IC For Food & Beverage Analysis June-2021

Ion chromatography for
food & beverage analysis

Discover simple, streamlined methods to overcome
analytical challenges in the modern laboratory
BROUGHT TO YOU BY INDEPENDENT SCIENCE PUBLISHER IN PARTNERSHIP WITH

IC for food & beverage analysis
Introduction
How do you analyze carbohydrates, Contents

additives, and ionic substances in
foods and beverages? How do you • Why choose ion chromatography?
check the quality of raw materials for
adulterants and contaminants? Do you • Applications
use single-analyte methods such as o Beverages
titration and/or sophisticated enzymatic o Additives, preservatives
or LC-MS/MS methods? Does your & nutrients
laboratory staff struggle with
o Dairy
time-consuming and error-prone manual
sample preparation steps such as Carrez o Further applications
precipitation and manual dilution?
• IC compliance
• Automation & Metrohm Inline

In recent years, awareness of food quality Sample Preparation
and ingredients has grown substantially.
• Detection techniques
Consumers want to know what they are
eating and expect thorough and detailed o Conductivity
food labeling to track this. o UV/Vis detection
Public authorities have responded by
o Amperometry
introducing more stringent quality standards
and labeling requirements (e.g., EU regulation • Featured products
1169/2011 or the US regulation 21CFR101).
2
To meet these regulations, fast, robust, preparation procedures such as dialysis,

and reliable food analysis is a must. filtration, and dilution help save time and
Food and beverage analysis is challenging reduce the number of error-prone and
– not just because of the large number time-consuming manual steps. You can
of analytes that must be monitored in expect the latest convenience and security
compliance with the national and international features from modern IC software that
norms and standards but also due to the provides automated data evaluation,
complex matrix of many foodstuffs themselves. monitoring of quality criteria and output,
Ion chromatography (IC) can address as well as full traceability of results.
many of these challenges better than more In this application eBook, we outline how
traditional methods. IC is an easy-to-use, you can bring your food and beverage
highly robust analytical technique with the analysis to the next level – enhancing
ability to quantify multiple components in a productivity, reducing costs, and achieving
single run. Moreover, automated inline sample accurate, reliable, and robust results.
The 940 Professional IC Vario and 889 IC Sample Center from Metrohm AG
3
Why choosing ion IC is a robust and time-saving technique for

multicomponent analysis in foods and
chromatography (IC) for beverages. It is superior to single-
component analytical techniques and less
food
Why
Why and beverage
choosing
choosingion
ion IC isICa is
robust
a robust
andand
multicomponent
time-saving
time-saving
analysis
analysis
technique
in in
technique
complex than hyphenated techniques, but
multicomponent foodsfoods
for for
andand
highly specific, precise, robust, and easy to
analysis?
chromatography
chromatography (IC)
(IC)
forfor beverages.
beverages.It Itis issuperior
use.
superiorto tosingle-
single-
food
food
and
and Why
beverage
beverage choosing ion component
component
complex
complex
analytical
thanthan
analytical
hyphenated
techniques
hyphenated
techniques
IC is aand
techniques,
and
lessand
robust
techniques,
less time-sav
but but analysis
multicomponent
analysis?
analysis? chromatography (IC) for
highly
highly
specific,
specific,
precise,
precise,
robust,
robust,
beverages. toIt tois supe
and and
easy
easy
use.use. component analytical tec
food and beverage complex than hyphenated
highly specific, precise, ro
analysis? use.
This technique is straightforward
and easy to use with low
instrument and operating costs.
Hyphenated analytical techniques

