
ANS
a) The valence shell electronic configuration of Boron family is ns2np1
b) The valence shell electronic configuration of Carbon family is ns2np2
c) The valence shell electronic configuration of Nitrogen family is ns2np3
d) The valence shell electronic configuration of Oxygen family is ns2np4
e) The valence shell electronic configuration of Halogens family is ns2np5
f) The valence shell electronic configuration of Noble gases family is ns2np6
4) What elements of boron family do not react with nitrogen?

 The elements of boron family do not react with nitrogen are Gallium,
indium and thallium.
5) List the elements of
a) Carbon family b) Oxygen family
c) Halogens d) Noble gases
ANS
a) The elements of Carbon family are: Carbon, silicon, Germanium,
Tin(Stannum) and Lead (Plumbum)
b) The elements of Oxygen family are: Oxygen, Sulphur, Selenium,
Tellurium and Polonium.
c) The elements of Halogen family are: Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine,
Iodine and Astatine.
d) The elements of Noble gas family are: Helium, Neon, Argon,
Krypton, Xenon and Radon.
6) Why are noble gases chemically stable?
 The noble gases are chemically stable that's because they have eight
valence electrons which fill their outer energy level, (Except Helium
and its valence shell is full by 2)
7) What happens to melting points, boiling points, and density of noble
gases?
 The melting point of noble gases increases down the group.
The boiling point of noble gases increases down the group.
The density of noble gases increases down the group.
1) Group 13 on the periodic table is the :

a) Boron family
b) Noble gases Prepared by ustd compound
c) Transition Metals
d) Inner transition metals
2) Group 13 on the periodic table has how many valence electrons?
a) 3
b) 8
c) 18
d) 13
3) What is the valence electron configuration of group 13 :
a) Ns2np2
b) Ns2np1
c) Ns2np4
d) Ns2np5
4) Which one is a group 13 element?
a) Sn
b) In
c) Cd
d) Ge
5) Which element is metalloid in group 13 element

a) B
b) Gn
c) Al

d) Ti
6) Group 18 on the periodic table are also called
a) Alkali metals
b) Alkaline earth metals
c) Transition metals
d) Noble gases
7) Name the group that contains inert (non-reactive) elements
a) Noble gases
b) Halogens
c) Alkali metals
d) Alkaline earth metals
8) Group 17 on the periodic table are called
a) Transition metals
b) Metalloids
c) Halogens
d) Alkali metals
9) Which group has the most reactive non metals
a) Alkali metals
b) Noble gases
c) Metalloids
d) Halogens
10) Some groups of the periodic table are more likely to contain
elements that are gases than other groups. Which of the following
groups contains the greatest number of gaseous elements?
a) IIA
b) IVA

c) VIA
d) VIIIA
11) Which of the following is not true for the halogens?
a) They are non-metals
b) They show the -1 oxidation number in most of their compounds
c) The electronic configuration of their outermost electrons is ns2np6
d) Their compounds with metals are generally ionic in nature
e) Elemental halogens exist as diatomic molecules
Research and presentation
Pick one element from P-block elements and research about it, then present
your findings to the class using poster or power point presentation.
Ans
Carbon (from Latin: carbo "coal") is a chemical element with the symbol C and
atomic number 6. It is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons
available to form covalent chemical bonds. It belongs to group 14 of the periodic
table. Carbon makes up only about 0.025 percent of Earth's crust.

CHEMISTRY FORM FOUR

CHAPTER SIX
CHEMICAL KINETICS

1) Explain the following:
a) Reaction rate
b) Collision theory
c) Activation energy
d) Catalyst
Ans
a) Reaction rate: is the speed of reaction at which reactants disappear or
products appear.
b) Collision theory: states that the speed or rate of a chemical reaction is
proportional to the number of collisions between reactants.
 The collision theory provides us with the ability to predict what conditions
are necessary for a successful reaction to take place. These conditions
include:
1. The particles must collide with each other.

