2224 Final Report Business Research Method

SIDE EFFECTS ROM
COVID-19 VACCINE
NAME: Vikash Gupta

SUBJECT: Business Research Method
STD: MBA Part-1
ROLL NO: 2224
1
Table of Contents
Introduction...........................................................................................................................................3
Global Scenario of COVID-19 Pandemic................................................................................................3
Indian Scenario of COVID-19 Pandemic.................................................................................................3
Goan Scenario of COVID-19 Pandemic..................................................................................................4
Problem Statement...............................................................................................................................4
Literature Review..................................................................................................................................5
Significance of Study..............................................................................................................................6
Research Gap.........................................................................................................................................6
Objectives..............................................................................................................................................7
Research Questions...............................................................................................................................7
Methodology.........................................................................................................................................7
Interpretation........................................................................................................................................8
Frequency Table................................................................................................................................8
Pie Chart Interpretation...................................................................................................................11
Reliability.............................................................................................................................................19
Correlation...........................................................................................................................................20
Findings...............................................................................................................................................25
Conclusion...........................................................................................................................................25
Recommendations...............................................................................................................................26
References...........................................................................................................................................27
Annexure.............................................................................................................................................31
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Introduction
On December 31, 2019, WHO was informed of a cluster of pneumonia cases in China. On
January 7, 2020, the Chinese authorities confirmed that they had identified a novel
coronavirus as the cause of the pneumonia that originated in bats. Later authorities started
learning more about the virus, like how it spreads, which populations are at most risk, extent
of clinical disease, person-to-person methods of transmission. On 11 March 2020 WHO
declared COVID-19 a pandemic. The number of COVID-19 cases in the world has been
increasing rapidly, and moved from China to other parts of the world. In humans,
coronaviruses usually cause mild respiratory infections such as cold. Symptoms of COVID-
19 fever, dry cough, fatigue and shortness of breath, muscle pain, headache, upset stomach,
weight losses. Research suggests that COVID-19 is primarily transmitted through contact
with airborne and surface respiratory droplets. COVID-19 has spread to many countries
despite the efforts of WHO and governments to contain the infection, largely due to high
infectious nature of the virus. Social distancing, personal hygiene, frequent hand washing or
sanitizing with alcohol-based hand sanitizers and disinfecting surfaces are some steps that can
protect individuals. This research was based on finding if there were any Side Effects from
COVID-19 Vaccine. The sample population was from Goa, and a total of 100 respondents
were chosen for the research.(Kaur & Gupta, 2020)
Global Scenario of COVID-19 Pandemic

With the increased number of cases and deaths from the Covid-19 pandemic, governments
around the world responded with social distancing and hygiene advice and complete
lockdown of the citizens. These measures were taken with the aim to prevent national health
services from becoming overwhelmed by a sudden onslaught of cases. People around the
globe were given guidelines by the World Health Organization and individual governments
that included frequent hand washing, physical distancing, avoiding public places, and
wearing face masks etc. The whole world just stopped its routine activities and was locked
into their homes. (Dryhurst et al., 2020)
Indian Scenario of COVID-19 Pandemic

Coronavirus cases in India had occurred due to international connections and not domestic
transmissions. The first three cases in India occurred from the patient returned from Wuhan,
China. Since then, the infection has increased, with many cases occurring in India, to stop
this government provided travel advisory that included imposing a 14-day self-quarantine
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rule on all foreign travellers entering the country, travel visas for other countries have been
restricted, 1 meter social distancing etc. On March 22, PM Narendra Modi called on people to
adhere to India's 14-hour Janata curfew and then began a 21-day lockdown in India. This
lockdown will limit movement in grocery stores, pharmacies, leisure and retail stores, limit
transport traffic and even limit access to train stations and to control people traveling by rail,
ship or air travel, isolating suspects in hospitals, temporary housing, or otherwise to prevent
the spread of dangerous pandemic diseases.
Goan Scenario of COVID-19 Pandemic

