(MPE) P14169 Formosa2 Protection V3

Report – Electrical protection
settings
P14169
Wind farm Formosa 2
prepared for:
Fortune Electric Co., Ltd.

No.10, Jilin Rd., Zhongli Dist., Taoyuan City 32063, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings
Moeller & Poeller Engineering

(M.P.E.) GmbH
Europaplatz 5
72072 Tübingen
Germany
Tel.: +49 7071 13879-0

Fax.: +49 7071 13879-99
Email.: info@moellerpoeller.de
Released by:
Peter Lilje, Ph. D.
Tel.: +49 7071 13879-17
Email.: peter.lilje@moellerpoeller.de
Version Date Author Comments

1 19.10.2020 Peter Lilje Draft report under review
2 11.02.2021 Peter Lilje Draft report under review
Various adjustments, removal of 161kV shunt,
incorporation of comments
3 07.05.2021 Peter Lilje Issued for client’s comments
2
Table of contents
1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 5
2 69kV Cable strings (CBs 610, 620, 630 and 640) ....................................................................... 7
2.1 Phase overcurrent protection (50/51) ...................................................................................... 7
2.2 Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection (50N/51N) .............................................................. 11
3 69kV Shunt reactors (CBs 910, 920, 930 and 940) .................................................................. 14
3.1 Phase overcurrent protection (50/51) .................................................................................... 14
4 69kV Filters (CBs 810, 820) ....................................................................................................... 18
5 69/25kV Substation auxiliary transformer (CBs 590, 210)...................................................... 20
5.1 Phase overcurrent protection at 69kV (50/51) ....................................................................... 20
5.2 Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection at 69kV (50N/51N) ................................................. 21
5.5 Transformer differential protection (87T) ............................................................................... 23
6 23/0.40kV Substation LV transformer (CB 220) ....................................................................... 25
7 69kV Busbars .............................................................................................................................. 28
7.1 Busbar differential protection ................................................................................................. 28
7.2 69kV Bus coupler (CB 600) ................................................................................................... 31
7.2.1 Phase overcurrent protection at 69kV (50/51) ............................................................... 31
7.2.2 Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection at 69kV (50N/51N) ......................................... 31
8 161/69kV Wind farm transformers (CBs 710/20/30 and 1650/60/70) ...................................... 32
8.1 Transformer differential protection (87T) ............................................................................... 32
8.4 Phase overcurrent protection at 161kV (50/51) ..................................................................... 38
8.5 Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection at 161kV (50N/51N) ............................................... 39
8.6 Transformer neutral overcurrent protection (51Z) ................................................................. 40
8.7 Voltage protection (27, 59, 59Vo) .......................................................................................... 42
9 161kV Busbars............................................................................................................................ 43
9.1 Busbar differential protection ................................................................................................. 43
10 161kV Export cables .................................................................................................................. 45
10.1 Phase directional overcurrent protection at F2-substation (67) ............................................ 45
3
10.2 Phase-to-ground directional overcurrent protection at F2-substation (67) ............................ 46

10.3 Phase overcurrent protection at Ying-Pan substation (50/51) .............................................. 47
10.4 Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection at Ying-Pan substation (50N/51N) ........................ 48
10.5 Cable differential protection (87L) ......................................................................................... 48
10.6 Cable distance protection (21)............................................................................................... 49
10.8 Frequency protection (81L, 81H) ........................................................................................... 54
11 161kV Grid interface protection (CBs 1550, 1560) .................................................................. 55
11.1 Summary of TPC requirements ............................................................................................. 55
11.3 Phase directional overcurrent protection (67) ....................................................................... 56
11.6 Frequency protection (81L, 81H) ........................................................................................... 56
12 References .................................................................................................................................. 59
4
1 Introduction
The company Fortune Electric Co., Ltd. (Fortune Electric) is planning the construction of the onshore
parts of the nearshore wind farm Formosa 2 in Taiwan, together with all required power system
studies. The wind farm will have 47 wind turbine generators of the type Siemens SG 8.0-167 DD;
60Hz. It will be connected to the 161kV transmission system. The wind farm voltage will be 69kV.
This document presents the proposed settings of the electrical protection relays. The protection
functions have been provided by Fortune Electric [1]. The settings are stated in terms of primary
voltages and currents. The values that must be entered into the relay may be secondary, % or per unit
values. These may depend on the specific version of the relay to be installed and must be derived by
the protection commissioning engineer from the primary values.
All current transformers have rated secondary currents of 5A [2]. It is recommended to ensure that the
burdens of all relay circuits do not lead to excessive saturation.
Figure 1 shows the topology of the onshore electrical system, including the circuit breakers (CBs) that
were considered in this study (numbers in red).
The symbol Apri is used throughout this document to mean Amperes on the primary side of the current
transformer.
5
Figure 1: Topology of onshore wind farm power system incl. circuit breaker numbers
6
2 69kV Cable strings (CBs 610, 620, 630 and 640)

2.1 Phase overcurrent protection (50/51)
A non-directional overcurrent protection function is set to grade with the protection of the WTG
transformers. It is set up to measure RMS currents.
The pickup current is set to approximately 120% of the maximum load current, which is achieved
when all WTGs are operating at 8.4MW and 1.08p.u. voltage. The current contribution from the WTGs
will be within the 110% for their rated currents during fault conditions (944A for 12 WTGs).
The protection acts as a backup the WTG transformer protection. It is noted that this backup function
has a limitation, because 2-ph faults on the secondary side of the last WTG in a string could lead to
faults currents in the order of the load currents i.e., they would not cause the overcurrent protection in
the CBs 610, 620, 630 or 640 to operate.
At currents above 150% of the instantaneous phase overcurrent protection of the WTGs, the tripping
time is reduced to 150ms.
Faults that lead to such fault currents that can only occur for faults in the 69kV cables and not in any
WTG transformer, are cleared instantaneously.
A negative-sequence definite-time overcurrent function is set to back up the protection on the HV side
of the WTG transformers in the event of unbalanced faults in the WTG transformers, leading to fault
currents that are not detected by the normal phase overcurrent protection. It is noted that the WTGs
control their negative sequence currents to zero during fault conditions. Table 4 shows that the
negative phase sequence overcurrent protection is slower than the phase overcurrent protection,
which ensures that the string is not disconnected prior to the WTG protection having had time to clear
WTG faults. The negative phase sequence protection also provides a back-up to earth faults on the
690V side of the WTG transformers.
Table 1: Phase overcurrent protection at WTG 69kV [3]
Description Setting
Definite time overcurrent, I> (7SR45) 102Apri
Time delay, I> (7SR45) 190ms
Instantaneous overcurrent, I>> (7SR45) 1443Apri
Definite time overcurrent, I> (7SJ82) 98Apri
Time delay, I> (7SJ82) 190ms
Instantaneous overcurrent, I>> (7SJ82) 1393Apri
Harmonic blocking Enabled
7
Table 2: Rated, operating and sub-transient fault currents at CBs 610, 620, 630 and 640
Description Current at CB (Apri)