This Ttehcilike
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like GC-MS
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or LC-MS/MS
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suffer
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require
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reduces lab work, minimizes
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limiting the kind of data that can be Metrohm Inline Sample
When Preparation (MISP) for IC saves labs
collected.
utilizing amperometric detection, time and money by eliminating
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with μg/L detection limits. instead of Carrez precipitation).
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quantification. IC is selective, sensitive, and quick, manual work (e.g.
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Optimized
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AOAC AOAC
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Williams, AOAC Method 990.28) are involves4extens
4
within % to mg/L range. Depending preparation and la
on the matrix, interferences could extraction steps. Rep
limit precise quantification. suffer
RETURN TO TOP 4
Applications – selected
Applications – selected
examples from
Applications the food
– selected
examples from the food
and beverage
Applications
examples from
Applications sector
–– sector
selected
the food
selected
and beverage
examples
and from
beverage
examples the
the food
fromsector food
and
and beverage
beverage sector
sector
BEVERAGE
BEVERAGE
BEVERAGE
 Carbohydrates in juice, coffee, beer
BEVERAGE
BEVERAGE
 Sweeteners and sugar substitutes
Carbohydrates
 Sweeteners andinsugar
juice,substitutes
coffee, beer
 Cations
Carbohydratesand anions
insugar
juice, in beer beer
coffee, and water
 Sweeteners
Cations and and
anions in substitutes
beer and water
 Herbicides in water
Sweeteners
 Cations and and sugar
anions substitutes
in beer and water
 Herbicides
Sweetenersinandwater
sugar substitutes
 Organic
Cations and acids and anions in water
wine
Herbicides
 Organic inanions
acids water
and in beer
anions inand
wine
Cations and anions in beer and water
 Biogenic
 Herbicides inamines
water and cations in wine
Organic acids andand
anions in wine
 Herbicides in water cations in wine
Biogenic amines
Organic acids
 Biogenic aminesandand
anions in wine
cations in wine
 Organic acids and anions in wine
ADDITIVES, PRESERVATIVES, NUTRIENTS  Biogenic amines and cations in wine
ADDITIVES, PRESERVATIVES, NUTRIENTS  Biogenic amines and cations in wine
ADDITIVES, PRESERVATIVES, NUTRIENTS
 Nitrate and nitrite in foodstuffs
ADDITIVES,
 Nitrate PRESERVATIVES, NUTRIENTS
and nitrite in foodstuffs
ADDITIVES, PRESERVATIVES, NUTRIENTS
 Polyphosphates in seafood
Nitrate and nitrite
 Polyphosphates in in foodstuffs
seafood
 Sulfite
 Nitrate andinnitrite
mustard in and dry fruits
foodstuffs
Polyphosphates
Sulfite in mustard inand
seafood
dry fruits
 Nitrate and nitrite in foodstuffs
 Bromate and iodate in flour
Polyphosphates
 Sulfite in and
mustard inand
seafood
in dry fruits
 Bromate
Polyphosphates iodate flour
in seafood
 Iodate
Sulfite in and iodide
mustard and in salt
dry fruits
 Bromate
Iodate andand iodate
iodide in in flour
salt
 Sulfite in mustard and dry fruits
 Galacto-oligosaccharides
Bromate and iodate (GOS) in
Iodate and iodide in in
 Galacto-oligosaccharides flour
salt (GOS) in
Bromate and iodate in flour
supplements
 supplements
Iodate and iodide in salt (GOS) in
Galacto-oligosaccharides
 Iodate and iodide in salt
 supplements
Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) in DAIRY
 Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) in DAIRY
supplements
supplements DAIRY
 Lactose in low-lactose products
DAIRY
DAIRY
 Carbohydrates in milk products
 Lactose in low-lactose
Carbohydrates in milk products
 Iodide
Lactose in milk
inmilk
low-lactose
 Carbohydrates
Iodide in in milk products
 Nitrate and nitrite in milk
 Carbohydrates
Iodide
Nitratein
and milk in milk
nitrite products
in milk
 Carbohydrates in milk products
 Choline
Iodide in in milk powder formula
milk
 Nitrate and
Cholineininmilknitrite in milk
milk powder formula
 Iodide
 Fructans
Nitrate and in infant
nitrite formula
in milk
 Choline
Fructans ininmilk powder
infant formulaformula 5
 Nitrate and nitrite in milk
 Choline 5
Fructansininmilk powder
infant formulaformula 5
 Choline in milk powder formula 5
 Fructans in infant formula 5
 Fructans in infant formula 55
RETURN TO TOP 5 5
Beverage
Coffee quality assurance –
Free and total
carbohydrate analysis
SUMMARY SAMPLES AND SAMPLE configuration). The amperometric
PREPARATION detection was performed after
One of the most popular beverages
post-column addition with
and of huge economic importance is  Instant coffee (≈ 300 mg)
300 mmol/L NaOH.
coffee. Quality assurance and tracing  Free CHOs: Dissolution in
of adulterants is therefore a widely 100 mg ultrapure water (UPW) RESULTS
established process. Carbohydrates and filtration (0.25 µm) For the different instant coffee
(CHOs) in particular, which can make
 Total CHOs: Hydrolyzation in samples, the free CHO content
up to 50% of raw coffee beans,
HCl (0.1 mol/L) at 100 °C ranged from 10 to 100 g/kg with
contribute to flavor, viscosity, and
(150 min), dilution to 100 mL arabinose, galactose/glucose,
aroma. Furthermore, they serve as
UPW and filtration with an and fructose as the major
authenticity tracers. ISO 11292 and
Ag+–H+–cartridge components. The total CHO
AOAC 996.04 define quality
combination, final dilution content after HCl hydrolysis was
standards for instant coffee - the
(10–50–fold) with UPW between 300–400 g/kg with
analysis of free and total
galactose and mannose as main
carbohydrates. Free carbohydrates in EXPERIMENTAL constituents.
coffee are determined after simple
dilution, while total carbohydrates 10 CHOs (mannitol, arabinose,
BENEFITS
are determined as sum parameter galactose, glucose, mannose,
after acidic hydrolysis. fructose, and sucrose for  Separation of multiple CHOs
dissolved CHOs plus xylose for by a concentration- and flow-
The present method descibes the total CHOs in addition to gradient combination within a
precise separation and rhamnose and ribose) were single run
quantification of all relevant analytes baseline separated on a Metrosep
according to AOAC and ISO on a  Selective and sensitive
Carb 2 column with a binary detection with PAD
Metrosep Carb 2 column followed by high–pressure gradient combined
post-column addition (PCR) and with a flow gradient (940  Conforms with ISO 11292,
pulsed amperometric detection Professional IC Vario ONE/HPG AOAC 996.04, DIN 10780:2003
(PAD).
Metrosep Carb 2 - 250/4.0