The first case associated with the COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed in Goa on March 25,
2020. The state has a total of 259221 cases. The state had been COVID-19 free for 23 days
until the disease resurfaced on 14 May 2020. Goa is known as a tourist hotspot but due to
lockdown it was handicapped in severely hit the Goan economy and livelihood of self-
employed Goans such as taxi drivers, rickshaw drivers, motorcycle pilots etc. Even entry to
the beaches was restricted.(Choudhury et al., 2022; Ghosh et al., 2020; Goswami et al.,
2021a, 2021b; Nigam et al., 2022)
Problem Statement
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on global health and has led to an
urgent need for an effective vaccine to control the spread of the virus. As various COVID-19
vaccines become available worldwide, concerns about their safety and potential side effects
have been raised. In Goa, India, there is a lack of research on the side effects of COVID-19
vaccines. Therefore, the problem statement for this research is to investigate the side effects
of COVID-19 vaccines among the population of Goa and to determine whether these side
effects are short-term or long-term. This study aims to address the research gap and provide
important information to healthcare providers, policymakers, and the public regarding the
safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines in Goa.
4
Literature Review
Side Effects of COVID-19 Vaccine
COVID-19 Vaccine has severe side effects and adverse effects on health, especially related to
the cardiovascular system. After vaccination there has also been a sudden rise in heart attacks
even in the young and fit people. Many people after receiving vaccination came to doctors
with serious health issues like blood clot, shortness of breath, pounding heartbeat,
myocarditis, pericarditis, muscle pain, joint pain, weakness, diarrhoea, depression, petechiae,
injection site pain, swelling, oral and skin side effects, gastrointestinal problems, myalgia,
sporadic also cardiovascular effects such as palpitation, hypertension, bradycardia,
tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, ACS and pulmonary thromboembolism etc. COVID-19
Vaccine is associated with increasing clotting tendency leading to occlusion of arteries or
veins, also a risk of developing allergic reactions to the vaccine. I can support this problem by
stating that various heart attack cases and its rise have been seen across the nation after the
citizens received jabs of COVID-19 vaccine. There have many videos circulating on social
media and news showing people dying out of heart attack while doing normal chores like
walking, sitting or cooking. I have also suffered with ill effects after receiving both the jabs
of Covishield a COVID-19 vaccine such as constant migraine, palpitations, weakness and
burning effect near my heart. There are various vaccines that are approved in India. Major
one's are Covishield a viral vector vaccine manufactured at Oxford University/AstraZeneca
with Serum Institute of India (SII), Covaxin Bharat Biotech, Hyderabad with ICMR is an
entire virion inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, Moderna ZF2001vaccine is a lipid
nanoparticle enclosed mRNA-based vaccine that encodes the prefusion balanced out full
length spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2, Sputnik-V Gamaleya Research Institute Vaccine,
Russia its a human adenovirus (Ad) vector-based vaccine, Zydus cadila vaccine ZYCoV-D is
another natively prepared plasmid DNA third-era vaccine. Higher rates of mild to moderate
side effects are observed with Covishield compared to the Covaxin. There has been research
done in USA and Iran on the same topic regarding Side Effects from COVID-19 Vaccine.
But no such research has been done in Goa. Though World Health Organization has stated
that there is no side effects of COVID-19 Vaccine’s on health further research is needed to
have a concrete proof. This research is based on finding Side Effects of COVID-19 Vaccine
on Goans.(Ashwlayan et al., 2022; ElBagoury et al., 2021; Junapudi et al., 2021; Oghazian et
al., 2023; Singh et al., 2021; Zare et al., 2021a), (Kadali et al., 2021a; Zare et al., 2021b)
5
Significance of Study
This study was undertaken to find out the side effects associated with COVID-19 Vaccine
and it’s safety. The study was also aimed to find out about the efficacy and longevity of the
side effects. As a person who received COVID-19 Vaccine and also experienced side effects
after receiving the vaccine, such as palpitation, anxiety, joint pain, fever and weakness. I
want to know if the side effects exists and if people from Goa have received any side effects
due to receiving COVID-19 Vaccine.
Research Gap
COVID-19 vaccines has been available for a short time and there are still several research
gaps related to their effects such as long-term safety and effectiveness, the early data on
COVID-19 vaccines looks promising, still there is a need to study their long-term safety and
effectiveness. This includes assessing how long immunity from the vaccine lasts and whether
booster shots will be necessary. Also if there are any side effects of COVID-19 vaccines.
There are generally mild and short-lived, more research is needed to understand their
prevalence and severity. This includes studying potential long-term side effects and rare
adverse events. This research is based on the side effects of COVID-19 Vaccine and it is
done in Iran and some Western Countries. Due to such reasons I decided to conduct this
research in Goa on the Goan population. My role as a researcher was to find if Goans
received any side effects after taking COVID-19 Vaccine.
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Objectives
The objective of this study was on finding the side effects of the COVID-19 vaccine and to
understand the potential adverse effects or reactions that individuals experienced after receiving a
COVID-19 vaccine. The study aimed to identify the type and frequency of side effects, the severity
of the side effects, and whether certain groups of individuals were more likely to experience side
effects than others.
1. Are there any side effects of the COVID-19 Vaccine?

2. Are the side effects of the COVID-19 Vaccine were short term or long term
Research Questions
1. Were there any side effects of the COVID-19 Vaccine?
2. Were the side effects long term or short term?
Methodology
A cross sectional online questionnaire survey study was designed to evaluate the side effects of
Covid-19 Vaccine among the people of Goa. The questionnaire was designed with the help of
previous researches done in the same field. A total of 100 participants were chosen to know the
side effects of the COVID-19 Vaccine. The eligible participants for this study were the people of
Goa who had received Oxford AstraZeneca Covishield, Bharat Biotech Covaxin and Sputnik-V
vaccines regardless the number of doses they received. Vaccination in Goa was started on 15th
May 2021 for the adults aging from 18-45 years of age. Later vaccination was also started for the
children belonging to the age group of 12-14 years from 16th March 2022. To get more accurate
data the study was conducted on adults belonging to the age group of 18-50+. A 5 points Likert
scale 1= Strongly Disagree, 2= Disagree, 3= Neutral, 4= Agree, 5= Strongly Agree was used. A
Google forms survey questionnaire was distributed online through electronic means using social
media channels such as Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram and Twitter to get responses and collect
the data from the target audience. Collected data on completion was later coded on a spreadsheet
and was then transferred into Statistical Package for Social Sciences (S.P.S.S.). It was aanalyzed
and results were reported in a clear and concise manner using Tables and Charts. Correlation
method was also used to interpret the data and provide the findings and conclusion. (Kadali et al.,
2021b), (Khan et al., 2020), (Riad et al., 2021), (Djanas et al., 2021), (Klugar et al., 2021).
7
Interpretation
Frequencies
Frequency Table
Age Frequency Percent
18-28 39 39.0
29-39 21 21.0
Valid 40-50 18 18.0
50 & Above 22 22.0
Total 100 100.0
Gender Frequency Percent
Male 55 55.0
Valid Female 45 45.0

Total 100 100.0
Education Frequency Percent
PhD 5 5.0
Master's 29 29.0
Valid Under Graduate 51 51.0
School Level 15 15.0
Total 100 100.0
Annual Household Income Frequency Percent
Valid 0-3,00,000 21 21.0
3,00,000-5,00,000 39 39.0
5,00,000-10,00,000 25 25.0
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10,00,000 & Above 15 15.0
Total 100 100.0
Infected with Frequency Percent