610 620 630 640
Rating of cable GIS 6x0-TJBx 1209Apri
Rating of cable TJBx-DDP-x 935Apri
Rating of cable DDP-x-to-WTG 967Apri
Maximum operating current with WTGs at 8.4MW, 976 1022 922 951
maximum reactive power (over-excited) with 98%
voltage at F2-69kV
Maximum operating current with WTGs at 8.4MW, 944 933 876 930
maximum reactive power (under-excited) with 98%
voltage at F2-69kV
120% of maximum load currents 1171 1226 1106 1141
Minimum 2-ph short-circuit current at most remote 3801 / 3566 3969 / 3540 /
WTG (69kV), with fault impedance 0% of WTG 2195 2059 2292 2044
transformer impedance, string interlink closed, one
161/69kV wind farm transformers in service, one
161kV cable in service
Phase current / Negative-sequence current
Minimum 2-ph short-circuit current at most remote 1121 / 1101 / 1135 / 1098 /
WTG (69kV), with fault impedance 80% of WTG
647 635 655 634
transformer impedance, string interlink closed, one
161/69kV wind farm transformers in service, one
161kV cable in service
Maximum 3-ph short-circuit current at first WTG 16255 15397 15940 12559
(69kV), all 161/69kV wind farm transformers in service,
all 161kV cables in service
Minimum short-circuit current for phase-to-phase fault 595 / 589 / 598 / 588 /
at most remote WTG (690V terminals), string interlink
297 294 299 294
closed, two 161/69kV wind farm transformers in
service, two 161kV cables in service
Maximum short-circuit current for three-phase fault at 23 793 23 799 23 893 23 829
terminals of reactor (69kV), three 161/69kV wind farm
transformers in service, two 161kV cables in service
Maximum short-circuit current for phase-to-phase fault 19169 / 19169 / 19169 / 19169 /
at terminals of reactor (69kV), three 161/69kV wind 11288 11288 11288 11288
farm transformers in service, two 161kV cables in
service
Maximum 2-ph short-circuit current at terminals of 19110 / 19112 / 19146 / 19117 /
reactor (69kV), three 161/69kV wind farm transformers
11288 11288 11288 11288
in service, two 161kV cables in service
8
Table 3: Phase overcurrent protection at CBs 610, 620, 630 and 640 (7SJ85)
Description Setting
610 620 630 640
IDMT characteristic (IEC) Standard Standard Standard Standard
inverse inverse inverse inverse
IDMT Current pick-up 1200 Apri 1200 Apri 1200 Apri 1200 Apri
IDMT time multiplier 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
Stage 1-definite time overcurrent, I> 1992 Apri 1992 Apri 1992 Apri 1992 Apri
Stage 1-time delay, I> 200ms 200ms 200ms 200ms
Instantaneous overcurrent, I>> 21004 Apri 21004 Apri 21004 Apri 21004 Apri
Negative sequence, Stage 1-definite time 180 Apri 180 Apri 180 Apri 180 Apri
overcurrent, I2>
Negative sequence, Stage 1-time delay, I2> 500ms 500ms 500ms 500ms
Harmonic blocking (both +ve and -ve Enabled Enabled Enabled Enabled
sequence)
Figure 2: Phase overcurrent protection at 69kV CBs 610, 620, 630 and 640 and cable capabilities
9
Table 4: Calculated operating times for phase overcurrent and negative sequence overcurrent
protection
Description
Phase Operating Negative Operating
current time sequence time
current
(Apri) (s) (s)
(Apri)
Minimum 2-ph short-circuit current at most 3801 0.20 2195 0.50
remote WTG (69kV), with fault impedance 0%
of WTG transformer impedance, string interlink
closed, one 161/69kV wind farm transformers
in service, one 161kV cable in service
Minimum 2-ph short-circuit current at most 1121 None 647 0.50
remote WTG (69kV), with fault impedance 80%
of WTG transformer impedance, string interlink
closed, one 161/69kV wind farm transformers
in service, one 161kV cable in service
Maximum 3-ph short-circuit current at first WTG 16255 0.20 0 None
(69kV), all 161/69kV wind farm transformers in
service, all 161kV cables in service
Minimum short-circuit current for phase-to- 595 None 297 0.50
phase fault at most remote WTG (690V
terminals), string interlink closed, two 161/69kV
wind farm transformers in service, two 161kV
cables in service
Maximum short-circuit current for three-phase 23793 0.00 0 None
fault at terminals of reactor (69kV), three
161/69kV wind farm transformers in service,
two 161kV cables in service
Maximum short-circuit current for phase-to- 19169 0.20 11288 0.50
phase fault at terminals of reactor (69kV), three
161/69kV wind farm transformers in service,
two 161kV cables in service
Maximum 2-ph short-circuit current at terminals 19110 0.20 11288 0.50
of reactor (69kV), three 161/69kV wind farm
transformers in service, two 161kV cables in
service
10
2.2 Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection (50N/51N)

Earth faults in the string cables lead to residual currents in the CBs 610, 620, 630 and 640.
Overcurrent relays (Siemens SIPROTEC 7SJ85) are used to detect such faults. The relays must be
set to grade with the protection of the WTG transformers and the 10Mvar shunt reactors (CBs 910,
920, 930 and 940).
An earth fault current in the offshore network leads to a residual current at all four string CBs in the
substation (610, 620, 630 and 640). Selective protection is achieved using time-grading of time-
dependent overcurrent protection.
The starting current is set to measure RMS residual currents and in accordance with the
recommendation in [4], that for RMS current measurements the setting should not be less than 10% of
the secondary rated current. In this case, a pick-up setting of 15% of the CT rating has been selected.
Table 5 summarises the earth-fault protection settings of the WTG transformers [3] and Figure 3
shows them diagrammatically.
Table 5: Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection at WTG 69kV [3]
Description Setting
Instantaneous overcurrent, IG>> (7SR45) 24 Apri
Instantaneous overcurrent, IG>> (7SJ82) 12 Apri
Table 6 shows the fault currents through the bays 610-640 for various fault locations and operating
conditions. Both the residual currents (3Io) and the negative-sequence currents (I2) are shown.
Table 6: Sub-transient currents at CBs 610, 620, 630 and 640 for different operating and fault
conditions
Description Current at Bay (Apri)

610 620 630 640 NER
Minimum current for earth fault at end of string 848 / 836 / 859 / 843 / ~850
(HV terminal of WTG), one 161/69kV wind 285 285 287 291
farm transformer in service, all other strings
disconnected
3Io / I2
Minimum current for earth fault at end of string 185 / 299 / 165 / 1141 / 939
D (HV terminal of WTG), string D interlink 0 0 0 438
closed, one 161/69kV wind farm transformer in
service, strings A-D connected
3Io / I2
Maximum current for earth fault at end of string 552 / 702 / 525 / 2137 / 1225
D (HV terminal of WTG), string D interlink 0 0 0 897
closed, one 161/69kV wind farm transformer in
service, strings A-D connected, SR-1 to 4
disconnected
11
3Io / I2
Maximum current for earth fault at end of string 386 / 449 / 0 336 / 2604 / 784
D (HV terminal of WTG), string D interlink 0 0 923
closed, three 161/69kV wind farm transformers
in service, strings A-D connected, reactors SR-
1 to 4 disconnected
3Io / I2
Maximum current for earth fault at terminals of 520 / 662 / 0 495 / 3839 / 1156
shunt reactor SR-4, three 161/69kV wind farm 0 0 1396
transformer in service, strings A-D connected,
reactors SR-1 to 4 disconnected
3Io / I2
Minimum current for earth fault at end of string 0/ 0/ 0/ 0/ 0
(LV terminal of WTG), string interlink closed, 200 198 200 198
one 161/69kV wind farm transformer in
service, strings A-D connected
3Io / I2
Table 7: Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection at CBs 610, 620, 630 and 640 (7SJ85)
Description Setting
610 620 630 640
IDMT Current pick-up, 3Io 180 Apri 180 Apri 180 Apri 180 Apri
12
Figure 3: Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection, 69kV CBs 610, 620, 630, 640
13
3 69kV Shunt reactors (CBs 910, 920, 930 and 940)

A non-directional overcurrent protection function is set to operate at RMS currents higher than load
current (84A). The pickup current is set to around 140% to ensure that the reactors do not trip even
with temporary overvoltages in the grid of 20%, allowing for component tolerances and CT errors.
Overvoltages can also occur due to single-phase faults in the 69kV network, and at least one second
is allowed to clear such faults before tripping the shunt reactor.
Table 8: Phase overcurrent protection at CBs 910, 920, 930 and 940 (7SJ82)
Description Setting
910 920 930 940
IDMT Current pick-up 120 Apri 120 Apri 120 Apri 120 Apri
Instantaneous overcurrent, I>> 500 Apri 500 Apri 500 Apri 500 Apri
Harmonic blocking Enabled Enabled Enabled Enabled
14
Figure 4: Overcurrent protection, 69kV CB 910 (shunt reactor)
It is recommended to consider installing current transformers in the reactor neutral connections and to
make use of restricted earth fault protection to increase the percentage of the winding that is covered
by the protection. A full differential protection scheme, which would require current transformers in
each phase of the reactor neutrals, is not essential.

