2007 Paper - Water Injection Effects On Compressor Stage Operation

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Water Injection Effects on Compressor Stage Operation
Article in Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power · July 2007

DOI: 10.1115/1.2718223
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2 authors:
Ioannis Roumeliotis Konstantinos Mathioudakis

Cranfield University National Technical University of Athens
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LABORATORY OF THERMAL TURBOMACHINES
NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS
Water Injection Effects on Compressor Stage Operation
I. Roumeliotis K. Mathioudakis
Laboratory of Thermal Turbomachines

National Technical University of Athens
Water Injection Effect on Compressor Stage Operation 1

Water Injection Effect on Compressor Stage Operation
Experimental Set-Up
Effect of Water Injection on Stage Characteristic
Detailed Aerodynamic Measurements
Effect on Stage Power Consumption
Conclusions

Experimental Set - Up
One Stage Axial Compressor
NC,nom=18000rpm
πC,nom=1.57
mC,nom=27.5 kg/s
Impaction Pin Nozzles (Mee Industries)
Axisymetrically Distributed at Bellmouth Inlet

Maximum Injected Water Mass Flow: 2%

Experimental Set - Up
Bellmouth Configuration
Droplet Trajectories Analysis Selected Injection Position

Initial Injection Position
Impingment
Lagrangian Framework
Droplet Evaporation Model elongation
bellmouth
Meridional Flow Solver (2D) trajectories
0.6 m

Experimental Set-Up
Test-Rig Measurements
1. The flow rate of water
2. The pressure at nozzle manifold
Ps3 wall
3. Compressor Rotational Speed taps Nozzles manifold
throttle exit pt1,Tt1,war1
4. Torque of the Shaft microphone
pt0,Tt0,war0
5. Ambient Conditions
(pt0,Tt0,war0) Pe GB
6. Compressor Inlet Conditions

(pt1, ps1, Tt1, war1) Mechanical
measurements
Venturi static taps
7. Inlet Flow Rate (Venturi) Pt3 rake
stator rotor
8. Compressor Exit Conditions

(pt3, ps3)
9. Oil Thermal Losses

Experimental Set-Up
Measurements Considerations
•Pressure Measurement: Potential Plugging of Pressure Holes and

Connections due to Droplets
•Temperature Measurement: Droplets impingement at Temperature
Sensors tend to Mask the Flow Temperature
•Humidity Measurement: Influencing the Measurements used for
calculating the Stage Performance Characteristics
•Unstable Operation Determination: Hot Wire use in Droplet Laden
Flow is not Plausible

Experimental Set-Up
Pressure Measurements
1800 correct value
•Increased Measuring Wall 1600
Taps Diameter to 1.5mm 1400
ps3-pamb(Pa)
1200
•Total Pressure Probe of
1000
Kiel Type with 3mm Hole 800
air purging
•Purging System using 600

400
Pressurized Air and air purging
200
Electronic Vanes 0
0 10 20 30 40
•Defining of Acquisition time(sec)
Time to 1 sec

Experimental Set-Up
Inlet Water to Air Ratio and Temperature Measurement
•Bleeding Air from the Stage 5
Inlet introducing a bent tube

facing downstream 4
T tamb-T t1 (oC)_calculated
•Humidity Chamber
incorporating a RH Sensor 3
and a Pt100 Thermometer

2
•Measuring Temperature
45 degree line
with a Pt100 Thermometer in
the bent tube (insulated) 1
•Air Movement Imposing

Pressure Difference at the 0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Humidity Chamber o
T tamb-T t1 ( C)_measured

Experimental Set-Up
Unstable Operation Determination
1.E+00
•Unstable operation can

9.E-01
RMS
8.E-01
be detected by acoustic 7.E-01
measurements 6.E-01
7 8 9 10 11 12 13
mcor
•Use of a Hot-Wire for dry 1.088

Measurements 1.084
•Microphones used for 1.08
πC,cor
Droplet Laden Flows 1.076
1.072
1.068
7 8 9 10 11 12 13
mcor

Experimental Set-Up
Effect of Water Injection on Compressor Characteristic
Effect on Compressor Power Consumption
Conclusions

