Course Code: MTH(EEE) 201

Course Title: Coordinate Geometry & Vector

Analysis

Lecture 1
 Coordinate System

2 Dimensional Coordinate System 3 Dimensional Coordinate System

Equation of the axes:

𝑥-axes-> 𝑦 = 𝑧 = 0
𝑦-axes-> 𝑥 = 𝑧 = 0
𝑧-axes-> 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 0

Equation of coordinate planes:

𝑥𝑦 planes: 𝑧 = 0
𝑦𝑧 planes: 𝑥 = 0
𝑧𝑥 planes: 𝑦 = 0
Formulas
1. Let, P(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) and Q(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) be two points. Then the
distance between PQ is:

𝑫 = √(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏 )𝟐

2. Equation of straight line which is parallel to x-axis is 𝒚 = 𝒃 and

parallel to y-axis is 𝒙 = 𝒂

3. Equation of straight line which passes through the point (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is

𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )

4. Equation of straight line which passes through the origin (0,0) is

𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙

5. Equation of straight line which passing through the point (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )

and (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) is
𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏
=
𝒙𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟏 − 𝒚𝟐

6. Angle between two straight lines

𝒎𝟏 − 𝒎𝟐
𝜽 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏
𝟏 + 𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐
Example 1. Let 𝑃(4, 3, −5) and 𝑄(2, − 4,7) be two points. Find the
distance between P and Q.
Solution:
The Distance between P and Q is

𝐷 = √(2 − 4)2 + (−4 − 3)2 + (7 − (−5))2 = √197

Example 2. Find the equation of the straight lines which are passing
through the point (4, −5) and respectively (a) parallel to x-axis (b)
perpendicular to x-axis
Solution:
We know, the equation which is parallel to x-axis is 𝑦 = 𝑏 … … (1)
Since (1) passes through (4, −5) so from (1) we get,
𝑏 = −5
Putting the value in (1),
𝑦 = −5 => 𝑦 + 5 = 0
Again, the equation of straight lines which is perpendicular to x-axis or
parallel to y-axis is,
𝑥 = 𝑎 … … (2)
Since (2) passes through (4, −5) so from (2) we get,
𝑥=4
𝑥−4=0

Ans. 𝑦 + 5 = 0 & 𝑥 − 4 = 0
Example 3. Find the straight lines passing through the points
(a) (−3, −1), (11,13)
(b) (11,13) , (-3,-1)

Solution:
We know the equation of straight line passing through two points is
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1
= … … (1)
𝑥1 − 𝑥2 𝑦1 − 𝑦2
(a) For point (−3, −1), (11,13) we get from (1)

𝑥 − (−3) 𝑦 − (−1)
=
−3 − 11 −1 − 13
𝑥+3 𝑦+1
=> =
−14 −14
=> 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2 = 0 (ans)

(b) For point (11,13), (−1, −3) we get from (1)

𝑥 − 11 𝑦 − 13
=
11 + 1 13 + 3
𝑥 − 11 𝑦 − 13
=> =
12 16
=> 4𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 5 = 0 (ans)
Example 4. Find the angle between two straight lines
5𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 6 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 10𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 45 = 0
Solution:
We know the angle between two straight lines is,
𝑚1 − 𝑚2
𝜃 = tan−1 … … (1)
1 + 𝑚1 𝑚2
Given that, 5𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 6 = 0
 4𝑦 = −5𝑥 + 6
5 3
 𝑦 = − 𝑥 + … … (2)
4 2

And 10𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 45 = 0
 4𝑦 = 10𝑥 + 45
5 45
𝑦= 𝑥+ … … (3)
2 4

We know that, 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 … … (4)

Now comparing (2) and (3) with (4) we get,
5 5
𝑚1 = − 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚2 =
4 2

From (1) we get,

5 5
− −
𝜃 = tan−1 4 2
5 5
1− .
4 4
−5−10
= tan−1 4
25
1− 8
 −15
−1 4
= tan 8−25
8
30
So, 𝜃 = tan−1 ( ) (ans)
17

Exercises
1. Find the distance between the following points

a) 𝑃(5, − 3,2) and 𝑄(−4,3,8)

b) 𝑃(0,9,0) and 𝑄(8,0,4)
c) 𝑃(1,1, −1) and the origin
d) 𝑃(−4,0,5) and the origin
e) 𝑃(−3, −3, −8) and the origin

2. Find the equation of the straight line passing through (2,6), (6,-1).

3. Find the angle between two straight lines

𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 6 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 5𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 5 = 0