The settings for the phase-to-ground fault protection in the 10Mvar inductive shunts should consider
that a neutral current will also flow in the event of earth faults in other part of the 69kV system.
The starting current is set to measure RMS currents and respond to the lowest possible current,
subject to the recommendation in [4] that for RMS current measurements the setting should not be
less than 10% of the secondary rated current. This covers approximately 70% of the shunt winding.
Very high currents, which can only occur for faults in the respective shunt reactor, can be cleared
instantaneously.
15
Table 9: Sub-transient currents at selected CBs for different operating and 1ph-ground short-circuit
conditions
Description Current at CB
640 910, 920,
930, 940
Maximum residual current 3Io for fault at terminals of shunt reactor 3453 Apri 282 - 3662
SR-1 Apri
Minimum residual current 3Io for earth fault at end of string D, one 1169 Apri 237 Apri
161/69kV wind farm transformer in service, strings A-D connected
Maximum residual current 3Io for earth fault at end of string D, string 2293 Apri 187 Apri
D interlink closed, three 161/69kV wind farm transformers in service,
strings A-D connected
Table 10 summarises the proposed settings and Figure 5 shows them diagrammatically.
Table 10: Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection at CBs 910, 920, 930 and 940 (7SJ82)
Description Setting
IDMT characteristic (IEC) Standard inverse

IDMT Current pick-up, 3Io 30 Apri
IDMT time multiplier 0.10
Instantaneous overcurrent, I>> 500 Apri
16
Figure 5: Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection, 69kV CBs 910, 920, 930 and 940
17
4 69kV Filters (CBs 810, 820)

A non-directional overcurrent protection function is set with an IEC standard inverse characteristic to
allow for temporary overcurrents during network transients. It acts as a back-up to the filter-internal
protection, which is to be provided by the filter supplier. The pickup current is set to approximately
120% of the power-frequency load current (1.2 x 125A ≈ 150A).
It is recommended to study the proposed settings of the filter-internal protection, once this is available,
and to ensure appropriate selectivity between the internal protection and the protection described in
this report.
Table 11: Phase overcurrent protection at CBs 810 and 820 (7UT85)
Description Setting
810, 820
IDMT Current pick-up 150 Apri
18
Figure 6: Overcurrent protection, 69kV CB 810, 820 (filters)

The star points of the filters are not grounded, so no residual current flows in the event of external
single-Phase-to-ground short circuits. Phase-to-ground fault protection in the filters should be cleared
with a small delay, allow grading with internal protection.
The pickup current of the relay is set to measure RMS currents and respond to the lowest possible
current, subject to the recommendation in [4] that for RMS current measurements the setting should
not be less than 10% of the secondary rated current. It is assumed that the multi-ratio current
transformer will be set at 300/5A.
Table 12: Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection at CBs 810 and 820 (7UT85)
Description Setting
810, 820
Stage 1-definite time overcurrent, 3Io> 30 Apri
Stage 1-time delay, 3Io> 200ms
19
5 69/25kV Substation auxiliary transformer (CBs 590, 210)

5.1 Phase overcurrent protection at 69kV (50/51)
A non-directional overcurrent protection function is set to operate at currents higher than load current.
The pickup current is set to approximately 150% of the transformer rated current and the short-circuit
protection is set to grade with the overcurrent protection of the downstream transformer.
The protection acts as a backup to the transformer differential protection. For a fault current that is so
high, that the fault could only be inside the transformer, the circuit breaker is tripped without delay.
Table 13 provides the currents in the CB 590 that are relevant for the determination of the protection
settings.
Table 13: Sub-transient currents at CB 590 for different operating and fault conditions
Description Current
Rated transformer capability current on 69kV-side 50.2 Apri

125% of maximum load current 62.8 Apri
Maximum short-circuit current for 3-ph fault on LV side of transformer 548 Apri
120% of maximum short-circuit current 658 Apri
Minimum short-circuit current for 2-ph fault on LV side of transformer 488 Apri
Table 14 lists the proposed settings and Figure 7 shows the relay characteristics diagrammatically.
Table 14: Phase overcurrent protection at CB 590 (7UT85)
Description Setting
CT ratio 300 / 5
IDMT characteristic (IEC) Standard
inverse
20
Figure 7: Overcurrent protection at 69kV CBs 210, 220, 590 and 710, and capability of 6MVA
substation transformer TR-4
5.2 Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection at 69kV (50N/51N)

Phase-to-ground fault protection in the station transformer should be cleared instantaneously. The
relay is set to measure RMS currents and the pickup current is not set below 10% of the CT’s rated
current, as per the recommendation in [4]. A small delay is proposed to increase the security of the
protection, since any maloperation could cause the shutdown of the entire substation.
Table 15: Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection at CBs 590 (7UT85)
Description Setting
590
Stage 1-definite time overcurrent, 3Io> 45 Apri
Stage 1-time delay, 3Io> 150ms
21

A non-directional overcurrent protection function is set to operate at currents higher than load current
of the 6MVA transformer. The pickup current is set to 125% of the transformer rated current.
The protection provides some degree of backup to the downstream protection, being less sensitive to
faults further into the downstream network. At least 160ms is allowed for other protection devices to
clear faults in the downstream network.
A short-circuit in the 500kVA transformer could lead to currents that are lower than the rated current of
the 6MVA transformer. Therefore, a negative-sequence overcurrent protection function is set to back
up the protection at the circuit breaker 220 for faults in the 500kVA transformer.
Table 16 provides the currents in the CB 590 that are relevant for the determination of the protection
settings.
Description Current
Rated transformer capability current on 22.8kV-side 152 Apri

125% of maximum load current 190 Apri
Maximum short-circuit current for 3-ph fault on HV side of 500kVA transformer 1658 Apri
Minimum short-circuit current for 2-ph fault on LV side of 500kVA transformer
Maximum phase current / Negative-sequence current 175 / 87 Apri
Table 17: Phase overcurrent protection at CB 210 (7UT85)
Description Setting
CT ratio 200 / 5
inverse
Stage 1-definite time negative-sequence overcurrent, I2> 45 Apri
Stage 1-negative-sequence overcurrent time delay, I2> 500ms
22

The protection should grade with that in CB 220, i.e. the protection of the 500kVA transformer. A
sensitive setting is proposed, taking into account possible CT errors. A time-delay is proposed to
increase the security against nuisance tripping.
Table 12 summarises the proposed settings.
Table 18: Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection at CB 210 (7SJ82)
Description Setting
Definite time overcurrent, 3Io>> 30 Apri

Time delay, 3Io> 150ms
5.5 Transformer differential protection (87T)

The settings have been determined using the recommendations provided by Siemens in [5], the main
considerations of which are as follows:
• The characteristic of the differential protection relay is shown in Figure 8, where the current
difference is given by Idiff = | I1 + I2 | and the restraint current by Irest. = Max (| I1|, | I2|), with I1
and I2 being the currents on either side of the transformer.
• The star-point of the 25kV-side is solidly grounded, but there is no CT available for measuring
the current in this connection. The relay needs to be set up correctly to eliminate the zero-
sequence current from the measured phase currents in case of external faults.
• The transformer tap position, which is not yet known, should be considered as it can cause a
non-zero current difference during normal operation.
• Current transformer errors can cause a non-zero current difference during normal operation.
Errors up to 10% have been considered below.
The maximum current on the 69kV-side of the transformer, for a fault on 23kV-side, is 723A. Currents
higher than this must, therefore, be due to faults inside the protected zone. Therefore, the setting for I-
diff-unstrained was set to a value greater than 723A / (6000/69/√3A) i.e., greater than 14 p.u. The final
setting takes CT errors into account.
The main parameters of the transformers are as follows:
Table 19: Parameters of wind farm step-up transformers
Parameter Value
Rated power (base for values below) 6MVA
Voltage HV side 69kV
Voltage LV side 22.8kV
Short circuit voltage uk range at nominal tap position 10%
23
Vector group Dyn