2. The particles must collide with sufficient energy to break the old bonds.
3. The particles must have proper orientation.

c) Activation energy: is the minimum amount of energy that is required

to activate atoms or molecules to a condition in which they can
undergo reaction.
d) Catalyst: is a substance that speeds up the reaction rate without
undergoing a net chemical change itself.
2) In the following reaction :
1g of calcium is oxidized. The reaction takes 10 minutes to reach

completion. What is the rate of the formation of CaO?
Solution


3) 10g of Mg reacts with 0.15mol.dm-3 solution of HCl at a temperature of 25C0

a) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction.
b) State two ways of increasing the average rate of production of H2(g)

 Increasing the concentration of HCl
 Increasing the temperature, according to temperature coefficient
for every 10 C0 rise in temperature the rate of reaction doubles.
4) A table of results is given below:
Time elapsed Volume of H2(g) in CM3
0 0
0.5 17
1.0 25
1.5 30
2.0 33
2.5 35
3.0 35
5) Consider the following hypothetical reaction:
A(s) + B (g) AB (g)
Increasing the average rate of the reaction, which of the following would
you do?
a) Decrease the concentration of B.
b) Grind A into a fine powder.
c) Decrease the temperature.
Answer

 A) Decrease the average rate of reaction.

 B) Increase the average rate of reaction.
 Decrease the average rate of reaction.
6) Nambar lix buugga wuu ka maqanyahay
7) The reaction between the peroxydisulfate ion ( S2O82- ) and iodide ion (I-) is:
S2O8 2- + 3 I- 2SO42- + I-3
a) From the following data (table below), which were collected at a set
temperature, determine the relative law and calculate the specific rate
constant.
Experiment Conc. Of S2O8 2- Conc. Of I- In Initial rate in

In M M M/s
1 0.080 0.034 2.2 ×10-4
2 0.080 0.017 1.1 ×10-4
3 0.16 0.017 2.2 ×10-4
b) What is the initial rate of the reaction if the concentration of both

S2O8 2- and I- are 0.5 M?
Solution

8) Explain the following:

a) Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) decomposes to water and oxygen very
slowly.
When solid manganese dioxide is added, however, oxygen evolves
rapidly.
b) People who are lactose intolerant cannot break down milk sugar
(lactose).
Answer

A) Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide

Hydrogen peroxide is a very unique substance due to its molecular structure. It
consists atoms of oxygen in
oxidation state of -1 unlike many substances, where oxygen occurs in oxidation
state of 0 or -2. This means that this substance can be used as both an oxidizing
and a reducing agent, depending of pH of its solution. Due to
those properties, particles of hydrogen peroxide can decompose via reaction of
disproportionation.
Manganese oxide (MnO2) is widely used in heterogeneous reaction of

decomposition of hydrogen peroxide
thanks to its excellent catalytic efficiency in this reaction. It is usually used in the
form of a powder thanks to its
very high contact surface. One of disadvantages of this catalyst is a necessity of
immobilizing a manganese
oxidize powder on solid base.
B) Lactose intolerance is when your body can't break down or digest lactose.
Lactose is a sugar found in milk and milk products.
Lactose intolerance happens when your small intestine does not make enough of a
digestive enzyme called lactase. Lactase breaks down the lactose in food so your
body can absorb it. People who are lactose intolerant have unpleasant symptoms
after eating or drinking milk or milk products. These symptoms include bloating,
diarrhea, and gas.

9) Indicate whether the following changes will increase , decrease or have

no effect on the rate of reaction:
a) Increasing the temperature
b) Increasing the number of reacting molecules
c) Adding a catalyst
Answer
a) Increase the rate of reaction

b) Increase the rate of reaction
c) Increase the rate of reaction
10) Why does bread grow mold more quickly at room temperature than
in the refrigerator?
 Because, the temperature of the refrigerator is lower than the room
temperature. As the temperature increases the reaction rate increase
and therefore bread grow mold more quickly at room temperature than
in the refrigerator.
11) How does a catalyst affect the activation energy?