Eluent A: UPW
B: 0.2 mol/L NaOH +
1 mmol/L NaOAc
Flow Flow gradient (0.5 –
0.8 mL/min)
Temp 27 °C
Injection 20 µL
Detection PAD, 0.05 V 6
Free sugars in instant coffee with mannitol (24 mg/L), rhamnose (1.3 mg/L), arabinose (11 mg/L), galactose (10 mg/L),
glucose (51 mg/L), mannose (14 mg/L), xylose (0.6 mg/L), fructose (82 mg/L), ribose (5.6 mg/L), sucrose (29 mg/L).
RETURN TO TOP 6
Beverage
Carbohydrates in orange
juice
SUMMARY SAMPLES AND SAMPLE RESULTS

PREPARATION In the orange juice samples the
EU Regulation No. 2012/12/EU sets
standards for production,  Orange juice (GraniniTM) monosaccharides glucose and
composition and labelling of fruit diluted in ultrapure water fructose (≈2 g/100 mL) and the
juices. These regulations are (500– or 1000–fold) disaccharide sucrose
intended to comply with the newest (≈ 4 g/100 mL) are dominant. The
technical improvements described in MISP sum of 8.8 g/100 mL
the Codex-Norm. The CODEX STAN  Inline Dilution (optional) carbohydrates corresponded to
247-2005 regulates quality and the product label (9 g/100 mL).
 Inline Ultrafiltration
labelling of fruit juices and is a Inositol was found in low
widely accepted role model for EXPERIMENTAL concentrations (≈0.2 g/100 mL).
standards at national levels [1]. The system showed excellent
Samples were injected after
stability over 48 h with RSDs for
One requirement for accurate manual dilution and Inline
the analyzed check standards of
labelling is the indication of the Ultrafiltration. The major
<1.5%. No electrode cleaning
sugar content and addition of carbohydrates, inositol, glucose,
was necessary within that
sugars. fructose, and sucrose, were
timeframe.
This robust and straightforward IC separated isocratically on a
method with amperometric Metrosep Carb 2 column. Pulsed BENEFITS
detection is suitable to analyze amperometric detection enabled
 Inline Ultrafiltration protects
various carbohydrates directly in the a very sensitive detection and
the column and system
juice matrix. Automated inline prolongs the lifetime of
sample preparation with Inline electrodes.  Manual sample preparation is
Ultrafiltration or Inline Dialysis not required
This analysis is performed on a
replaces manual steps making small footprint IC and cost of  Sensitive quantification of
sample preparation much more ownership is low. To check multiple carbohydrates in a
efficient. system stability a check standard single run
was measured every sixth sample.

Eluent 100 mmol/L NaOH +
10 mmol/L NaOAc
Flow 0.5 mL/min
Temp 30 °C
Injection 20 µL
Detection PAD, 0.05 V
Pulsed amperometric signal of an orange juice sample (1000–fold dilution) containing inositol (0.2 g/100 mL), glucose 7
(2.1 g/100 mL), fructose (2.3 g/100 mL), and sucrose (4.3 g/100 mL) as major carbohydrates.
RETURN TO TOP 7
Beverage
Tracing juice adulterants -
cellobiose in apple juice

PREPARATION Cellobiose eluted after
Cellobiose, a disaccharide with two
glucose molecules connected by a β-  Apple juice, diluted 10–fold 22 minutes. The analyzed sample
1,4 - glycosidic bond, has gained contained about 5 mg/L
importance as a novel food MISP cellobiose. Spiking tests with 5
ingredient serving as low-calorie  Inline Ultrafiltration and 10 mg/L cellobiose showed
bulking agent or lactose substitute. excellent recoveries of 102%
However, it is also considered as a EXPERIMENTAL within the range of usual
contaminant and adulterant from Separation of cellobiose from acceptance criteria.
cellulose degradation and can be an other carbohydrates and sugar Beside cellobiose, other sugar
indicator for authenticity alcohols was accomplished on a alcohols and carbohydrates (e.g.,
infringements. The International Metrosep Carb 2 column. Signal inositol, xylitol, arabitol, sorbitol,
Fruit and Vegetable Juice detection was performed by PAD mannitol, rhamnose, glucose,
Association (IFU) only recommends using a Wall-Jet cell (Au working xylose, fructose, sucrose) can be
cellobiose analysis with capillary gas and Pd reference electrode). determined with this method.
chromatography [1]. IC is an easy-to- Analysis time and column This shows the flexibility of IC:
use and cost-efficient alternative. cleanup was accelerated with a without any further technical
Analysis of cellobiose in apple juice is flow gradient: upgrades the complexity of the
possible with manual or automated analyses can be increased
dilution and filtration within less towards a multiple-analyte
than 30 minutes using IC with pulsed method.
amperometric detection (IC-PAD).
The flow gradient elution from the BENEFITS
robust Metrosep Carb 2 column  Fast cellobiose elution
reduces overall determination time.
 Multi-analyte determination
possible