Effect of Water Injection on Compressor Performance

Raw Effect on Compressor Performance
0.965
wet speedline
0.96
πct/πct,ref
0.955 dry speedline
0.95
0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9
m/mref
Tamb = 20.5oC RH=62% mwinj=1%


Effect on Pressure Rise Coefficient
1.2
•Assuming Incompressible 1.1

Flow 1
•Pressure Rise Coefficient: 0.9
Ψ/Ψ,ref(s-s)
ps3 -ps1
Ψs-s,is = 2 0.8
ρ1×Utip
0.7
0.6
dry
0.5 wet
0.4
0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3
Φ/Φ,ref
Tamb = 20.5oC RH=62% mwinj=1%


Effect on Pressure Rise Coefficient
1.4
•Assuming Incompressible 1.2
Flow
1
•Manifold Pressure: 50bar
Ψ/Ψref(t-s,13)
0.8
•mwinj/mair=0.6÷0.85%
0.6
•MMD=20μm
0.4
•Manifold Pressure: 140bar dry
0.2 50bar
•mwinj/mair=1.1÷1.5%
140bar
0
•MMD=12μm
0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3
Φ/Φref


Effect on Stall Margin
Accoustic P ressure for w et Operation
1
0.8
RM S/RM Sm a x
0.6
0.4
0.2
1.4 0
mwinj/mair=1.5%
1.2
dry
1 wet
(t-s,13)
0.8
Ψ/Ψref
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3
Φ/Φref

Experimental Set-Up
Conclusions


Inlet Pressure Profile
pt1-patm (Pa)
1
-400 -350 -300 -250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0
0.8
Measuring
Normalized Span
Plane
0.6
0.4
dry
0.2
wet
0
mwinj=1.5%


Rotor Exit Pressure Profile
1
0.8
Rotor Blade Span

0.6
0.4
dry
0.2 wet
0
0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1
(pt2-pt1)/(pt2-pt1)max
mwinj=2%


Total Pressure Loss Coefficient Profile
1
•Assuming Incompressible
Flow 0.8
Rotor Blade Span

•Total Pressure Loss
0.6
Coefficient:
ptR1 -ptR2
ω= 0.4
1/2×ρ1×W12
0.2 dry
W2
ptR =pS +ρ× mwinj/mair=2% wet
2 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
ω/ω,midspan(dry)


Total to Total Efficiency Profile
1
•Assuming Incompressible
Flow 0.8
Rotor Blade Span

•Local Total to Total
0.6
Efficiency:
pt2 -pt1
ηt-t,Local = 0.4
ρ1×U ( Vu2 -Vu1 )
dry
0.2
wet
mwinj/mair=0.6%
0
0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2
ηt-t,Local/ηt-t,Local,midspan(dry)


Stator Absolute Exit Angle Profile
1
Stator Blade Span
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2 dry
mwinj/mair=1.3% wet
0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
a3/a3,midspan(dry)

Experimental Set-Up
Conclusions


1.02
Consumed Power
Corrected consumed power
1.01 m winj / m air=1%

(Pcomp,cor/Pcomp,ref )
1 m winj / m air=0.5%
m winj / m air=1.3%
0.99
0.98
m winj / m air=0.7% dry
0.97
0.96
0.95
0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
Φ/Φref

Power Increase
4
3.5
(Pwet -Pdry)/Pdry (%)
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
mwin/mair(%)
Effect on Compressor Efficiency

Efficiency Decrease
mwin/mair(%)
0
•Assuming 0 0.5 1 1.5
50bar
2
100bar
(ηCis,wet-ηCis,dry )/ηCis,dry (%)

Incompressible Flow 140bar
-0.5
•Isentropic Efficiency
via Mechanical -1
Measurements :
Δpt-t,13 /ρ1 -1.5
ηC,t-t,is =
PCOMP / min
-2
-2.5