 A catalyst lowers the activation energy and the reaction occurs at a
faster rate.
12) For the decomposition reaction X Y + Z, the reaction is

first order with respect to X, and the value of specific rate constant is 0.0296s-1

Calculate the initial reaction rate when starting with the following
concentrations of X.
a) Conc. Of X = 0.410 M
b) Conc. Of X = 0.0223 M
Solution
13) In the following reaction, what happens to the number of collisions

when more Br2 (g) molecules are added?
H2 (g) + Br2 (g) H Br (g)
Answer: The number of collision increases
14) In the following reaction, what happens to the number of collisions when
temperature of the reaction is decreased?
C (g) + O2 (g) CO 2(g)
Answer
 The number of collision decreases
15) How would each of the following change the rate of the reaction shown
here?

2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) 2SO 3(g)
a) Adding some SO2 (g)

b) Increasing the temperature
c) Adding a catalyst
d) Removing some O2 (g)
Answer
b) Increase the rate of reaction
c) Increase the rate of reaction
d) Decrease the rate of reaction
16) How would each of the following change the rate of the reaction shown here?
2NO (g) + 2H2 (g) 2H2O(g)
a) Adding some NO (g)

b) Decreasing the temperature
c) Removing some H2 (g)
d) Adding a catalyst
Answer
b) Decrease the rate of reaction
c) Decrease the rate of reaction
d) Increase the rate of reaction
17) Classify the following processes as spontaneous or nonspontaneous.

Explain your answers in terms of whether energy must be continually
supplied to keep the process going:

a) Water is decomposed into hydrogen and oxygen gas by passing

electricity through the liquid.
b) An explosive detonates after being struck by a falling rock.
c) A coating of magnesium oxide forms on a clean piece of magnesium
exposed to air.
d) A light bulb emits light when an electric current is passed through it.
e) A cube of sugar dissolves in a cup of hot coffee.
Answer
a) This given process is non-spontaneous process. A continuous supply of
electricity keeps the process going.
b) This given process is spontaneous process. A continuous supply of
electricity is not required to keep the process going.
c) This given process is spontaneous process. A continuous supply of
d) This given process is non-spontaneous process. A continuous supply of
electricity keeps the process going.
e) This given process is spontaneous process. A continuous supply of
18) Classify the following processes according to their rates as fast, slow or
very slow.
a) The souring of milk stored in a refrigerator.

b) The cooking of an egg in boiling of water.
c) The ripening of a banana stored at room temperature.
d) The rising of bread dough in a warm room.
e) The melting of butter put into a hot pan.

f) The change of apple juice to cider.

g) The movement of sound from a slammed door to your ear.
h) The ringing of your phone after you steps into the shower.
i) The combustion of gasoline in the engine of your car.
j) The perceived passage of time when you are doing something
enjoyable.
Answer
a) Very slow
b) Slow
c) Very slow
d) Slow
e) Fast
f) Very slow
g) Fast
h) Fast
i) Fast
j) Fast
19) Describe the observations or measurements that could be made to

allow you to follow the rate of the following processes:
a) The melting of a block of ice.

b) The setting (hardening) of concrete.
c) The burning of a candle.
Answer
A) To monitor the rate of ice melting, you could measure the volume of water
formed with respect to time or decreasing mass of the ice with respect to time.
As you could be measured the physical dimensions of the melting block.
B) To monitor the setting of concrete, you could measure the ability of a tool to
penetrate the concrete with respect to time. As you could be measured the force
required to break a specific sized piece.
C) To monitor the burning of a candle with respect to time. You could measure the
height of the candle before its lit and then again at certain intervals.
20) Consider the following hypothetical reaction
A+B C
Calculate the average rate of the reaction on the bases of the following
information:
a) Pure A and B are mixed, and after 12.0minutes the measured concentration
of C is 0.396 mol/L.
b) Pure A, B and C are mixed together at equal concentrations of 0.300M.