COVID-19
Yes 76 76.0
Valid No 24 24.0
Total 100 100.0
Received Frequency Percent

COVID-19
Vaccine
Yes 91 91.0
Valid No 9 9.0
Total 100 100.0
Vaccine You Received Frequency Percent
Covishield 62 62.0
Valid Covaxin 29 29.0
Total 91 91.0
Missing System 9 9.0
Total 100 100.0
Doses You Received Frequency
1st Dose 7
2nd Dose 33
Valid
Booster Dose 51
Total 91
Missing System 9
Total 100
The tables provide information on the frequency and percentage distribution on the
demographics like age, gender, education and annual household income. It also includes
questions like Infected with COVID-19, Received COVID-19 Vaccine, Vaccine you
Received and Doses of COVID-19 Vaccine you received. The first table is of the Age groups
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of the sample population. The sample population is from Goa, and it includes 100
individuals. The age groups are divided into four categories: 18-28, 29-39, 40-50, and 50 &
above. The largest age group in the sample is 18-28, which comprises 39% of the total
population. The second largest age group is 50 & above, with 22%, followed by the age
group 29-39 with 21%. The age group with the smallest frequency is 40-50, with 18%. This
information is useful in analyzing the potential effects of age on the side effects of the
COVID-19 vaccine.
The second table provides information on the frequency and percentage distribution of the
Gender of the sample population that is from Goa, and it includes 100 individuals. The
gender groups are divided into two categories: Male and Female. The table shows that the
male group comprises 55% of the sample population, while the female group comprises 45%.
The third table shows the distribution of Education Levels of the respondent population. The
majority of the respondents that is 51% have an undergraduate degree, 29% of the
respondents have a master’s degree. Small percentage of respondents that is 15% have
completed school level of education and very few 5% have a PhD.
The fourth table shows the distribution of Annual Household Income among the 100
respondents from Goa. 21% of the respondents have an annual household income from INR
0-3,00,000, respondents who have an annual household income between INR 3,00,000-
5,00,000 is 39%, 25% is the annual household income of respondents ranging between INR
5,00,000- 10,00,000 and 15% respondents have an annual household income of more than
INR 10,00,000.
The fifth table provides information on the frequency and percentage distribution of whether
the sample population from Goa were Infected with COVID-19. The total sample population
is 100 individuals. The table shows that 76% of the sample population had been infected with
COVID-19, while 24% had not been infected with COVID-19. This information could be
useful in analyzing the potential effects of prior COVID-19 infection on the side effects of
the COVID-19 vaccine.
The sixth table provides information on the frequency and percentage distribution of whether
the sample population from Goa had Received the COVID-19 Vaccine. The total responded
population is 100 individuals. The table shows that 91% of the sample population had
received the COVID-19 vaccine, while 9% had not received it.
The seventh table shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the Type of COVID-19
Vaccine Received by the respondent population from Goa. The total sample population is 100
individuals. The table shows that out of the 91 individuals who received the COVID-19
vaccine, 62% received Covishield, and 29% received Covaxin. The table includes 9% of the
population shown as missing that didn’t receive COVID-19 Vaccine.
The eight table shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the Doses of the COVID-
19 vaccine received by the respondents. Out of the 100 participants, 91 had received the
COVID-19 vaccine. From which 7 of them having received only the first dose, 33 having
received both the first and second dose, and 51 having received a booster dose. The
remaining 9 respondents didn’t receive COVID-19 Vaccine.
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Pie Chart Interpretation
Side Effects from COVID-19 Vaccine
Side Effects from COVID- Frequency Percent
19 Vaccine
Strongly Disagree 1 1.0
Disagree 5 5.0
Neutral 6 6.0
Valid
Agree 14 14.0
Strongly Agree 65 65.0
Total 91 91.0
Total 100 100.0
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The above Pie Chart indicates the Side effects from COVID-19 Vaccine. 65% of the
respondent population say that they Strongly Agree that there are side effects from COVID-
19 Vaccine. 14% Agree that there are side effects and 6% are Neutral about COVID-19
Vaccines having side effects. 5% of the respondent population Disagree about vaccine having
side effects and 1% Strongly disagree about Side effects from COVID-19, this means they
don’t agree there are side effects from the vaccine. The chart also shows 9% of the population
who did not take the vaccine as missing. It concludes that there side effects from COVID-19
Vaccine.
Local Side Effects
Local Side Effects Frequency Percent
Valid Disagree 4 4.0
Neutral 5 5.0
12
Agree 12 12.0
Total 91 91.0
Total 100 100.0
This pie chart indicates the percentage of respondents who received local side effects. Local
side effects are side effects like Injection site pain, Injection swelling, Injection redness or
rashness. 70% of the respondent population said that they Strongly agree that they received
local side effects. 12% said they Agree, 5% of the population were neutral with respect to
receiving local side effects. 4% of the respondent population disagree with respect to
receiving local side effects and 9% population is missing this comprises of respondents who
didn’t receive the COVID-19 vaccine. This states that there were local side effects associated
with COVID-19 Vaccine.
Systematic Side Effects
Systematic Side Effects Frequency Percent
Disagree 2 2.0
Neutral 1 1.0
Valid Agree 14 14.0
Total 91 91.0
Total 100 100.0
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This pie chart shows the how many respondents received systematic side effects. Systematic
side effects are those side effects like Headache, Chills, Fever, Muscle/Joint pain. From the
total respondent population 74% of the respondent said they Strongly agree that they received
systematic side effects. 14% respondents Agree that they received systematic side effects. 1%
of the respondent are neutral and 2% Disagree with respect to receiving systematic side
effects. Systematic side effects were the most common side effects and most of the people
suffered from this. 9% population indicates the non-vaccinated respondents.
Gastrointestinal Side Effects
Gastrointestinal Side Frequency Percent

Effects
Disagree 10 10.0
Neutral 13 13.0
Valid
Agree 12 12.0
Total 91 91.0
Total 100 100.0
The above chart shows the Gastrointestinal side effects. These side effects include Diarrhoea,
Vomiting, Heart Burn and Nausea. From the respondent population 44% of the people
Strongly agreed that they received gastrointestinal side effects and 12% of the respondents
agreed to this. 13% were neutral with respect to receiving gastrointestinal side effects and
10% and 12% said they disagree and strongly disagree with receiving gastrointestinal side
effects respectively. 9% of the respondent population shown as missing belong to
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unvaccinated respondents. The gastrointestinal side effects are caused due to COVID-19
Vaccine, this can be concluded from the table.
Psychological Side Effects
Psychological Side Frequency Percent