Preliminary Flow Visualization

Conclusions
•Special Techniques should be used in order to obtain data
from a Wet Compressor
•The pressure rise coefficient presented no measurable
deviation with water injection up to 2%
•The point where initial stall occurs presented no change
with droplet laden flow
•Aerodynamic measurements indicate that the stage flowfield
will not be affected by the presence of droplets for water
quantities up to 2%
•Water injection result to an increase of power consumption
•The decrease of stage efficiency is a strong function of the
water quantity entering the engine and droplet size (from
12μm to 20μm) seems to have no effect
Future Work
•Further examination of the mechanism resulting to the

increase of consumed power is needed
•Visual examination of droplet behavior at rotor and stator
•Quantification of the losses in correlation to water collection
rate on rotor blades
•Examination of the effect of injection position at power
consumption

Acknowledgments
•The work for this paper has been carried out in the frame of
HERAKLITOS program. The program is co-funded by
European Social Fund (75%) and National Resources (25%).
•The cooperation of Mee Industries and Mr T. Mee personally
in purchasing the nozzle manifold is gratefully acknowledged

View publication stats

Rotor Relative Angle Turn Profile
1 1
mwinj/mair=2% m winj/m air =0.6%
0.8 0.8
Rotor Blade Span
Rotor Blade Span

0.6 0.6
0.4 0.4
0.2 dry 0.2 dry

wet wet
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
(β2-β1)/(β2-β1),midspan(dry) (β2-β1)/(β2-β1),midspan(dry)
N/Nd=27% N/Nd=50%

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Water Injection Effects on Compressor Stage Operation

Article in Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power · July 2007

Ioannis Roumeliotis Konstantinos Mathioudakis

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

DEMOS - Developing advanced Engine Multi-disciplinary Optimization Simulations View project

Creation of a Virtual Lab for gas turbine education View project

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Water Injection Effects on Compressor Stage Operation

Laboratory of Thermal Turbomachines

Water Injection Effect on Compressor Stage Operation 1

Water Injection Effect on Compressor Stage Operation

Water Injection Effect on Compressor Stage Operation 2

One Stage Axial Compressor

Impaction Pin Nozzles (Mee Industries)

Axisymetrically Distributed at Bellmouth Inlet

Water Injection Effect on Compressor Stage Operation 3

Droplet Trajectories Analysis Selected Injection Position

Water Injection Effect on Compressor Stage Operation 4

6. Compressor Inlet Conditions

8. Compressor Exit Conditions

Water Injection Effect on Compressor Stage Operation 5

•Pressure Measurement: Potential Plugging of Pressure Holes and

Water Injection Effect on Compressor Stage Operation 6

•Purging System using 600

Water Injection Effect on Compressor Stage Operation 7

•Bleeding Air from the Stage 5

Inlet introducing a bent tube

and a Pt100 Thermometer

•Air Movement Imposing

Water Injection Effect on Compressor Stage Operation 8

•Unstable operation can

be detected by acoustic 7.E-01

•Use of a Hot-Wire for dry 1.088

•Microphones used for 1.08

Water Injection Effect on Compressor Stage Operation 9

Water Injection Effect on Compressor Stage Operation

Water Injection Effect on Compressor Stage Operation 10

Effect of Water Injection on Compressor Performance

0.955 dry speedline

Tamb = 20.5oC RH=62% mwinj=1%

Water Injection Effect on Compressor Stage Operation 11

Effect of Water Injection on Compressor Performance

•Assuming Incompressible 1.1

•Pressure Rise Coefficient: 0.9

Tamb = 20.5oC RH=62% mwinj=1%

Water Injection Effect on Compressor Stage Operation 12

Effect of Water Injection on Compressor Performance

Water Injection Effect on Compressor Stage Operation 13

Effect of Water Injection on Compressor Performance

Water Injection Effect on Compressor Stage Operation 14

Water Injection Effect on Compressor Stage Operation

Water Injection Effect on Compressor Stage Operation 15

Detailed Aerodynamic Measurements

Water Injection Effect on Compressor Stage Operation 16

Detailed Aerodynamic Measurements

Rotor Blade Span

Water Injection Effect on Compressor Stage Operation 17

Effect of Water Injection on Compressor Performance

Rotor Blade Span

Water Injection Effect on Compressor Stage Operation 18

Effect of Water Injection on Compressor Performance

Rotor Blade Span

Axisymetrically Distributed at Bellmouth Inlet