Additional voltage per tap 1.25
Minimum position -8
Maximum position 8
The current transformer ratios are 300/5 on both sides of the transformer.
Figure 8: Characteristic of transformer differential protection [5]
24
Table 20: Wind farm transformer differential protection at CB 590 (7UT85)
Description Setting
CT ratio 300 / 5
Neutral point (69kV-side) Grounded
Threshold  20% of rated current
Intersection 1 Irest  67% of rated current
Slope 1  30%
Add-on stabilisation Deactivated
Intersection 2 Irest  250% of rated current
Slope 2  70%
Threshold, I-diff unconstrained 20 x rated current
6 23/0.40kV Substation LV transformer (CB 220)

The pickup current is set to 150% of the 500kVA transformer’s rated current and the short-circuit
protection is set to grade with the overcurrent protection of the downstream transformer. For a fault
current that is so high, that the fault could only be inside the transformer, the circuit breaker is tripped
without delay.
Table 21 lists the currents in the CB 220 that are relevant for the determination of the protection
settings.
Description Current
Rated transformer capability current on 22.8kV-side 12.7 Apri

125% of maximum load current 15.8 Apri
Maximum short-circuit current for 3-ph fault on LV side of transformer 201 Apri
Minimum short-circuit current for 2-ph fault on LV side of transformer
Phase current / negative sequence current 175 / 88 Apri
Minimum short-circuit current for single phase-to-ground fault on LV side of
transformer
106 / 61 Apri
Phase current / negative sequence current
25
Table 22: Phase overcurrent protection at CB 220 (7SJ82)
Description Setting
CT ratio 50 / 5
inverse
Figure 9: Overcurrent protection at CB 210, 220 and 590, and capability of 500kVA substation
transformer Trf_Station
26

Phase-to-ground fault protection in the station transformer should be cleared instantaneously. The
relay is set to measure RMS currents and responds to a low value, subject the recommendation in [4]
that for RMS current measurements the setting should not be less than 10% of the secondary rated
current.
Table 12 summarises the proposed settings.
Table 23: Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection at CB 220 (7SJ82)
Description Setting
Definite time overcurrent, 3Io>> 10 Apri

Time delay, 3Io> 150ms
27
7 69kV Busbars
7.1 Busbar differential protection
The busbar differential protection includes two zones, each of which includes one busbar and the bus
coupler.
difference is given by Idiff = | I1 + I2 + …| and the restraint current by Irest. = | I1| + | I2 | + …,
with I1 and I2 etc. being the currents through the individual CBs.
• The rated current must be selected to exceed a tenth of the largest nominal current. In this
case the largest nominal current would be that of the bus coupler, i.e. 2500A. The rated
current could be selected, for example, at 1000A (which exceeds 2500A/10 = 250A).
• The threshold Idiff determines the sensitivity of the protection in the case of low fault currents.
It should be set not higher than 80% of the lowest steady-state fault current and not lower than
130% of the highest operating current of all the feeders.
• The stabilisation factor k improves the stability in case of faults outside of the protected zone
but reduces the sensitivity of the detection of internal faults. Its setting considers measurement
errors of the current transformers. The manual includes a formula to calculate its setting,
based on the burden of the secondary circuit. These can be measured once the construction
has been completed.
• The single-Phase-to-ground short-circuit currents can be lower than the load currents.
Therefore, it is recommended to use the additional sensitive characteristic at low values of
load current. Stability should be ensured by using additional criteria, such as under-voltage.
Such criteria have already been foreseen by Fortune Electric [1].
• The threshold Id for the sensitive characteristic should be set to the lowest fault current with a
20% margin. The sensitive characteristic ends at the setting Is, which should be set to the sum
of the magnitudes of the maximum load currents plus the single-phase to earth fault current
(plus 20% margin).
28
The following table summarises the currents used to determine suitable settings for the busbar
differential protection.
Table 24: Sub-transient currents used to determine setting for 69kV busbar protection
Description Current
Minimum busbar fault current (2-phase fault); one 161kV cable, one 5981 Apri
161/69kV transformer and no 69kV strings in service
Minimum busbar fault current (1-phase fault); one 161kV cable, one 983 Apri
161/69kV transformer and no 69kV strings in service
Current through transformer, operating at 200MVA, 69kV 1673 Apri
The following table shows the proposed settings. The relay settings (in %) depend on the selection of
rated current.
The setting for the stabilisation factor should be reviewed on site using measurements of the CT
burden.
The “area of higher sensitivity” should be activated based on the zero-sequence voltage Uo.
29
The threshold Id of the sensitive characteristic was set to about 50% of the single-phase fault current
with only one transformer in service. The threshold Is was selected to ensure that the area of higher
sensitivity can be activated over the entire operating range. Is was set at 120% of the maximum total
current, being the sum of the maximum individual feeder currents and the earth-fault current.
Table 25: 69kV busbar differential protection (7SS85)
Description Setting
Rated object current Irobj 1000 Apri

Threshold Idiff 2500 Apri
Stabilisation factor k 0.65
Zero-sequence voltage for activation of higher sensitivity area, referred to Uo>80%
nominal voltage
Threshold Id for sensitive characteristic 500 Apri
Threshold Is for sensitive characteristic 10000 Apri
30
7.2 69kV Bus coupler (CB 600)

7.2.1 Phase overcurrent protection at 69kV (50/51)
A non-directional overcurrent protection function is set to protect the coupler against overloading. It is
set up to measure RMS currents. A time delay is included to allow the protection at other circuit
breakers to clear short-circuit currents prior to the bus coupler tripping.
The coupler has a continuous current rating of 2500A.
Table 26 provides the proposed settings. These must be confirmed once the short-term capability of
the bus coupler is known.
Table 26: Phase overload protection at CBs 600 (7SS85)
Description Setting
7.2.2 Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection at 69kV (50N/51N)

The protection acts as a backup to the protection in the bays 610, 620, 630 and 640. In the event of a
failure of the protection in those bays to clear earth faults, the tripping of the circuit breaker 600 will
separate the 69kV system into two, such that the subsequent tripping of the incomers (710, 720 or
730) will not lead to the loss of all strings.
The residual current 3Io will normally be significantly less than that through the bay of the faulted
string (610, 620, 630 or 640), since the fault current flows partially through each connected
transformer. This effectively leads to grading between the protection in the bay 600 with that in 610,
620, 630 and 640.
The proposed settings are shown in Table 27 and the protection characteristic is shown
diagrammatically in Figure 13.
Table 27: Phase-to-ground fault protection at CBs 600 (7SS85)
Description Setting
31
8 161/69kV Wind farm transformers (CBs 710/20/30 and

1650/60/70)
8.1 Transformer differential protection (87T)
The characteristic of the differential protection relay is shown in Figure 8. The settings have been
determined using the recommendations provided by Siemens in [5], the main considerations of which
are as follows:
difference is given by Idiff = | I1 + I2| and the restraint current by Irest. = Max (| I1|, | I2|), with I1
and I2 being the currents on either side of the transformer.
• The star-point of the 69kV-side is grounded. It is recommended to use the measurement of

the CT in the star-point connection to the NER. This improves the accuracy of distinguishing
between internal and external earth faults. It could also be used for restricted earth-fault
protection.
• The transformer tap changer can cause a non-zero current difference during normal operation.
• Current transformer errors can cause a non-zero current difference during normal operation.
Errors up to 10% have been considered.
The maximum current on the 161kV-side of the transformer, for a fault on 69kV-side, is 3600A.
Currents higher than this must, therefore, be due to faults inside the protected zone. Therefore, the
setting for I-diff-unconstrained was set to a value greater than 3500A, approximately 1.5 x 3500 =
5250A.
32
The main parameters of the transformers are as follows:

Table 28: Parameters of wind farm step-up transformers [7]
Parameter Value
Rated power (base for values below) (ODAN) 120 MVA
Rated power with forced cooling (ODAF) 200 MVA
Rated current at 200MVA, 0.9 x 161kV 797 A
Voltage HV side 161 kV
Voltage LV side 69 kV
Short circuit voltage uk range at nominal tap position 12 % @120MVA
Copper losses plus auxiliary losses 296 kW
Zero sequence impedance-Short circuit voltage uk0 12 % assumed
No load current 0.1% assumed
No load losses 105 kW
Vector group Dyn1
Additional voltage per tap 1.25 %
Minimum position -8
Maximum position 8
Table 29: Wind farm transformer differential protection at CBs 1650, 1660 and 1670 (7UT85)
Description Setting
Threshold  20% of rated current

Intersection 1 Irest  67% of rated current
Slope 1  30%
Threshold add-on stabilisation  Not used
Intersection 2 Irest  250% of rated current
Slope 2  70%
Threshold, I-diff unstrained 6.5 x rated current
Note: The above settings are based on a rated current on the 161kV side of 797A..
It is recommended to activate and set the restricted earth fault protection on the 69kV side of the
transformers.
33

The protection acts as a backup to that of the string protection in the CBs 160, 620, 630 and 640 as
well as the protection of the harmonic filters and the substation auxiliary transformer. No IDMT-
protection is foreseen as overload protection because the maximum load current is very similar to the
short circuit current in the case of a remote fault.
The wind farm will normally be operated with all three wind farm transformers in service and the 69kV
bus coupler closed. If one transformer fails, the current on the 69kV side of the remaining transformers
would not exceed 2000A, even if all 47 WTGs were operated at 8.4MW and the power factor at the
POC were 0.96 (such loading would already lead to more than 376MW at the POC). If it is operated
with only one transformer, temporary overloading may be desirable to minimise the energy losses.
The fault current through the circuit breakers at 710, 720 and 730 for faults in the 69kV offshore
system depend highly on the number of wind farm transformers in service and on the distance of the
fault from the substation. Many conditions would lead to currents close to the maximum load currents,
so that the phase overcurrent protection cannot always back up the protection at 610 – 640. It is,
therefore, recommended to include negative-sequence overcurrent protection at 710 – 730.
If a short-current through the circuit breaker exceeds the maximum value that it could reach in the
event of a 69kV busbar fault, then the short-circuit must be on the transformer side of the circuit
breaker (being fed through the 69kV system from remaining transformers as well as the WTGs). In this
case, the circuit breaker can be tripped with minimal delay.
Table 30: Sub-transient currents at CBs 710, 720 and 730 for different operating and fault conditions
Description Current
Rated transformer capability current on 69kV-side 1749 Apri [8]

Minimum current for 2ph fault at the end of string D, two wind farm
transformers out of service, all other equipment in service
Phase current / Negative-sequence current 3695 / 2134 Apri
Minimum current for 2ph fault at the end of string D, one wind farm
transformers out of service, all other equipment in service
Minimum current for 2ph fault at the end of string D, all equipment in service
Minimum current for 2ph fault at first WTG of string D (69kV terminals), all 2899 Apri
equipment in service
Maximum current for 3-ph short-circuit at 69kV substation busbar, two wind 8441 Apri
farm transformers out of service, all other equipment in service
Maximum current for 3-ph short-circuit at 69kV substation busbar, all 6971 Apri
equipment in service
34
Table 31: Phase overcurrent protection at CBs 710, 720 and 730 (7SJ85)
Description Setting
Stage 1-definite time overcurrent, I> 2640 Apri

Stage 1-time delay, I> 0.40s
Instantaneous overcurrent, I> 10008 Apri
Negative sequence IDMT current pick-up 504 Apri
Negative sequence IDMT time multiplier 0.25
Figure 11: Overcurrent protection, 69kV CBs 710, 720 and 730 (wind farm transformers)
35
Figure 12: Negative-sequence overcurrent protection, 69kV CBs 710, 720 and 730 (wind farm
transformers, 69kV)

Phase-to-ground fault protection in the CBs 710, 720 and 730 acts as a backup for faults in the 69kV
network, which are not cleared by the string breakers 610, 620, 630 or 640 or the substation auxiliary
transformer breaker 590 or the filter circuit breakers 810 or 820.
Table 32: Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection at CBs 710, 720 and 730 (7SJ85)
Description Setting
710, 720, 730
36
Figure 13: Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection, 69kV CBs 710, 720 and 730
37

The protection should allow temporary overloading of the transformer up to e.g., 150% of rated
current. Since definite-time protection has been proposed on the 69kV-side, it is also proposed to use
definite-time protection on the 161kV-side.
The protection acts as a back-up to the protection on the 69kV side of the transformer and to clear
transformer faults as fast as possible. The short-circuit protection is set to grade with the string cable
protection, filter protection and station transformer protection. Fault current magnitudes that are so
high, that the fault must be in the transformer, can be cleared with a minimal delay.
A 100ms delay is included to ensure the security of the protection.
Table 33: Sub-transient currents at CBs 1650, 1660 and 1670 for different operating and fault
conditions
Description Current
Transformer current at 200MVA, 90% voltage 797 Apri

Minimum short-circuit current for 2-ph fault on LV side of transformer, three 2369 Apri
transformers in service, one 161kV cable in service
Maximum current for 3-ph short-circuit fault on secondary side of transformer, 3618 Apri
occurs with one transformer in service
Table 34: Phase overcurrent protection at CBs 1650, 1660 and 1670 (7UT85)
Description Setting

Stage 1-time delay, I> 0.50s
Stage 2-time delay, I> 100ms
38
Figure 14: Overcurrent protection, 161kV CBs 1650, 1660 and 1670 (transformers)

Table 12 summarises the proposed settings and Figure 15 show the protection characteristic
graphically.
Table 35: Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection at CBs 1650, 1660, 1670 (7UT85)
Description Setting
1650, 1660, 1670
IDMT characteristic (IEC) Very inverse
39
Figure 15: Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection, 161kV CBs 1650 and 1660
8.6 Transformer neutral overcurrent protection (51Z)

The NER has a capability of 1000A / 10s. The protection relay has a ratio of 1000 / 5.
Table 35 summarises the proposed settings and the characteristic is shown in Figure 16.
Table 36: Neutral overcurrent protection (7UT85)
Description Setting

40
Figure 16: NER protection relay characteristic
41
8.7 Voltage protection (27, 59, 59Vo)

The proposed settings for undervoltage (27) and overvoltage (59) are shown in Table 37. The settings
correspond with those at the POC (section 11.5) and are outside the required fault ride-though
settings in the grid code [9]. The code states that the plant may be tripped for voltages outside the
range 90-110%, but it does not provide any minimum time delays.
It is noted that the time delay settings should be reviewed when the operating time of the transformer
tap changer is available. Sufficient time should be allowed for the tap changer to correct the voltage
following changes to the voltage at 161kV level.
Table 37: Undervoltage and overvoltage protection, CBs 710, 720 and 730
Description Setting
Undervoltage, U< 62.1 kV (90%)

Time delay, U< 30s
Phase overvoltage, U> 72.5 kV
(100% of rated voltage,
105% of 69kV)
Time delay, U> 60s
42
9 161kV Busbars
9.1 Busbar differential protection
The busbar differential protection includes two zones, each of which includes one busbar and the bus
coupler.
difference is given by Idiff = | I1 + I2 + …| and the restraint current by Irest. = | I1| + | I2 | + …,
with I1 and I2 etc. being the currents through the individual CBs.
• The rated current must be selected to exceed a tenth of the largest nominal current. In this
case the largest nominal current would be that of an export cable, which is around 1400A. The
rated current could be selected, for example, at 1000A (which exceeds 1400A/10 = 140A).
• The threshold Idiff determines the sensitivity of the protection in the case of low fault currents.
It should be set not higher than 80% of the lowest steady-state fault current and not lower than
130% of the highest operating current of all the feeders.
• The stabilisation factor k improves the stability in case of faults outside of the protected zone
but reduces the sensitivity of the detection of internal faults. Its setting considers measurement
errors of the current transformers. The manual includes a formula to calculate its setting,
based on the burden of the secondary circuit. These can be measured once the construction
has been completed.
• Since the minimum fault current is not in the range of the load current, no additional sensitive
characteristic is foreseen.
The following table summarises the currents used to determine suitable settings for the busbar
differential protection.
Table 38: Currents used to determine setting for 69kV busbar protection
Description Current
Busbar continuous current capability 2000 Apri