After 8 minutes, the concentration of C is found to be 0.455M.
Answer

OR

21) Use energy diagrams to compare catalyzed and uncatalyzed reactions.
Answer

CHEMISTRY FORM FOUR

CHAPTER SEVEN
Prepared by Prepared by ciid
ciid
CHEMICAL EQIULIBRIUM

1) Indicate whether reactants or products are likely to be favored. Justify
your decisions.
a) Keq = 1
b) Keq = 5.6×10-4
ANS
a) Keq = 1, neither reactants nor products are favored, because the K value is
1 that means the concentration of reactants and products are equal.
b) Keq = 5.6×10-4 reactants are favored, because the K value is less than1
that means the concentration of reactants is greater than the concentration of
products.
2) Calculate the number of moles of chlorine produced at equilibrium in a

10.0L flask when 2.0mol of phosphorus pentachloride is heated to
150Co. (Kc =4.10×10-6).
PCl5 (g) <====> PCl3 (g) + Cl2(g)



3) What is the effect on this equilibrium if pressure is increased?
2 NH3(g) <======> 3 H2(g) + N2(g)
 According to Le Chatelier's principle, if pressure is

increased, then the equilibrium shifts to the side with the
fewer number of moles of gas, in this case there are 2 moles
of gases in the reactant side so; it is fewer number of moles.
4) At 700K, carbon monoxide reacts with water to form carbon

dioxide and hydrogen.
The equilibrium constant for thus reaction is 5.10. Consider an
experiment in which 0.500 mol of carbon monoxide and 0.500
mol of water vapor are mixed together in a 0.500 L flask.
Calculate the concentrations of all species at equilibrium.



5) For the synthesis of hydrogen fluoride from hydrogen and fluoride,

3.000 mol of hydrogen and 6.000mol of fluorine are mixed in a 3.000L
flask. The equilibrium constant for the reaction at this temperature is
1.15×102. Calculate the eqiubrium concentration of each component.


1) System of reaction in which no reactant leaves reaction mixture , is

termed as :
a) Open system
b) Closed system
c) Semi- open system
d) Partially closed system
2) Reaction in which products cannot turn back into reactants are termed as
a) Irreversible reactions
b) Reversible reactions
c) Equilibrium reactions
d) Redox reactions
3) On increasing concentration of one or more reactants , more products
will be generated until
a) Equilibrium
b) Closed system
c) Open system
d) all of the above
4) position of equilibrium explains amounts of :

a) Products
b) Reactants
c) Catalyst
d) Both a and b

5) Reversible reactions are those which products react together to give

original
a) Reactants b) Products c) Enzymes d) All of above
6) In equilibrium state , backward and forward reactions take place at
a) Same time
b) Simultaneously
c) One time
d) All of above
7) Le chatelier’s principle states that if one or more factors disturbs
equilibrium , position of equilibrium will shift where change will be :
a) Reduced
b) Induced
c) Increased
d) Oxidized
8) System will not be in equilibrium when there is an increase in
concentration of
a) Reactants
NB: A and B both are correct
b) Products
c) Catalyst
d) Activation energy
9) Catalyst speed up reactions but when equilibrium is reached it has
a) Huge effect
b) No effect
c) Slow effect
d) Ended

CHEMISTRY FORM FOUR

CHAPTER EIGHT
INTRODUCTION TO NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY

1) Determine the number of protons and number of neutrons in the

nucleus of each of the following:
a) Magnesium-26 b) Strontium-88 c) Iodine-131 d) Copper-64
Ans
a) Magnesium-26
Number of protons of Mg = 12
N=A–Z
N = 26 – 12
N = 14
b) Strontium-88
Number of protons of Sr = 38
N=A–Z
N = 88 – 38
N = 50
c) Iodine-131
Number of protons of I = 53
N=A–Z
N = 131 – 53
N = 78
d) Copper-64
Number of protons of Co = 27
N=A–Z
N = 64 – 27
N = 37
2) Identify each of the following as alpha decay, beta decay, beta decay,
position emission, or gamma emission:
Ans
a) Alpha decay b) Beta decay c) Positron emission
3) What part of the atom produces radioactivity?
 The part of the atom produces radioactivity is Nucleus
4) Distinguish between natural and artificial radioactivity?
 Some nuclei are unstable and spontaneously emit particles and