10 mmol/L NaOAc
Flow Flow gradient
(0.3 – 0.8 mL/min)
Temp 30 °C
Injection 20 µL
Amperometric signal of the analysis of apple juice spiked with 5 mg/L cellobiose (recovery 102%). A step-flow 8
gradient improved the separation and shortened column clean-up time. Inline Ultrafiltration was used for automatic
sample preparation, additionally set-up efficiency benefits from inline dilution replacing manual steps.
RETURN TO TOP 8
Beverage
Analysis of raffinose,
stachyose, and verbascose
SUMMARY MISP sensitive detection of all

carbohydrates.
The raffinose family of  Partial loop injection (MiPT)
oligosaccharides are α-galactosyl Name RSD [%] R2
derivatives of sucrose. The most EXPERIMENTAL
Sorbitol 0.785 0.999980
common derivatives are the Standards were analyzed on a
Mannitol 1.099 0.999960
trisaccharide raffinose, the 940 Professional IC Vario ONE
tetrasaccharide stachyose, and the equipped with pulsed Glucose 0.246 0.999998
pentasaccharide verbascose [2]. amperometric detection (PAD). Galactose 0.371 0.999995
Such raffinose derivates occur The cooled autosampler Fructose 0.832 0.999977
naturally in vegetables (e.g., green contained an injection valve with Sucrose 0.493 0.999992
beans, soybeans, and other beans) partial loop mode for variable
Stachyose 0.442 0.999994
and in other plants. Stachyose is less injection volumes (2–50 µL with 1
µL increments). Carbohydrates Verbascose 2.050 0.999861
sweet than sucrose, at about 28% by
weight. It is mainly used as a bulk were separated on a Metrosep
BENEFITS
sweetener or for its functional Carb 2 column applying a flow
gradient for optimal separation  Quantification of raffinose,
oligosaccharidic properties.
within 45 minutes. stachyose, and verbascose next
These oligosaccharides are readily to common sugars and sugar
separated from polyols, and mono- RESULTS alcohols in a single run
and disaccharides on the Metrosep Eight carbohydrates were  Flow gradient with just one
Carb 2 column. A flow gradient analyzed in the µmol/L range. high-pressure pump for
enables optimal separation with Raffinose was separated from optimal separation
minimal technical requirements of stachyose, eluting after 36 min.
only one high-pressure pump. Calibration was linear over a  Baseline resolution of glucose
Detection with pulsed amperometry concentration range of 1:100, and galactose
(PAD) is the method of choice for e.g., stachyose 0.4–40 µmol/L  Stable samples thanks to 889
selective and sensitive (table below). PAD enabled IC Sample Center – cooltable
determination.

1 mmol/L NaOAc
Flow Flow gradient
(0.4 – 0.7 mL/min)
Temp 30 °C
Injection 20 µL
Amperometric signal for the analysis of a mixed standard with sorbitol, mannitol, glucose, galactose, fructose (25 9
µmol/L each), sucrose (12.5 µmol/L), stachyose, and verbascose (10 µmol/L each). Raffinose eluted after 36 minutes
(data not shown).
RETURN TO TOP 9
Beverage
Controlling beer quality -
carbohydrate analysis in
beer wort
SUMMARY SAMPLES AND SAMPLE added, to accelerate later eluting
PREPARATION carbohydrates to achieve a total
When producing beer, germinated
analysis time of approx. 60 min.
and dried cereal grains (typically  Beer wort
barley) are subjected to a  Filtered and diluted RESULTS
fermentation process. Enzymes
convert the grain’s starch into MISP Due to the excellent detector
carbohydrates, including the sensitivity, signals were well
 Inline Dilution above the detection limits, even
monosaccharide glucose, the
disaccharide maltose, the  Inline Ultrafiltration with low injection volumes of
trisaccharide maltotriose, and the diluted samples. As expected,
EXPERIMENTAL maltose was the predominant
polysaccharide maltodextrin.
Proteins, free amino acids, vitamins, After Inline Dilution and carbohydrate, with
and minerals are also present. Ultrafiltration, injection volumes concentrations around 50 g/L.
Knowledge about the carbohydrate of only 1.5 µL were required as Analysis of maltoheptaose will
profiles helps to control the process high concentrations of also be possible but it was not
and improve the beer quality. carbohydrates are present in the present in this sample.
samples. Due to this, matrix
The presented IC method monitors BENEFITS
effects are minimized, and the
different carbohydrates of interest.  Determination of
system was unaffected by
Samples were diluted and their monosaccharides and
contamination for an extended
sugar components were separated oligosaccharides in one
time period. For optimal
on a Metrosep Carb 2 column with a analysis
separation a Dose-in gradient
Dose-in gradient within 60 minutes.
was applied to the diluted  Dose-in gradient accelerates
Carbohydrates from mono-
samples (1:100). After 35 minutes the elution of oligosaccharides
saccharides up to hexaoses were
with eluent A (100 mmol/L
determined in one run with pulsed  Sensitive detection of low
NaOH + 25 mmol/L NaOAc),
amperometric detection (PAD). concentrations next to high
95% of eluent B (220 mmol/L
concentrations of e.g., maltose
NaOH + 200 mmol/L NaOAc) was
Maltotriose
Glucose
Maltose
Maltotetraose