Minimum busbar fault current (2-phase fault); one 161kV cable 18100 Apri
Minimum busbar fault current (1-phase fault); one 161kV cable 18850 Apri
Current through 161kV cable, operating at 400MVA, 69kV 1434 Apri
Table 25 shows the proposed settings.
The setting for the stabilisation factor should be reviewed on site using measurements of the CT
burden.
43
Table 39: 161kV busbar differential protection (7SS85)
Description Setting
Rated object current Irobj 1000 Apri

Threshold Idiff 2500 Apri
Stabilisation factor k 65%
Sensitive characteristic (Id, Is) deactivated
44
10 161kV Export cables

10.1 Phase directional overcurrent protection at F2-substation (67)
A directional overcurrent protection function is set to operate at currents higher than load current. A
directional element is required to prevent the tripping of the parallel cable in the event of a cable fault.
The maximum operating current through the cables is limited by the power rating of the WTGs.
Therefore, it is no possible to overload the cables substantially. Some marginal overloading may be
possible for short durations, and the protection should allow this.
Depending on the location of the cable fault, the current through the breaker at F2 could be as low as
0A or higher than 10kA. A definite-time characteristic is proposed with a short delay, which increases
the security (allowing the direction of the fault to be determined correctly). The settings do not need to
grade with the transformer overcurrent protection (bays 1650, 1660 and 1670) due to the directional
element.
Table 40: Currents at CBs 1610 and 1620 for different operating and fault conditions (7SL86)
Description Current
1610, 1620
Rated current of cable, n-1 [10] 1485 Apri

Cable current at 376MVA, 0.96 power factor, 90% voltage 1561 Apri
120% of rated cable current 1873 Apri
Minimum current for short circuit fault at 69kV-side of transformer, one 161kV 3060 Apri
cable and one 200MVA transformer in service
Minimum current for short circuit fault at 69kV-side of transformer, two 161kV 1553 Apri
cable and one 200MVA transformer in service
Minimum short-circuit current for phase-to-phase fault at F2 (161kV), both 10 030 Apri
cables in service
(equals current through circuit breaker for cable fault close to F2)
Minimum short-circuit current for phase-to-phase fault at F2 (161kV), one 18 120 Apri
cables in service
Table 41 summarises the settings and Figure 18 shows the characteristics diagrammatically.
Table 41: Phase overcurrent protection at CBs 1610 and 1620 (7SL86)
Description Setting
CT ratio 3000 / 5
Stage 1-definite time overcurrent, directional I> 2000 Apri
Stage 1-time delay, directional I> 0.15s
45
10.2 Phase-to-ground directional overcurrent protection at F2-substation (67)

The phase fault protection (section 10.1) also protects the cables in the event of earth fault currents
(see Table 42). No additional earth-fault protection function is set for the circuit breakers at the bays
1610 and 1620.
Table 42: Sub-transient currents at CBs 1610 and 1620 for different operating and fault conditions
(7SL86)
Description Current
Minimum current 3Io for single phase to ground short circuit at 161kV busbar 10685 Apri
of F2, both 161kV cables in service
Minimum current 3Io for single phase to ground short circuit at 161kV busbar 18798 Apri
of F2, one 161kV cables in service
46
10.3 Phase overcurrent protection at Ying-Pan substation (50/51)

The overcurrent protection is a backup to the line differential protection (87L) and the distance
protection (21). It also acts as a back-up to the phase overcurrent and phase-to-ground overcurrent
protection at the circuit breakers 1650, 1660 and 1670.
Since the minimum current for a short-circuit in the 69kV system is in the range of the maximum load
current, no separate overload protection (with IDMT-characteristic) was included. It is noted that this
deviates from TPC’s requirement to include an inverse-time characteristic.
The settings are summarised in Table 44. Figure 18 shows the grading with the transformer
overcurrent protection.
Table 43: Currents at CBs 1550 and 1560 for different operating and fault conditions
Description Current

Capacitance per unit length of line, C1 0.26µF
Capacitance per unit length of line, C0 0.26µF
Total line length 4.15km
Rated charging current / charging power 38A / 10.5Mvar
Cable current at 376MVA, 0.96 power factor, 90% voltage 1561 Apri
120% of rated cable current 1782 Apri
Minimum short circuit current for fault at 69kV-side of transformer, both 1553 Apri
161kV cable and one 200MVA transformer in service
Minimum short circuit current for fault at 161kV-side of transformer, both 10 011 Apri
161kV cables and one 200MVA transformer in service
Minimum short circuit current for fault at 161kV-side of transformer, one 18 090 Apri
161kV cables and one 200MVA transformer in service
Table 44: Phase overcurrent protection at CBs 1550 and 1560 (7SL86)
Description Setting
CT ratio 3000 / 5
Stage 1-time delay, I> 700 ms
Stage 2-time delay, I> 300 ms
47
Figure 18: Overcurrent protection, 161kV CBs at Yin-Pan substation (1550, 1560) and transformer
bays at F2 (1650, 1660 and 1670)
10.4 Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection at Ying-Pan substation (50N/51N)

The phase overcurrent protection (section 10.3) also protects the cables in the case of earth fault
currents. It also acts as a backup for earth fault currents in the 200MVA transformers. Therefore, no
additional phase-to-ground protection is required at the bays 1550 and 1560.
10.5 Cable differential protection (87L)

The proposed relay (Siemens SIPROTEC 7SL86) includes two stages (I-DIFF and I-DIFF fast 2). The
second stage is optimised for fast tripping and is set to operate at high fault currents. A cable charging
current compensation function can be set to be able to use more sensitive settings of the I-DIFF stage.
The relay includes an adaptive self-stabilisation function, which calculates the restraint current Irest
shown in Figure 19. The pickup characteristic is given by a threshold plus a 45° line. This function
requires information about the current transformers to be entered into the relay (see [11] for detailed
information).
48
Figure 19: Characteristic of line differential protection [11]
According to [12], the ratios of the multi-ratio current transformers have been selected at 3000A:5A.
The rated current of the cable could be set according to 1485 A (Table 43). The threshold I-DIFF is set
approximately 20% of the rated current (note that the use of the special charging compensation
function would allow a lower setting [11]). The fast stage I-DIFF fast 2 is set to approximately twice the
rated current of the cable.
A relay trip signal shall lead to the tripping of all three phases.
Table 45: 161kV cable differential protection (7SL86)
Description Setting
Threshold I-DIFF 300 Apri

Operate delay 0s
I-DIFF fast 2 3000 Apri
Ic-stabilisation/ Ic-rated 1.5
10.6 Cable distance protection (21)