Effects
Disagree 10 10.0
Neutral 12 12.0
Valid
Agree 12 12.0
Total 91 91.0
Total 100 100.0
15
Psychological side effects like Increased stress, anxiety, depression and mood swings are
represented in the above pie chart. 44% and 12% say they strongly agree and agree
respectively with there being psychological side effects due to COVID-19 Vaccine. 12% of
the population say they are neutral, but 10% and 13% say they disagree and strongly disagree
to receiving psychological side effects. 9% of the population belong to unvaccinated
respondent.
Cardiovascular Side Effects
Cardiovascular Side Effects Frequency Percent
Disagree 11 11.0
Neutral 9 9.0
Valid
Agree 12 12.0
Total 91 91.0
Total 100 100.0
The above chart shows the percentage of respondents who received cardiovascular side
effects. Cardiovascular side effects are those side effects that lead to palpitations, racing
heart, chest pain and blood pressure changes. 48% of the respondents said that they strongly
agree to receiving cardiovascular side effects. 125 said they agree and 9% are neutral. 11%
and 11% of the population disagree and strongly disagree to cardiovascular side effects
associated with COVID-19 Vaccine. Whereas 9% missing indicates respondents who didn’t
receive COVID-19 vaccine jabs. We can conclude that cardiovascular side effects are
associated with COVID-19 Vaccine. This can be a reason for increased rate of heart attacks
among the people.
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Respiratory Side Effects
Respiratory Side Effects Frequency Percent
Disagree 11 11.0
Neutral 6 6.0
Valid
Agree 8 8.0
Total 91 91.0
Total 100 100.0
This pie chart shows respiratory side effects. Respiratory side effects are those side effects
which include shortness of breath, coughing and wheezing. 47% of the respondent population
say they strongly agree to having received respiratory side effects due COVID-19 Vaccine.
8% of the respondents say they agree and 6% are neutral with respect to respiratory side
effects associated with COVID-19 vaccine. 9% of the population disagree to this and 19% of
respondents strongly disagree to this. There is a missing population of 9% that consists of
unvaccinated respondents.
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Longevity of Side Effects
Longevity of Side Effects Frequency Percent
1 Day 19 19.0
3 Days 22 22.0
Valid 1 Week 14 14.0

More than 1 Week 36 36.0
Total 91 91.0
Total 100 100.0
The above pie chart represents the longevity of the side effects, simply put how long did the
side effects last. 19% of respondent population say that the side effects lasted only for 1 day.
22% said that the side effects for them lasted for more than 3 days. 14% and 36% said that
the side effects lasted for 1 week and more than 1 week respectively. We can the side effects
from COVID-19 Vaccine has lasted for more than 1 week for large number of respondents.
We can conclude that side effects are for long term. The pie chart also shows 9% as missing,
which include respondents who didn’t receive COVID-19 Vaccine.
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Medical Treatment of Side Effects
Medical Treatment for Side Frequency Percent

Effects
Disagree 8 8.0
Neutral 2 2.0
Valid
Agree 18 18.0
Total 91 91.0
Total 100 100.0
The above pie chart shows the frequency and percentage of responses to the question Medical
Treatment for Side Effects asked in the questionnaire of Side Effects of COVID-19 Vaccine.
The question was answered by 91 respondents. Out of which 53% strongly agree and 18%
agree that Medical Treatment was necessary for the side effect. 10% strongly disagree and
8% disagree with respect to Medical Treatment was required for the side effects from
COVID-19 Vaccine. 2% respondents were neutral with respect to this question. This states
that majority of the respondents had required medical treatment for the side effects received
from COVID-19 Vaccine. The pie chart shows
9% as missing these are respondents who
didn’t receive COVID-19 Vaccine.
Hospitalized Due to Side Effects
19
Hospitalized due to Side Frequency Percent
Effects
Disagree 9 9.0
Neutral 16 16.0
Valid
Agree 5 5.0
Total 91 91.0
Total 100 100.0
The above pie chart shows the frequency and percentage of responses on the question
Hospitalization Due to Side Effects received from COVID-19 Vaccine. The questionnaire
was answered by 91 respondents. Out of which 26% strongly agree that they were
hospitalized due to the side effects, and 5% agreed to this. 35% strongly disagree and 9%
disagree, while 16% were neutral. This states that majority of the respondents did not require
hospitalization due to side effects from received COVID-19 Vaccine. The pie chart also
shows 9% as missing, these are the respondents who did not receive COVID-19 Vaccine.
Vaccine Safety
Vaccine Safety Frequency Percent
Strongly
6 6.0
Disagree
Disagree 9 9.0
Valid Neutral 24 24.0
Agree 16 16.0
Total 91 91.0
Total 100 100.0
The above pie chart states safety of vaccine. 36% and 16% of the respondent population say
strongly agree and agree respectively with respect to COVID-19 Vaccine being safe. 24%
respondents are neutral in this respect. 9% and 6% respondents disagree and strongly disagree
respectively with COVID-19 vaccine being safe.
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Vaccine Recommendation
Vaccine Recommendation Frequency Percent
Disagree 8 8.0
Neutral 18 18.0
Valid
Agree 16 16.0
Total 91 91.0
Total 100 100.0
The above pie chart represents if the respondents will recommend vaccine to unvaccinated
population. 37% of respondents say they strongly agree with respect to recommending
vaccine to unvaccinated population. 16% of population said they agree that they will
recommend the vaccine to others. 18% of the respondents are neutral. 8% and 12% of the
respondent population say disagree and strongly disagree with respect to recommending
vaccine to unvaccinated population. 9% of the respondents are from unvaccinated population.
Reliability
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's Alpha N of Items
.877 14
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Cronbach’s alpha is a measure of reliability. I have used Cronbach’s alpha to assess the good
internal consistency of my questionnaire. In the case of Side Effects from COVID-19
Vaccine, a survey was sent to 100 people from Goa who received COVID-19 Vaccine. We
can see the 14 items and the Cronbach’s Alpha is .877. This indicates high internal
consistency among the 14 items in the scale. This indicates that the items in the scale are
highly correlated with each other and measure the same construct. The scale is reliable and
hence used to measure the intended construct consistently.
Correlation
Correlation Total Correlation Total