Sucrose
Eluent Dose-in gradient

Fructose
Maltopentaose
(NaOH + NaOAc)
Maltohexaose
Flow 0.7 mL/min

Temp 30 °C
Injection 1.5 µL
Amperometric signal of a beer wort sample at the effluent of a boiler (diluted 100–fold), containing per 100 mL: 10
glucose (0.85 g), fructose (0.15 g), sucrose (0.38 g), maltose (4.81 g), maltotriose (1.22 g), maltopentaose, and
maltohexaose (0.07 g each).
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Beverage
Aspartame, cyclamate,
acesulfame-K, and
saccharin in soft drinks
PREPARATION Samples were analyzed in
Artificial sweeteners like aspartame
(E 951), acesulfame-K (E 950),  Coca-ColaTM Zero, Red BullTM triplicate with RSDs <1%.
cyclamate (E 952), and saccharin sugar free, PepsiTM Max Aspartame and acesulfame-K
(E 954) are added to foodstuffs to were present in all samples,
 Samples were degassed and
reduce calories and sugar content whereas cyclamate was only
diluted (dilution factor 5–10)
while keeping a consistently sweet found in Coca-ColaTM Zero.
taste. They are used worldwide in MISP Saccharin was not detected.
various products even though Inorganic anions (e.g., chloride,
 Inline Dilution
adverse health effects are being nitrate, sulfate, and phosphate)
discussed. Strict regulations and EXPERIMENTAL as well as organic acids (e.g.,
labelling are mandatory in many formate, acetate, benzoate,
The Metrosep A Supp 10 column
countries, e.g., the acceptable daily citrate) were separated from the
is suitable to separate the
intake (ADI) for aspartame is set to sweeteners to avoid potential
sweeteners from many water-
40 mg/kg body weight [3]. ADI for interferences.
soluble components found in
saccharin is between 0–5 mg/kg [4].
typical beverage matrices. The BENEFITS
Sodium cyclamate’s ADI is
separation was optimized by
suggested between 0–11 mg/kg in  Two complementary detectors
combining a concentration
EU and China, while it is prohibited used for peak identification
gradient using a Metrohm Dosino
in the US [5]. and quantification without any
(Dose-in gradient) and a flow
IC with suppressed conductivity and doubt
gradient to accelerate late-
UV/VIS detection in series is a eluting matrix components. The  No interference from common
sensitive and highly specific method conductivity signal was evaluated anions and other matrix
to determine the four most common after suppression. The UV signal components in soft drinks, e.g.,
sweeteners, aspartame, acesulfame- at 210 nm was recorded in series citric acid or phosphate
K, cyclamate, and saccharin, in a to confirm peak identities and to
variety of soft drinks. evaluate the conductivity signal.
Metrosep A Supp 10 - 75/4.0

(NaOH + NaOAc +
methanol)
Flow 1.0 – 1.2 mL/min
Temp 35 °C
Injection 20 µL
Detection Conductivity + UV
Conductivity signal of a standard containing aspartame, cyclamate, acesulfame-K and saccharin (20 mg/L each). 11
Automatic calibration by Metrohm Inline Dilution of the highest standard can be applied (optional).
RETURN TO TOP 11
All four sweeteners showed signals Conductivity

in the conductivity detector and
good UV absorption (except for
cyclamate*, see table below).
Therefore, the UV signal was used
for confirmation of the three
sweeteners aspartame, acesulfame-
K, and saccharin. Quantification with
both detectors gave consistent
results (see table below). The figure
to the right displays typical
chromatograms for a Red BullTM
sample (5–fold dilution).
UV/VIS
Potential interferences from
phenylalanine and taurine were also
investigated. These components
become protonated in the
suppressor module and leave the
system during suppressor
regeneration. They do not interfere
with the analysis.
Aspartame Acesulfame-K
Comparison of the conductivity signal (upper panel) and UV signal (lower
panel) of a Red BullTM sample (5–fold dilution). The signal for aspartame
(orange) and acesulfame-K (blue) are highlighted.
Sample Sweetener Conductivity [mg/L] RSD [%] UV 210 nm [mg/L] RSD [%]
aspartame 106.76 0.2 100.75 0.6
Red BullTM
acesulfame-K 195.24 0.1 197.62 0.2
aspartame 746.43 0.3 740.99 0.3
PepsiTM Max
acesulfame-K 51.07 0.6 54.92 1.2
aspartame 92.25 0.5 111.12 0.7
Coca-ColaTM
cyclamate 229.61 0.1 not detected* –*
Zero
acesulfame-K 145.77 0.3 158.89 0.7 12
Data summary for the evaluation of three soft drink samples. Results for conductivity and UV detection were comparable.
RETURN TO TOP 12
Beverage
Sucralose in soft drinks
SUMMARY SAMPLES AND SAMPLE dilution factors to this solution.

PREPARATION
Sucralose (E955) is an artificial sugar RESULTS
substitute produced from sucrose by  Soft drink with 11 g sugar per
replacing three hydroxyl groups with 100 mL The analyzed samples contained
chlorine atoms. It is noncaloric [6], up to 100 mg/L sucrose. Linear
 Sugar-free energy drink calibration from 0.5 to 25 mg/L
320 to 1000 times sweeter than
sucrose [7], and does not promote  Degassed (10 minutes sucralose was achieved with a
tooth decay [8]. Since it is considered sonication) correlation coefficient of >0.9999
safe by regulatory bodies such as and <1.7% RSD. Spiking tests
MISP with 5 mg/L sucralose resulted in
FDA, WHO, and the EU’s Scientific
Committee on Food, it is added as an  Inline Dilution (20–fold) recoveries of ≈99.5%.
artificial sweetener to many foods BENEFITS
EXPERIMENTAL
and beverages.
Degassed and diluted samples  Robust and straightforward
As detailed metabolic pathways of method with IC and PAD
were automatically injected into
artificial sweeteners and their effects detection
a 930 Compact IC Flex. Their ionic
on health are still not fully
components were isocratically  Isocratic separation of sucrose
understood, it is good practice to
separated on a Metrosep from other carbohydrates
monitor their content in foodstuffs.
A Supp 17 column and their
This IC method is a robust and  High accuracies proven by
sucralose content quantified with
simpler alternative to commonly good recoveries of spiking
pulsed amperometric detection
used mass spectrometric methods, tests
(PAD). Inline Dilution enabled fast
e.g., HPLC-MS. Isocratic separation and accurate automated sample
requires just one high-pressure dilution. Additionally, Inline
pump. By utilizing amperometric Dilution was used for automatic
detection, high selectivity and calibration from a single standard
sensitivity can be achieved. solution by applying different