electromagnetic radiation. Such spontaneous disintegration is known

as natural radioactivity.
 It is also possible to cause nuclear disintegration by striking a
nucleus with another particle. This is called artificial radioactivity.
5) Identify the type of particle or radiation for each of the following:
a) 24He b) 0 + 1e c) 0
0
g
Ans
a) Alpha decay b) Positron emission c) Gamma decay
6) What is ionizing radiation?
 Ionizing radiation is a form of energy that acts by removing
electrons from atoms and molecules.
7) What is given off by a nucleus undergoing each of the following types of
decay?
a) Alpha b) Beta c) gamma
Ans
 a) Whenever the element emits α-particle the mass number decreased
by 4 units and the atomic number decreases by 2 units. This is known
as alpha decay.
 Note:  -decay involves emission of helium nucleus.
 b) Whenever the element emits a β-particle the mass number remains
unchanged and the atomic number increased by 1 unit. This is known as
beta particle.
 Note a beta particle is simply a high energy electron that is emitted
from the nucleus
 c) Whenever the element emits γ-ray there is no change either in mass
number or atomic number. This is known as γ-rays.
 Note:  -decay involves radiation of higher energy photon.

8) What types of material will block:

a) Alpha particles?
b) Beta particles?
c) Gamma rays?
 Alpha particles can be stopped by a sheet of paper.
 Beta particles can be stopped by moderately thick sheets of metals
such as lead.
 Gama radiation can be stopped by thick blocks of metals.
9) Balance the following equations, which represent nuclear reaction in the

uranium – 238 decay series.


10) Write the balanced nuclear equation for each of the following:
a) Th-225 (alpha decay) b) Bi-210 (alpha decay)
c) Cesium-137 (beta decay) d) Tin -126 (beta decay)
Ans

11) Explain why carbon-14 dating cannot be used to determine how old a
dinosaur fossil is.
 Dinosaurs went extinct 65 million years ago. To determine the age of

a dinosaur fossil, carbon dating can never be used. Carbon-14 only
works for fossils less than 75,000 years old. By the time a dinosaur
fossil was found, any carbon-14 the organism would have taken up
and incorporated into its tissues during its life would have decayed too
much to be useful as a tool to determine its age.
12) a) What starts the chain reaction that occurs in nuclear fission reactors
used today?
 Nuclear chain reactions are series of nuclear fissions (splitting of

atomic nuclei), each initiated by a neutron produced in a
preceding fission.
b) What keeps it going?
 The possibility of a chain reaction if at least one of

the fission neutrons induces fission in another fissile nucleus, which
in turn fissions and emits neutrons to continue the chain. If more than
one neutron is effective in inducing fission in other nuclei,
the chain multiplies more rapidly.
c) How is its rate controlled?
 The chain reaction is controlled by Boron control rods. ... When the
Boron absorbs the neutrons then the chain reaction will slow down
due to lack of neutrons producing reactions. In times of high energy

demand, control rods are raised allowing more reactions to take

place.
13) What type of nuclear reaction takes place in stars?
 The type of nuclear reaction takes place in stars is Fusion reaction.
14) List three ways that radioisotopes are used in medicine.
 Radioisotopes are used in medicine: to diagnose, treat disease and to

sterilize medical instruments.
15) How is cobalt-60 used to treat cancer?
 Cobalt therapy is the medical use of gamma rays from the

radioisotope cobalt-60 to treat conditions such as cancer.
 Cobalt-60 was widely used in external beam radiotherapy
(teletherapy) machines, which produced a beam of gamma rays which
was directed into the patient's body to kill tumor tissue.
16) Why are foods irradiated? Does this make them radioactive?
 Foods are irradiated because it makes possible to keep food longer

and in better condition.
 Does this make them radioactive? Ans : No
17) What new element is formed if Magnesium-24 is bombarded with a

neutron and then ejects a proton? Write a balanced nuclear nuclear
equation for this transmutation?
 The new element is formed if Magnesium-24 is bombarded with a

neutron and then ejects a proton is sodium.
18) Some types of heart pacemakers contain plutonium-239 as a power

source. Write a balanced nuclear equation for alpha decay of plutonium-
239.
19) Write the balanced nuclear equation for each of the following:
a) When two oxygen-16 atoms collide, one of the products is an alpha

particle.
b) When californium -249 is bombarded by oxygen-18, a new element,

seaborgium-263, and four neutrons are produced.
c) Radon-222 undergoes alpha decay.
d) An atom of strontium-80 emits a positron.