Age Pearson .419** Education Pearson .023
Correlation Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 Sig. (2-tailed) .820
N 100 N 100
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Gender Pearson .071 Occupation Pearson -.209*
N 100 N 100
Household Income Pearson .061 Recieved COVID-19 Pearson -.807**
Correlation Vaccine Correlation
N 100 N 100
Infected with Pearson -.273** Vaccine you received Pearson .307**
COVID-19 Correlation Correlation
N 100 N 91
Doses you recieved Pearson .527** Local side effects Pearson .578**
N 91 N 91
Side effects from Pearson .716** Systematic side effects Pearson .463**
COVID-19 Vaccine Correlation Correlation
N 91 N 91
Gastrointestinal side Pearson .797** Cardiovascular side Pearson .756**
effects Correlation effects Correlation
N 91 N 91
Psychological side Pearson .776** Respiratory side effects Pearson .740**
effects Correlation Correlation
N 91 N 91
Severity of side Pearson .780** Medical treatment for Pearson .710**
effects Correlation side effects Correlation
N 91 N 91
Longevity of side Pearson .606** Hospitalized due to side Pearson .758**
effects Correlation effects Correlation
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N 91 N 91
Work Ability Pearson .636** Vaccine Pearson .172
Correlation Recommendation Correlation
N 91 N 91
Vaccine Safety Pearson .223* Total Pearson 1
Sig. (2-tailed) .033 Sig. (2-tailed)
N 91 N 100
The table shows the results of the research done on side effects from COVID-19 Vaccine.
The method is used here is Pearson Correlation.
Age
P value of Age is equal to .000, which is less than 0.05 and is deemed to be statistically
significant, meaning the null hypothesis should be rejected.
Gender
Gender has a P value equal to .483 which is more than 0.05, hence it is not considered to be
statistically significant, meaning the null hypothesis should not be rejected.
Education
The p value of education is more than 0.05 that is .820, hence it is not considered to be
Occupation
.037 is the p value of occupation which is more than 0.05, hence it is not considered to be
Annual Household Income

Household income has a p value of .546 which is more than 0.05 hence it is not considered to
be statistically significant, meaning the null hypothesis should not be rejected.
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Infected with COVID-19
P value of infected with COVID-19 is 0.06 which is more than 0.05 hence it is not considered
to be statistically significant, meaning the null hypothesis should not be rejected.
Received COVID-19 Vaccine

The p value of received COVID-19 vaccine is .000 which is less than 0.05, and is deemed to
be statistically significant, meaning the null hypothesis should be rejected.
Vaccine you Received

Vaccine you received has a p value of 0.03 which is less than 0.05 hence it is deemed to be
statistically significant, meaning the null hypothesis should be rejected.
Doses you Received

Doses of vaccine you received has a p value of .000 which is less than 0.05, hence it is
deemed to be statistically significant, meaning the null hypothesis should be rejected.
Side Effects from COVID-19 Vaccine

The p value of side effects from COVID-19 vaccine is .000 which is less than 0.05, hence it
is deemed to be statistically significant, meaning the null hypothesis should be rejected.
Local Side Effects

Local side effects has a p value of .000 which is less than 0.05, hence it is deemed to be
Systematic Side Effects

P value of systematic side effects is .000 which is less than 0.05, hence it is deemed to be
Gastrointestinal Side Effects

Gastrointestinal side effects has a p value of .000 which is less than 0.05, hence it is deemed
to be statistically significant, meaning the null hypothesis should be rejected.
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Psychological Side Effects
P value of psychological side effects is .000 which is less than 0.05, hence it is deemed to be
Cardiovascular Side Effects

Cardiovascular side effects has a p value of .000 which is less than 0.05 and hence it is
Respiratory Side Effects

Respiratory side effects has a p value of .000 which is less than 0.05 hence it is deemed to be
Severity of Side Effects

Severity of side effects has a p value of .000 which is less than 0.05 hence it is deemed to be
Longevity of Side Effects

.000 is the p value of longevity of side effects, which is less than 0.05, hence it is deemed to
Medical Treatment for Side Effects

Medical treatment for side effects has a p value .000 which is less than 0.05, hence it is
Hospitalized due to Side Effects

P value is .000 of hospitalized due to side effects, this is less than 0.05, hence it is deemed to
Work Ability due to Side Effects