5% acetone
Flow 0.6 mL/min
Temp 45 °C
Injection 20 µL
Amperometric signal from the analysis of an energy drink (20–fold dilution) containing sucralose (4.8 mg/L). 13
Automatic calibration by Inline Dilution of the highest standard can be applied (optional).
RETURN TO TOP 13
Beverage
Rebaudiosides and
stevioside in stevia
sweetener
PREPARATION Rebaudioside A was quantified in
Steviol glycosides from the
plant Stevia rebaudiana have been  Stevia powder (97% steviasol (415 g/kg) and in
used as sweetener and sugar Rebaudioside A), Kräuterhaus Zucristevia (142 g/kg). Inulin,
substitutes for more than 1000 Sanct Bernhard, Germany sodium bicarbonate, and sodium
years. The main components citrate eluted in a single peak at
 Steviasol, powder, Steviasol AG
stevioside and rebaudioside are 30 – the beginning of the
Herisau, Switzerland
150 times sweeter than sugar and chromatogram. Common
do not metabolize in the human  Zucristevia, pastilles, Migros carbohydrates eluted with the
body, i.e., they do not contribute AG Zurich, Switzerland injection peak.
calories [9].  100 mg dissolved in 10 mL The modes flexIPAD and standard
Discussions about safety or toxicity eluent, further manual dilution PAD were compared, as well as
of stevia is reflected in a long history 20– or 100–fold the recording of current or
of regulations. Its legal status differs charge. The flexIPAD mode while
EXPERIMENTAL
from country to country. measuring the current showed
Glycosides from Stevia were the best signal-to-noise ratio.
High-purity Stevia glycosides are
separated on a Luna® 5 µm
allowed as ingredients in food BENEFITS
C18(2) 100 Å, LC Column 250 x
products sold in the United States.
4.6 mm, Ea from Phenomenex.  Robust separation of
However, Stevia leaves and crude
After post-column addition of rebaudiosides and stevioside
extracts are not considered safe
400 mmol/L NaOH, a 945
according to the US FDA.  Upgrade of any HPLC-system
Professional Detector Vario –
This IC method shows the with a Metrohm amperometric
Amperometry was used in
quantification of the active detector for sensitive glycoside
flexIPAD mode. A 2 mm gold
ingredients rebaudioside A, analysis
working electrode ensured signal
rebaudioside C, and stevioside in stability. Stevia powder was used  FlexIPAD mode guarantees
Stevia sweeteners. as reference standard. highest sensitivity for the
analysis of Stevia products
Luna® 5 µm C18(2) 100 Å

Eluent 10 mmol/L
NaH2PO4, pH 4.5
30% acetonitrile
Flow 0.3 mL/min
Temp 40 °C
Injection 20 µL
Detection flexIPAD
Amperometric signal for steviasol analysis showing rebaudioside A (415 g/kg), stevioside, and rebaudioside C (not 14
quantified). The measuring mode flexIPAD was used and the current was recorded as measuring signal.
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Beverage
Monitoring beer quality -
cations and anions in beer
SUMMARY SAMPLES AND SAMPLE logical dilutions, saving lab work

PREPARATION and time. High accuracy is
The ionic composition has massive
achieved with an optimized
influence on the taste of beer. Thus,  Beer from different brands,
calibration fit over a broad
potassium chloride salts lead to a e.g., WarsteinerTM
concentration range (feature:
bitter, astringent, and soapy taste  Filtration and dilution high-low calibration).
while magnesium sulfates lead to a automatically controlled
sweet-sour taste. RESULTS
MISP
Therefore, analytical monitoring of As the main cation constituent
the beer is essential to guarantee  Logical Inline Dilution potassium (K+) was identified in
quality and meet consumer  Ultrafiltration all samples, while the
expectations. concentration of other cations
Major cations in beer are precisely EXPERIMENTAL was lower than 100 mg/L (see
determined with IC and non- An autosampler (including figure below). K+ in beer provides
suppressed conductivity detection. filtration and dilution equipment) a bitter and astringent taste.
Anions are quantified by suppressed prepares the sample for two Chloride, phosphate, nitrate, and
conductivity. With a two-channel analysis channels in such a way sulfate were the main anions
system, cations (separated on a that anions and cations are detected in beer. Samples can be
Metrosep C 6 column) and anions determined in parallel from the injected with the most suitable
(separated on a Metrosep A Supp 10 same sample (figure next page). injection volume. Together with
column) can be determined Two 930 Compact IC Flex systems logical dilutions, sample
simultaneously. Automatic were used to simultaneously concentrations in the range of
calibration, logical dilution, and analyze cations (results below) 1:10,000 can be analyzed reliably.
filtration of the samples save manual and anions (next page) under High accuracy of results is
preparation steps and ensure fast isocratic elution conditions. achieved by an optimal fit for the
analysis of samples in high- MagIC Net software allows calibration points (feature: high-
throughput laboratories. calibration using a single low calibration).
standard solution and performs
Metrosep C 6 - 150/4.0
Eluent 2.3 mmol HNO3 +
1.7 mmol/L DPA
Flow 0.9 mL/min
Temp 35 °C
Injection 20 µL
Detection Conductivity
Non-suppressed conductivity cation signal for the analysis of a Warsteiner lager beer sample (10–fold dilution) 15
containing sodium (13 mg/L), potassium (365 mg/L), calcium (53 mg/L), and magnesium (56 mg/L) as major cations.
RETURN TO TOP 15
Beverage
Cations and anions in beer
BENEFITS  High-low calibration for