20) Cesium-137, used in cancer treatment, has a half-life of 30 yr.
a) Write the balanced nuclear equation for the beta decay of cesium-137.
b) How many milligrams of a 16mg sample of cesium-137 remain after 90

yr.?
c) How many years are required for 28mg of cesium-137 to decay to 3.5mg
of cesium-137?

b)

21) Scientists created a new synthetic element californium, Cf-246, by

bombarding U-238 with C-14. Other than Cf-246, 4 neutrons are produced
in the reaction. Write the balanced nuclear equation for the synthesis of
californium.
22) Nuclear fission of U-235 can be induced by the bombardment of

neutron to give Ba-141, Kr-92, and three neutrons. Write balanced nuclear
equation for the reaction and explain why a chain reaction will occur after
the nuclear reaction of one U-235.
Ans
 Fission chain reactions occur because of interactions between neutrons

and fissile isotopes (such as 235U).

23) In a paper-marking factory, beta radiation to check that the paper
being produced is the correct thickness. If the paper gets too thin, the
reading on the detector increases causing the roller to move apart to make
a paper thicker. If the paper gets too thick, the reading on the detector goes
the rollers to move closer together. A diagram of this set-up is shown
below:
Explain why beta radiation is used for this procedure rather than
alpha or gamma radiation?

Answer
Alpha radiation would not go through the paper.
Gamma radiation would go the paper and also through the doctor. Where as
Beta radiation goes through the paper but not beyond doctor
This book was Prepared by mohamud Hasan ciid:

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Class Project { A.U.

CHEMISTRY FORM FOUR

CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

2) What is the main component of natural gas?

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 Longest chain hydrocarbons condense at the bottom and are

7) CnH2n can represent an alkane or alkene. Explain.

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The carbons are in the longest chain and their names:

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a) 6 carbon atoms and its hexane

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 The double bond is between carbon 1 and carbon 2, therefore

Pentene has 3 isomers

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20) Draw the structure of the product of the reaction of:

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21) Write the balanced chemical equation for the combustion of :

22) Draw the structure for each of the following compound

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23) The name 2 – ethylhexane is incorrect. Draw the structure and

24) The name 3 – butyl – 7 – methyl octane is incorrect draw the

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25) The following skeletal structures represent alkenes or alkynes. Fill

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26) Write the condensed structures of a compound with seven carbon

27) Explain the process of polymerization.

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CHEMISTRY FORM FOUR

3) What are the properties of alcohols and ethers?

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 The properties of alcohols are:

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7) Draw structures for the four constitutional isomers of molecular

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8) Classify each alcohol as 10 , 20 and 30

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10) Give the structure corresponding to each IUPAC name.

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11) Give an acceptable name IUPAC or common for each below.

12) Give the structure corresponding to each IUPAC name

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a) CH3 (CH2)3CH3, CH3CH2OCH2CH3, CH3CH2CH2CH2OH

 The boiling point of alcohols increases with the increase in molecular

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CHEMISTRY FORM FOUR

 Aldehydes: are organic compounds which contain aldehydic carbonyl

(-CHO) as functional group.

 Ketones: are organic compounds which contain carbonyl (-CO-) as a

 Carboxylic acids: are organic compounds which contain carboxyl (-

COOH) as a functional group.

2) How aldehydes and ketones named?

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Prepared by ustd compound .

3) What are the characteristics of aldehydes and ketones?

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 Ketones have no hydrogen atom bonded to the carbonyl group.