Work ability has a p value of .000 which is less than 0.05, hence it is deemed to be
Vaccine Safety
26
Vaccine safety has a p value of .033 which is more than 0.05, hence it is not considered to be
Vaccine Recommendation
P value of vaccine recommendation is .102 which is more than 0.05, hence it is not
considered to be statistically significant, meaning the null hypothesis should not be rejected.
Based on the reported p-values, statistical significance is found for various factors related to
Side Effects of COVID-19 Vaccine. Age, Received COVID-19 Vaccine, Type of COVID-19
Vaccine, Side Effects from COVID-19 Vaccine, Local Side Effects, Systematic Side Effects,
Gastrointestinal Side Effects, Psychological Side Effects, Cardiovascular Side Effects,
Respiratory Side Effects, Severity of Side Effects, Longevity of Side Effects, Medical
Treatment for Side Effects, Hospitalized due to Side Effects and Work Ability due to Side
Effects are found to be statistically significant, indicating that the null hypothesis should be
rejected. However, Gender, Education, Occupation, Annual Household Income, Infected with
COVID-19, Vaccine Safety and Vaccine Recommendation were not found to be statistically
significant, meaning that the null hypothesis should not be rejected. To conclude, There are
Side Effects associated with COVID-19 Vaccine and these Side Effects are for Long Term
lasting for more than a Week.
Findings
The research conducted on the sample population from Goa involving 100 responded was
aimed to find the Side Effects of COVID-19 Vaccine among the respondent population. The
findings suggest that the majority of the sample population in Goa has received the COVID-
19 vaccine and has experienced some side effects. It was observed that the higher proportion
of side effects is seen in males and individuals from the age group of 18-28 years. Systematic
side effects were the most common side effects reported by the respondents. These side
effects included fever, headache, chills, and muscle/joint pain. Local side effects, including
injection site pain, swelling, and redness, were the second most common side effects reported
by the respondents. The side effects were observed for a long term, lasting from more than a
27
week. Covishield was the vaccine that administered more number of side effects. The
findings also suggest that side effects were received more after receiving the booster dose. It
is important to note that the benefits of receiving the COVID-19 vaccine outweigh the risks
of experiencing side effects. Despite receiving all such side effects, a large number of the
sample population from Goa agreed that the COVID-19 Vaccine is safe and effective. This
suggests that people are willing to take the vaccine despite the potential side effects. A large
number of the sample population also agreed that they will recommend COVID-19 Vaccine
to the unvaccinated population.
In conclusion, the findings of the research conducted on the sample population from Goa
suggest that the COVID-19 vaccine is associated with side effects. The study also highlights
the importance of continuing to monitor the side effects associated with the COVID-19
vaccine and to promote the vaccine's safety and efficiency.
Conclusion
COVID-19 was an unprecedented challenge. It had caused a global health crisis. Health of
many individuals and health care system around the globe was at stake. Due to this global
pandemic and rising cases whole world went under a lockdown. After a long wait and many
research vaccine for COVID-19 was made. After initial trials on 16th January 2021 India
began with world’s biggest vaccination drive. Vaccine has shown to be safe and effective in
preventing the COVID-19 Illness. But, there has been a concern about the Side Effects
associated with COVID-19 Vaccine. The research was based on the population of Goa that
received side effects from COVID-19 Vaccine. After completing the research, I would like to
conclude, that there are many side effects from COVID-19 Vaccine. Most common side
effects are Systematic side effects and Local side effects. These include Fever, Headache,
Chills, Muscle/Joint Pain, Injection Site Pain, Swelling and Redness. These side effects were
more common in Males than Females. The prevalence of side effects was inversely related to
age, older respondents didn’t experience side effects compared to youngsters. Also side
effects are for long term, but even though there are many side effects respondents still feel
vaccine is safe and effective. Also respondents said that they will recommend vaccine to
unvaccinated population.
Recommendations
1. More in-depth research needed.
2. Increase in sample population required.
3. Research needs to be focused on underrepresented groups such as children, pregnant
women.
4. Vaccine records verification of respondents should be verified.
5. Previous health issues and sufferings of respondents from any critical illness should
also be considered while carrying out research.
28
6. Research on unvaccinated population should be carried out to know the reasons for
vaccine hesitancy.
7. Vaccine manufacturers also need to investigate the mechanisms of side effects, so it
can be prevented or minimized to increase overall safety of the vaccine.
8. Real world study should also be conducted to assess the effectiveness of COVID-19
Vaccines in diverse populations and settings and also to understand the long-term
safety and efficiency of COVID-19 Vaccine on the emerging variants.
References
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Sharma, D., Tomar, R., & Arora, M. K. (2022). Insight into the biological impact of COVID-19 and its
vaccines on human health. In Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences (Vol. 29, Issue 5, pp. 3326–3337).
Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.02.010
Choudhury, S., Majumdar, A., Saha, A. K., & Majumdar, P. (2022). Evaluating the Preparedness of Indian
States against COVID-19 Pandemic Risk: A Fuzzy Multi-criteria Decision-Making Approach. Risk
Analysis, 42(1), 85–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13808
29
Djanas, D., Yusirwan, Martini, R. D., Rahmadian, Putra, H., Zanir, A., Syahrial, & Nindrea, R. D. (2021).
Survey data of COVID-19 vaccine side effects among hospital staff in a national referral hospital in
Indonesia. Data in Brief, 36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2021.107098
Dryhurst, S., Schneider, C. R., Kerr, J., Freeman, A. L. J., Recchia, G., van der Bles, A. M., Spiegelhalter, D., &
van der Linden, S. (2020). Risk perceptions of COVID-19 around the world. Journal of Risk Research,
23(7–8), 994–1006. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2020.1758193
ElBagoury, M., Tolba, M. M., Nasser, H. A., Jabbar, A., Elagouz, A. M., Aktham, Y., & Hutchinson, A. (2021).
The find of COVID-19 vaccine: Challenges and opportunities. In Journal of Infection and Public Health
(Vol. 14, Issue 3, pp. 389–416). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2020.12.025
Ghosh, A., Nundy, S., & Mallick, T. K. (2020). How India is dealing with COVID-19 pandemic. Sensors
International, 1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sintl.2020.100021
Goswami, B., Mandal, R., & Nath, H. K. (2021a). Covid-19 pandemic and economic performances of the
states in India. Economic Analysis and Policy, 69, 461–479.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2021.01.001
Goswami, B., Mandal, R., & Nath, H. K. (2021b). Covid-19 pandemic and economic performances of the
Junapudi, S. S., Junapudi, S., Ega, K., & Chidipi, B. (2021). Major cardiac concerns in therapy and
vaccinations for COVID-19. Metabolism Open, 11, 100102.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metop.2021.100102
Kadali, R. A. K., Janagama, R., Peruru, S., & Malayala, S. V. (2021a). Side effects of BNT162b2 mRNA
COVID-19 vaccine: A randomized, cross-sectional study with detailed self-reported symptoms from
healthcare workers. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 106, 376–381.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2021.04.047
Kadali, R. A. K., Janagama, R., Peruru, S., & Malayala, S. V. (2021b). Side effects of BNT162b2 mRNA
Kaur, S. P., & Gupta, V. (2020). COVID-19 Vaccine: A comprehensive status report. In Virus Research (Vol.
288). Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198114
Khan, S., Khan, M., Maqsood, K., Hussain, T., Noor-ul-Huda, & Zeeshan, M. (2020). Is Pakistan prepared for
the COVID-19 epidemic? A questionnaire-based survey. Journal of Medical Virology, 92(7), 824–832.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25814
Klugar, M., Riad, A., Mekhemar, M., Conrad, J., Buchbender, M., Howaldt, H. P., & Attia, S. (2021). Side
effects of mrna-based and viral vector-based covid-19 vaccines among german healthcare workers.
Biology, 10(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10080752
Nigam, R., Luis, A. J., Prasad, P., Kuttikar, S., Yadav, R., Vaz, E., & Kotha, M. (2022). Spatio-temporal
assessment of COVID-19 lockdown impact on beach litter status and composition in Goa, India.
Marine Pollution Bulletin, 174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113293
Oghazian, S., Tavanaei Tamanaei, T., Haghighi, R., Faregh, M., & Oghazian, M. B. (2023). Side effects of
Sputnik V, Oxford–AstraZeneca, Sinopharm, and Covaxin and their associations with other variables
30
among healthcare workers of a tertiary hospital in Iran. International Immunopharmacology, 117.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109784
Riad, A., Schünemann, H., Attia, S., Peričić, T. P., Žuljević, M. F., Jürisson, M., Kalda, R., Lang, K., Morankar,
S., Yesuf, E. A., Mekhemar, M., Danso-Appiah, A., Sofi-Mahmudi, A., Pérez-Gaxiola, G., Dziedzic, A.,
Apóstolo, J., Cardoso, D., Marc, J., Moreno-Casbas, M., … Klugar, M. (2021). Covid-19 vaccines safety
tracking (Covast): Protocol of a multi-center prospective cohort study for active surveillance of covid-
19 vaccines’ side effects. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(15).
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18157859
Singh, A. K., Phatak, S. R., Singh, R., Bhattacharjee, K., Singh, N. K., Gupta, A., & Sharma, A. (2021).
Antibody response after first and second-dose of ChAdOx1-nCOV (CovishieldTM®) and BBV-152
(CovaxinTM®) among health care workers in India: The final results of cross-sectional coronavirus
vaccine-induced antibody titre (COVAT) study. Vaccine, 39(44), 6492–6509.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.09.055
Zare, H., Rezapour, H., Mahmoodzadeh, S., & Fereidouni, M. (2021a). Prevalence of COVID-19 vaccines
(Sputnik V, AZD-1222, and Covaxin) side effects among healthcare workers in Birjand city, Iran.
International Immunopharmacology, 101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108351
Zare, H., Rezapour, H., Mahmoodzadeh, S., & Fereidouni, M. (2021b). Prevalence of COVID-19 vaccines
Ashwlayan, V. D., Antlash, C., Imran, M., Asdaq, S. M. B., Alshammari, M. K., Alomani, M., Alzahrani, E.,
Sharma, D., Tomar, R., & Arora, M. K. (2022). Insight into the biological impact of COVID-19 and its
vaccines on human health. In Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences (Vol. 29, Issue 5, pp. 3326–3337).
Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.02.010
Choudhury, S., Majumdar, A., Saha, A. K., & Majumdar, P. (2022). Evaluating the Preparedness of Indian
States against COVID-19 Pandemic Risk: A Fuzzy Multi-criteria Decision-Making Approach. Risk
Analysis, 42(1), 85–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13808
Djanas, D., Yusirwan, Martini, R. D., Rahmadian, Putra, H., Zanir, A., Syahrial, & Nindrea, R. D. (2021).
Survey data of COVID-19 vaccine side effects among hospital staff in a national referral hospital in
Indonesia. Data in Brief, 36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2021.107098
Dryhurst, S., Schneider, C. R., Kerr, J., Freeman, A. L. J., Recchia, G., van der Bles, A. M., Spiegelhalter, D., &
van der Linden, S. (2020). Risk perceptions of COVID-19 around the world. Journal of Risk Research,
23(7–8), 994–1006. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2020.1758193
ElBagoury, M., Tolba, M. M., Nasser, H. A., Jabbar, A., Elagouz, A. M., Aktham, Y., & Hutchinson, A. (2021).
The find of COVID-19 vaccine: Challenges and opportunities. In Journal of Infection and Public Health
(Vol. 14, Issue 3, pp. 389–416). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2020.12.025
Ghosh, A., Nundy, S., & Mallick, T. K. (2020). How India is dealing with COVID-19 pandemic. Sensors
International, 1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sintl.2020.100021
Goswami, B., Mandal, R., & Nath, H. K. (2021a). Covid-19 pandemic and economic performances of the
31
Goswami, B., Mandal, R., & Nath, H. K. (2021b). Covid-19 pandemic and economic performances of the
Junapudi, S. S., Junapudi, S., Ega, K., & Chidipi, B. (2021). Major cardiac concerns in therapy and
vaccinations for COVID-19. Metabolism Open, 11, 100102.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metop.2021.100102
Kadali, R. A. K., Janagama, R., Peruru, S., & Malayala, S. V. (2021a). Side effects of BNT162b2 mRNA
Kadali, R. A. K., Janagama, R., Peruru, S., & Malayala, S. V. (2021b). Side effects of BNT162b2 mRNA
Kaur, S. P., & Gupta, V. (2020). COVID-19 Vaccine: A comprehensive status report. In Virus Research (Vol.
288). Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198114
Khan, S., Khan, M., Maqsood, K., Hussain, T., Noor-ul-Huda, & Zeeshan, M. (2020). Is Pakistan prepared for
the COVID-19 epidemic? A questionnaire-based survey. Journal of Medical Virology, 92(7), 824–832.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25814
Klugar, M., Riad, A., Mekhemar, M., Conrad, J., Buchbender, M., Howaldt, H. P., & Attia, S. (2021). Side
effects of mrna-based and viral vector-based covid-19 vaccines among german healthcare workers.
Biology, 10(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10080752
Nigam, R., Luis, A. J., Prasad, P., Kuttikar, S., Yadav, R., Vaz, E., & Kotha, M. (2022). Spatio-temporal
assessment of COVID-19 lockdown impact on beach litter status and composition in Goa, India.
Marine Pollution Bulletin, 174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113293
Oghazian, S., Tavanaei Tamanaei, T., Haghighi, R., Faregh, M., & Oghazian, M. B. (2023). Side effects of
Sputnik V, Oxford–AstraZeneca, Sinopharm, and Covaxin and their associations with other variables
among healthcare workers of a tertiary hospital in Iran. International Immunopharmacology, 117.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109784
Riad, A., Schünemann, H., Attia, S., Peričić, T. P., Žuljević, M. F., Jürisson, M., Kalda, R., Lang, K., Morankar,
S., Yesuf, E. A., Mekhemar, M., Danso-Appiah, A., Sofi-Mahmudi, A., Pérez-Gaxiola, G., Dziedzic, A.,
Apóstolo, J., Cardoso, D., Marc, J., Moreno-Casbas, M., … Klugar, M. (2021). Covid-19 vaccines safety
tracking (Covast): Protocol of a multi-center prospective cohort study for active surveillance of covid-
19 vaccines’ side effects. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(15).
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18157859
Singh, A. K., Phatak, S. R., Singh, R., Bhattacharjee, K., Singh, N. K., Gupta, A., & Sharma, A. (2021).
Antibody response after first and second-dose of ChAdOx1-nCOV (CovishieldTM®) and BBV-152
(CovaxinTM®) among health care workers in India: The final results of cross-sectional coronavirus
vaccine-induced antibody titre (COVAT) study. Vaccine, 39(44), 6492–6509.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.09.055
32
Zare, H., Rezapour, H., Mahmoodzadeh, S., & Fereidouni, M. (2021a). Prevalence of COVID-19 vaccines
Zare, H., Rezapour, H., Mahmoodzadeh, S., & Fereidouni, M. (2021b). Prevalence of COVID-19 vaccines
33
Annexure
Demographic Questions
1. What is your Age?
18-28
29-39
40-50
50 & Above
2. What is your Gender?
Male
Female
Third Gender
3. What is your highest level of Education?
PhD
Master’s
Under Graduate
School Level
4. What is your Occupation?
Working
Unemployed
Student
5. What is your Annual Household Income?
0-3,00,000
3,00,000-5,00,000
34
5,00,000-10,00,000
10,00,000 & Above
6. Were you infected with COVID-19?
Yes
No
7. Have you received a COVID-19 Vaccine?
Yes
No
Survey Questionnaire
1. Which Vaccine did you receive?
Covishield
Covaxin
Sputnik-V
2. How many Doses did you receive?
1st Dose
2nd Dose
Booster Dose
3. I experienced side effects after receiving the vaccine?