Distance protection at Ying-Pan substation (1550 and 1560):
The first zone of the distance protection shall act as a backup to the cable differential protection (87L).
It is set to approximately 80% of the cable length so as not to risk tripping prior to the tripping of
downstream protection.
49
The distance relays shall be set up for direct inter-tripping i.e., if either of these relays see a fault in
zone 1, it shall send tripping signals to both the local-end and remote-end circuit breaker of the faulted
line.
A second zone is set to reach into the wind farm, thereby acting as a backup to the 200MVA wind farm
transformer protection. It shall be time-delayed and reach into, but not beyond the wind farm
transformers.
The relays at the Ying-Pan end should trip the breakers at Ying-Pan immediately if the fault is seen in
the overreaching zone (zone 2) and the remote circuit breaker is open. This is typically done using the
echo logic i.e., the relays at F2 shall be set up to send an echo signal.
Distance relays typically require a source-to-line impedance ratio (SIR) of at most 50 to estimate the
impedance with sufficient accuracy. The fault current from the wind farm depends on the number of
WTGs in operation. With all WTGs in operation, the fault current is limited to approximately 110% of
rated wind farm current (1.5kA). This relates to a source impedance of 63Ω. The cable impedance is
around 0.86Ω, so that the SIR is around 73. With half the number of WTGs in operation, this increases
to 126. Therefore, it cannot be assumed that a distance relay at F2 would always measure the
impedance to the fault correctly, especially if the fault is close to F2. It is, therefore, proposed to make
use of the weak infeed logic.
If the relays at Ying-Pan see the fault in zone 2, and no blocking signal is received from the relays at
F2, then they shall trip the circuit breakers at the Ying-Pan end. The blocking signal shall be generated
by the relays at F2 if they see the fault in their reverse zone i.e., behind them, such as in the wind farm
transformers.
Distance protection at F2 substation (1610 and 1620):
The weak infeed logic should be set up to make use of a voltage measurement at F2. They shall trip
the breakers at F2 with minimal delay if they receive a permissive signal from the relays at Ying-Pan
and do not see the fault in their reverse zones e.g., in the wind farm transformers).
If the relays at F2 see the fault in their reverse zone, they send a blocking signal to the relays at Ying-
Pan.
It is recommended that the weak infeed logic is always operational i.e., not to make it dependent on
the operating state of the wind farm.
The reverse-looking zone 3 at F2 shall reach beyond the overreaching zone at Ying-Pan to prevent a
mal-operation of the weak infeed logic.
The proposed relay (Siemens SIPROTEC 7SL86) allows the setting of many possible impedance
shapes – see Figure 20. It is proposed to use quadrilaterals. The inclination characteristic defined by
the angle α is not used.
The resistive reach depends mainly on the resistance of the cable. Some allowance is made for the
resistance of an arc, which could occur at the cable termination.
50
Figure 20: Example characteristics of line distance protection [11]
Table 46: System data and currents at CBs 1550, 1560, 1610 and 1620 for different operating and
fault conditions
Description Value
VT ratio 161000V/√3:115V/√3
CT ratio 3000/5
Positive-sequence resistance of 161kV cables [13] 0.04852Ωpri
Positive-sequence reactance of 161kV cables [13] 0.8573 Ωpri
Positive-sequence impedance of 161kV cables 0.86 Ωpri, 86.8°
Zero-sequence impedance of of 161kV cables [13] 1.95 Ωpri, 58.8°
Impedance of one 200MVA transformers at 161kV 25.9Ω
Half of impedance of three parallel 200MVA transformers at 161kV 4.3Ω
Minimum short circuit current at Ying-Pan for 2-phase fault at 69kV-side of 3060 Apri
transformer, one 161kV cable and one 200MVA transformer in service
51
Minimum short circuit current at Ying-Pan for 2-phase fault at 161kV- 5036 Apri
terminals of transformer with 8Ω fault reactance, both 161kV cables in
service
Maximum short-circuit current at Ying-Pan, three-phase fault at 161kV/F2 30 000 Apri
and one 161kV cable in service
Minimum short circuit current at Ying-Pan, 2-phase fault with 5 Ohm 11615 Apri
reactance at the terminals of a 200MVA transformer, other two transformers
out of service, one 161kV cable and one 200MVA transformer in service
Impedance seen at POC for worst-case loading (including some margin):
R+jX as seen at the POC at 161kV, 400MW, 0Mvar 64.8+j0 Ωpri
R+jX as seen at the POC at 161kV, 400MW, 0.9 power factor 52.5±j25.4 Ωpri
Table 47: 161kV cable distance protection at CBs 1550, 1560, 1610 and 1620 (7SL86)
Description Setting
General
Characteristic Quadrilateral, forward
Relay characteristic angle, 𝜑𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡 86°
Pickup method Impedance
Minimum current to enable pickup 150Apri
Other • Direct intertripping from Yin-Pan
• Weak infeed logic at F2
Zone 1 at Ying-Pan (direction cable)

X reach 0.69 Ωpri
R (ph-ph) 1.37 Ωpri
R (ph-g) 1.37 Ωpri
Operate delay (all fault types) with or without permissive 50ms
trip signal from F2-end
Zone 2 at Ying-Pan (direction cable)

X reach 5.0 Ωpri
R (ph-g) 2.5 Ωpri
Operate delay (all fault types) to allow for blocking signal 60ms
to be received from F2-end relays
52
Operate delay (all fault types) if fault persists with or 500ms

without blocking signal
Zone 3 at F2 (direction transformers)

X reach 10.0 Ωpri
R (ph-g) 4.0 Ωpri
Phase undervoltage for weak infeed logic 70% of 161kV
Zero-sequence voltage for weak infeed logic, 3*Vo 30% of 161kV
Operate delay (all fault types) if no permissive signal 500ms
received from Ying-Pan end relays
Operate delay (all fault types) with permissive signal 50ms
received from Ying-Pan end relays

are outside the required fault ride-though settings in the grid code [9]. The code states that the plant
may be tripped for voltages outside the range 90-110%, but it does not provide any minimum time
delays. The settings correspond with those at the POC (section 11.5).
Table 48: Undervoltage and overvoltage protection, CBs 1550, 1560, 1610 and 1620
Description Setting
Undervoltage, U< 143.3kV (89%)

Time delay, U< 3s
Phase overvoltage, U> 185.2kV (115%)
Time delay, U> 3s
Residual overvoltage, 3Vo 30%
Time delay, U> 2s
53
10.8 Frequency protection (81L, 81H)

The proposed settings are shown in Table 51. The settings correspond with those at the POC (section
11.6).
Table 49: Frequency protection, CBs 1550 and 1560
Description Setting
Underfrequency, <f (81L) 57Hz

Time delay, <f 0.2s
Overfrequency, >f (81H) 62Hz
Time delay, >f 0.2s
54
11 161kV Grid interface protection (CBs 1550, 1560)

11.1 Summary of TPC requirements
The grid code requirements applicable to protection are summarised below [9]:
“(4) For Power Generation Equipment connected to TPC’s ultra-high voltage system, the following
protective relays are required at the point of common coupling or the power feeding point, and the
protective equipment shall be coordinated with TPC's system:
1. Phase-to-phase overcurrent relay (50/51): with instant and Standard inverse properties. For
separately installed phases, one relay is required for each.
2. Grounded overcurrent relay (50N/51N): with instant and Standard inverse properties. For separately
installed phases, one relay is required for each.
3. Grounded high voltage relay (59Vo): with delay property.
4. Low voltage relay (27): with delay property.
5. High voltage relay (59): with delay property.
6. Phase-to-phase directional overcurrent relay (67) (except when power regulators are used): Shall
have Standard inverse property.
7. Main and backup protective relays: Shall be installed required for system protection.
8. Bus relay (87B): (1) Required for 69,000V systems using gas insulated switchgear (GIS). (2)
Required for systems of 161,000V or above. However, systems without a bus and with other main
protective relay coverage are exempt.
9. Back-feeding relay (32): with delay property. Required for systems with no back-feeding at the point
of common coupling. Systems with no back-feeding at the point of common coupling are exempt. Anti-
back-feeding functionality is considered to be present for users supplied with ultra-high voltage by
TPC, where the Power Generation Equipment is connected to the user’s low voltage interior wiring
system, the total equipment capacity does not exceed the pickup current of the phase-to-phase
overcurrent relay of the main breaker of the point of common coupling or 25% of the rated current of
the main fuse, and anti-islanding equipment is installed.
10. Potential transformers/ground potential transformers (PTs/GPTs) for protecting relays shall be
installed at the bus. Where no bus is present, potential transformers/ground potential transformers
(PTs/GPTs) for protecting relays shall be installed on the line side.
11. For Power Generation Equipment connected to TPC’s equipment via an ultra-high voltage system,
isolation equipment is required at the power feeding point.
(5) To protect relays in an event of line failure between the Power Generation Equipment system and
TPC’s system, the breaker at the point of common coupling shall promptly and automatically trip (main
protective relay) and shall not automatically resume paralleling.”