precise results of samples over
 Simultaneous analysis of
a wide concentration range
multiple anions and cations in
one run  Robust and simple method
 Automatic logical Metrohm with isocratic elution to
Inline Dilution saves time and determine main anions and
manual work cations in beer
 Samples with results outside  Sulfite, a common preservative

the calibration range are can be determined next to
automatically re-diluted to fit other anions (retention time
into the calibration range ≈11 minutes)
Schematic flow path for simultaneous analysis of anions and cations with Metrohm Inline Sample Preparation (MISP).

Eluent 4 mmol Na2CO3 +
6.0 mmol/L NaHCO3
+ 5.0 µmol/L NaClO4
Flow 0.7 mL/min
Temp 30 °C
Injection 20 µL
Suppressed conductivity anion signal for the anaylsis of a Warsteiner lager beer sample (10–fold dilution) containing 16
chloride (229 mg/L), phosphate (352 mg/L), nitrate (5 mg/L), and sulfate (60 mg/L) as major anions.
RETURN TO TOP 16
Beverage
Anions and oxyhalides in
drinking water
SUMMARY SAMPLES AND SAMPLE between 4 and 200 µL (MiPT)

PREPARATION allowed the analysis of various
Safe drinking water is vitally
water types with different
important. Bottled water and  Drinking water, tap water
mineral contents.
mineral water are the most popular  No manual sample preparation
beverages worldwide. For quality required RESULTS
control of water, IC is the method of
All relevant anions in water were
choice for the quantification of MISP
determined within a time frame
common anions and for the analysis  Inline Ultrafiltration of 35 min. The method is suitable
of regulated, health critical
 Partial loop injection (MiPT) to quantify 0.0005 mg/L chlorite
substances such as bromate, nitrite,
and bromate in drinking water
chlorite, and chlorate. They enter the
EXPERIMENTAL (limit of quantification).
water supply through various
pathways, such as disinfection An optimized separation of
BENEFITS
byproducts during water treatment, bromate, bromide, chlorite and
additives, and artificial or natural chlorate from all major anionic  Compliance with US EPA 300.1
contaminations. US EPA method water components was achieved A/B
300.1 specifies the determination of by combining a Metrosep A Supp  Quantification of low
these critical water components. 7 column with a Metrosep A concentrations of oxyhalides
Major standardization bodies (US Supp 16 guard column. The two (µg/L range) next to high
FDA, WHO) regulated their different resins lead to a phase- concentrations of other ions
allowable limits, e.g., <10 µg/L optimized IC separation (POPIC). (mg/L range)
bromate in drinking water [10]. A calibration range of 1:100 was
 Integrated Inline Ultrafiltration
covered by applying high-low-
The robust IC setup from Metrohm to minimize matrix effects
calibration, a technique where
guarantees efficient analysis
two calibration curves are used to  Flexible application that can be
according to regulatory standards
optimally correlate the respective upgraded with a mass
with high sample throughput,
signal to the concentration. spectrometer to further
automation, and precise results.
Flexible injection volumes increases sensitivity

Eluent 3.2 mmol/L Na2CO3
1.0 mmol/L NaHCO3
Flow 0.7 mL/min
Temp 45 °C
Injection 100 µL
Conductivity signal of a water sample containing fluoride (0.73 mg/L), chlorite (0.002 mg/L), bromate (0.001 mg/L), 17
chloride (2.12 mg/L), nitrite (0.135mg/L), bromide (0.024 mg/L), chlorate (0.024mg/L), nitrate (2.338 mg/L),
phosphate (0.258 mg/L), and sulfate (8.314 mg/L). Retention time of dichloroacetate (DCA) (green arrow).
RETURN TO TOP 17
Beverage
Glyphosate and AMPA in
drinking water
SUMMARY SAMPLES AND SAMPLE of each compound showed 3.3%