4. ○Strongly Agree ○Agree ○Neutral ○Disagree ○Strongly Disagree
5. The side effects I received were local side effects, like? (Injection site pain, Injection swelling,
Injection redness or rashness)
○Strongly Agree ○Agree ○Neutral ○Disagree ○Strongly Disagree
6. I received systematic side effects, like? (Headache, Chills, Fever, Muscle/Joint Pain)
35
7. I received gastrointestinal side effects, like? (Diarrhea, Vomiting, Heart burn, Nausea)
8. I received psychological symptoms, like? (Increased physiological stress, Anxiety, Depression,

Mood swings)
9. I received cardiovascular side effects, like? (Palpitations/racing heart, Chest pain, Blood pressure
changes)
10. I received respiratory side effects, like? (Shortness of breath, Coughing, Wheezing)
11. On the scale of 1 to 10, how severe were the side effects, 1 being very mild and 10 being very
severe.
12. How long did the side effects last?
1 Day
3 Days
1 Week
More than 1 Week
13. I required medical treatment for the side effects?
14. I was hospitalized due to the side effects
15. Side effects impacted my ability to work or carry out daily activities?
36
16. I have fully recovered from the vaccine side effect/s
17. COVID-19 Vaccine is safe & effective?
18. I will recommend COVID-19 Vaccine to the non-vaccinated population?
37

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SIDE EFFECTS ROM

NAME: Vikash Gupta

Global Scenario of COVID-19 Pandemic

Indian Scenario of COVID-19 Pandemic

Goan Scenario of COVID-19 Pandemic

1. Are there any side effects of the COVID-19 Vaccine?

Age Frequency Percent

Valid 40-50 18 18.0

50 & Above 22 22.0

Total 100 100.0

Gender Frequency Percent

Valid Female 45 45.0

Education Frequency Percent

Valid Under Graduate 51 51.0

School Level 15 15.0

Total 100 100.0

Annual Household Income Frequency Percent

Valid 0-3,00,000 21 21.0

Total 100 100.0

Infected with Frequency Percent

Total 100 100.0

Received Frequency Percent

Total 100 100.0

Vaccine You Received Frequency Percent

Valid Covaxin 29 29.0

Missing System 9 9.0

Total 100 100.0

Doses You Received Frequency

Side Effects from COVID-19 Vaccine

Side Effects from COVID- Frequency Percent

Strongly Disagree 1 1.0

Strongly Agree 65 65.0

Missing System 9 9.0

Total 100 100.0

Local Side Effects

Local Side Effects Frequency Percent

Valid Disagree 4 4.0

Strongly Agree 70 70.0

Systematic Side Effects

Systematic Side Effects Frequency Percent

Valid Agree 14 14.0

Strongly Agree 74 74.0

Gastrointestinal Side Effects

Gastrointestinal Side Frequency Percent

Strongly Disagree 12 12.0

Strongly Agree 44 44.0

Psychological Side Effects

Psychological Side Frequency Percent

Strongly Agree 13 13.0

Strongly Agree 44 44.0

Cardiovascular Side Effects

Cardiovascular Side Effects Frequency Percent

Strongly Disagree 11 11.0

Strongly Agree 48 48.0

Respiratory Side Effects Frequency Percent

Strongly Disagree 19 19.0

Strongly Agree 47 47.0

Longevity of Side Effects Frequency Percent

Valid 1 Week 14 14.0

Medical Treatment for Side Frequency Percent

Strongly Disagree 10 10.0

Strongly Agree 53 53.0

Hospitalized Due to Side Effects