The proposed settings are given in section 10.3. It is noted that the WTGs regulate their currents very
quickly (within 50ms), so that there is no need for an IDMT-characteristic.
55
11.3 Phase directional overcurrent protection (67)

The settings of the directional overcurrent protection shall be provided by TPC, if required. The three-
phase short-circuit current contribution to the external network could be as high as 1.5kA.

The proposed settings are given in section 10.4.

are outside the required fault ride-though settings in the grid code [9]. The code states that the plant
may be tripped for voltages outside the range 90-110%, but it does not provide any minimum time
delays.
The setting for the residual overvoltage (59Vo) should be provided by TPC since it depends on the
network’s zero-sequence impedance. The wind farm does not have an active zero-sequence source
due to the use of delta windings in the 200MVA wind farm transformers.
It is recommended to activate and set a V/f protection function to protect the transformers in the wind
farm from overfluxing. Alternatively, such a protection function could also be activated further
downstream e.g., bays 1610 and 1620.
Table 50: Undervoltage and overvoltage protection, CBs 1550 and 1560
Description Setting
Undervoltage, U< 143.3kV (89%)

Time delay, U< 3s
Phase overvoltage, U> 185.2kV (115%)
Time delay, U> 3s
Residual overvoltage, 3Vo 30%
Time delay, U> 2s
11.6 Frequency protection (81L, 81H)

The frequency trip settings for the WTGs are shown in Figure 21 [14].
56
Figure 21: WTG frequency limits (trip levels) [14]
The settings for the protection at the POC could act as a backup to the WTG protection. It must
consider the capability of the equipment, such as the harmonic filters and the transformers. Low
frequencies lead to high flux levels in transformers (for a given voltage). For transformers designed to
IEC standards, the maximum continuous flux level is typically 105% i.e., the ratio of per unit voltage
(based on the transformer’s rated voltage) to per unit frequency (60Hz) should not exceed 105%. At
161kV, the minimum continuous frequency would then be 1/1.05*60Hz i.e., 57.1Hz.
The proposed settings are shown in Table 51.
Table 51: Frequency protection, CBs 1550 and 1560
Description Setting
Underfrequency, <f (81L) 57Hz

Time delay, <f 0.2s
Overfrequency, >f (81H) 62Hz
Time delay, >f 0.2s
57
58
12 References
[1] Fortune Electric, “Formosa 2 On Shore Work Detailed design meeting No. 12th, Presentation,”
10. Dec. 2019.
[2] Fortune Electric, F2-ONS-CON-FOR-SL-EL-00002_Electrical System Single Line Diagram-[F]-送

審.pdf.
[3] Siemens, “D8 60Hz 66kV Relay Settings; Fortune Electric Document F2-WTG-CON-SGR-SP-
EL-00002[00],” 06.08.2019.
[4] Siemens, “SIPROTEC 5, Version 8.01 and higher, Overcurrent Protection 7SJ82, 7SJ85, Manual
C53000-G5040-C017-B”.
[5] Siemens, “SIPROTEC 5, Version 8.01 and higher, Transformer Differential Protection 7UT82,
7UT85, 7UT86, 7UT87, Manual C53000-G5040-C016-C”.
[6] Siemens, “SIPROTEC 5, Version 8.30 and higher, Low-Impedance Busbar Protection, 7SS85,”
Manual C53000-G5040-C019-A.
[7] FORTUNE ELECTRIC CO., LTD., SPECIFICATION FOR TRANSFORMER TR19025

DATE:2019/10/18.
[8] FORTUNE ELECTRIC CO., LTD., SPECIFICATION FOR TRANSFORMER TR19025; F2-ONS-
CON-FOR-LY-EL-00002-002, 2019/10/18.
[9] TPC, Taiwan Power Company's Technical Guidelines for the Parallel Connection of Renewable
Energy Power Generation Systems.
[10] MPE, “Wind farm Formosa 2: Cable sizing study,” 22.09.2020.
[11] Siemens, “SIPROTEC 5, Version 8.30 and higher, Distance Protection, Line Differential
Protection, and Overcurrent Protection for 3-Pole Tripping, 7SL86 etc.,” C53000-G5040-C010-D.
[12] Fortune Electric Co., “Formosa 2 Offshore Wind Farm Project, Protection Philosophy; F2-ONS-
CON-FOR-ST-EL-00021; Version 5,” 28 January 2021.
[13] MPE GmbH, “Wind farm Formosa 2; Load flow and short-circuit report, Version 4,” 30.09.2020.
[14] Siemens Wind Power, “D12 Wind Turbine Voltage and Frequency Limits, Type 3; F2 document
number F2-WTG-CON-F2-CD-EL-00013,” 07.03.2019.
[15] MPE GmbH, “P14169_Formosa_2_Harmonics_v4.pdf,” 10.11.2020.
59

(MPE) P14169 Formosa2 Protection V3

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Report – Electrical protection

Wind farm Formosa 2

Fortune Electric Co., Ltd.

Moeller & Poeller Engineering

Tel.: +49 7071 13879-0

Version Date Author Comments

10.2 Phase-to-ground directional overcurrent protection at F2-substation (67) ............................ 46

2 69kV Cable strings (CBs 610, 620, 630 and 640)

Table 1: Phase overcurrent protection at WTG 69kV [3]

Description Current at CB (Apri)

2.2 Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection (50N/51N)

Table 5: Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection at WTG 69kV [3]

Description Current at Bay (Apri)

3 69kV Shunt reactors (CBs 910, 920, 930 and 940)

Figure 4: Overcurrent protection, 69kV CB 910 (shunt reactor)

3.2 Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection (50N/51N)

IDMT characteristic (IEC) Standard inverse

4 69kV Filters (CBs 810, 820)

Figure 6: Overcurrent protection, 69kV CB 810, 820 (filters)

4.2 Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection (50N/51N)

5 69/25kV Substation auxiliary transformer (CBs 590, 210)

Rated transformer capability current on 69kV-side 50.2 Apri

Table 14: Phase overcurrent protection at CB 590 (7UT85)

5.2 Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection at 69kV (50N/51N)

Table 15: Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection at CBs 590 (7UT85)

5.3 Phase overcurrent protection at 23kV (50/51)

Rated transformer capability current on 22.8kV-side 152 Apri

Table 17: Phase overcurrent protection at CB 210 (7UT85)

5.4 Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection at 23kV (50N/51N)

Table 12 summarises the proposed settings.

Table 18: Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection at CB 210 (7SJ82)

Definite time overcurrent, 3Io>> 30 Apri

5.5 Transformer differential protection (87T)

Vector group Dyn

Figure 8: Characteristic of transformer differential protection [5]

Table 20: Wind farm transformer differential protection at CB 590 (7UT85)

6 23/0.40kV Substation LV transformer (CB 220)

Rated transformer capability current on 22.8kV-side 12.7 Apri

Table 22: Phase overcurrent protection at CB 220 (7SJ82)

6.2 Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection at 23kV (50N/51N)

Table 12 summarises the proposed settings.

Table 23: Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection at CB 220 (7SJ82)

Definite time overcurrent, 3Io>> 10 Apri

Figure 10: Characteristic of transformer differential protection [6]

Table 25: 69kV busbar differential protection (7SS85)

Rated object current Irobj 1000 Apri

7.2 69kV Bus coupler (CB 600)

The coupler has a continuous current rating of 2500A.

Table 26: Phase overload protection at CBs 600 (7SS85)

7.2.2 Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection at 69kV (50N/51N)

8 161/69kV Wind farm transformers (CBs 710/20/30 and

• The star-point of the 69kV-side is grounded. It is recommended to use the measurement of

The main parameters of the transformers are as follows:

Threshold  20% of rated current

8.2 Phase overcurrent protection at 69kV (50/51)

Rated transformer capability current on 69kV-side 1749 Apri [8]

Stage 1-definite time overcurrent, I> 2640 Apri

8.3 Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection at 69kV (50N/51N)

8.4 Phase overcurrent protection at 161kV (50/51)

Transformer current at 200MVA, 90% voltage 797 Apri

Stage 1-definite time overcurrent, I> 1296 Apri

8.5 Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection at 161kV (50N/51N)