PREPARATION RSD for both, AMPA and
Herbicides are health critical
glyphosate. Recoveries ranged
contaminants in food. Glyphosate  Tap water of different
between 88–112%, with strong
(N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine) is a hardness (high–low)
dependence on the type of
nonselective broad-spectrum
MISP water. Waters with lower
herbicide, that inhibits the shikimic
hardness tend to show better
acid pathway in plants. Globally, it is  Inline sample degasser to
recoveries.
the most widely used herbicide in remove dissolved carbon
agriculture, and often used for dioxide BENEFITS
weed-killing in domestic gardens. It
reaches drinking water reservoirs EXPERIMENTAL  Amperometric detection
proved to be selective and
through ambient air, rivers, or Separation was on a Metrosep
sensitive, offering a simple and
groundwater. Health concerns are Carb 2 column with a flow rate of
economical alternative to more
contradictorily discussed, e.g., WHO 0.4 mL/min, which was increased
complex MS/MS or ICP/MS
classified glyphosate as “probably to 0.8 mL/min after 6 minutes to
methods [13]
carcinogenic to humans” [11], accelerate the elution of
whereas USEPA affirms that glyphosate. Detection was  Robust and easy analytical
“glyphosate poses no risk to public performed with a dedicated method for AMPA and
health” [12]. Soil bacteria potential profile with flexIPAD glyphosate determination in
decompose glyphosate into its mode. Calibration was from the µg/L range
primary metabolite AMPA 2–100 µg/L for both compounds.  Fulfills USEPA LOQ (0.7 mg/L
(aminomethylphosphonic acid), for glyphosate) [14]
which must also be monitored. RESULTS
Limits of quantification (LOQs)  Fulfills current LOQs for
A straightforward IC method is regulations of glyphosate in
introduced to determine glyphosate were 0.4 µg/L (AMPA) and 3.9
µg/L (glyphosate). Inter-day Canada (280 µg/L), Australia
and AMPA in the µg/L range with (10 µg/L), and Brazil
amperometric detection. precision (5 days, 13 injections)
for tap water spiked with 5 µg/L (500 µg/L) [15]

290 mmol/L NaOAc
Flow Flow gradient (0.4 –
0.8 mL/min)
Temp 30 °C
Injection 250 µL
Detection flexIPAD
Amperometric signal of a tap water sample spiked with AMPA and glyphosate (5 µg/L each). Recoveries were 85.0% 18
(AMPA) and 99.6% (glyphosate).
RETURN TO TOP 18
Beverage
Fast screening of organic
acids and inorganic anions
in wine
Consistency of product quality is of PREPARATION All major organic acids and
utmost importance to winemakers.  Red wine, white wine inorganic anions were separated
Monitoring yeast performance and isocratically within a run time of
 Gravimetrically diluted 1:10 or
efficiency throughout the 20 minutes. Tartrate and acetate
1:50 with ultrapure water
fermentation process is just as were identified as the major
critical. This wine analysis can aid  To prevent oxidation, vials organic acid species. Injections of
winemakers with ensuring were closed with polyethylene triplicates showed an excellent
predictable flavor and aroma lids repeatability with RSDs of less
characteristics in finished wine by than 2%. Phosphate and sulfate
MISP
monitoring common indicators of were identified as the dominant
acidity, mouthfeel, and balance. It  Inline Ultrafiltration inorganic anions.
also evaluates nutrients and other
EXPERIMENTAL BENEFITS
additives which could potentially
have negative effects on efficiency Samples were directly analyzed  Inline Ultrafiltration protects
and production during the after dilution and Inline the column and system,
fermentation process. This work Ultrafiltration. Separation of increasing lifetime and
shows the use of Metrohm IC to organic acids (as their conjugated ensuring trouble-free
analyze red and white wine for bases) and inorganic anions was operation, and reduces manual
chloride, phosphate, sulfite, sulfate, performed with a Professional IC work
malate, tartrate, and oxalate. system equipped with sequential
 Rapid analysis enables high
suppression and a conductivity
A Metrohm Professional IC with throughput laboratories to
detector. Suppression reduces the
sequential suppression and maximize production
background signal and the
conductivity detection was used in
baseline noise and improves  Robust setup with isocratic
combination with Inline
detection sensitivity. The method separation and suppressed
Ultrafiltration.
working range spans from conductivity detection for
1–100 mg/L. sensitive analysis

Eluent 5 mmol/L Na2CO3 +
5 mmol/L NaHCO3 +
5 µmol/L HClO4
Flow 1.0 mL/min
Temp 35 °C
Injection 20 µL
Conductivity signal for analysis of major organic acids (acetate (not quantified), malate (105 mg/L), tartrate 19
(1534 mg/L), oxalate (<10 mg/L)) and major anions (chloride (22 mg/L), phosphate (818 mg/L), sulfite (29 mg/L), and
sulfate (367 mg/L)) in a white wine sample.
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Beverage
Complex monitoring of
organic acids and
inorganic anions in wine
SUMMARY RESULTS IC setup can be combined with a
sensitive MS detector.
Nature and concentration of organic The method enables complex
acids are important parameters in monitoring analysis of 15 organic BENEFITS
enology. They affect organoleptic acids in a working range of
properties (color, flavor, and aroma), 0.1–5 mg/L. Sample preparation  Conductivity detection
wine stability, and help to track can be facilitated with Inline prevents interferences from
alteration processes and the wine’s Ultrafiltration, protecting the UV-active components in wine
authenticity [16]. A range of organic column and enhancing  Optional extension with inline
acids are formed as products during instrument performance (figure sample preparation to save
alcoholic fermentation influencing below). If peak identity needs time
flavor in many ways. Acetic acid for confirmation, or very low
 Optional addition of a mass
example causes an undesirable detection limits are required, the
detector for peak identification
vinegar taste. Overall, monitoring of
organic acids is crucial to improve
flavor and quality, and to fulfill
universal standardized criteria such
as the International Code of
Oenological Practices [17].
Analytical monitoring of multiple
organic acids can be achieved with IC
and suppressed conductivity
detection. Optionally, a mass
detector can be added for peak
verification. Here, a binary gradient
on a Metrosep A Supp 7 - 250/4.0
column was used to separate 15
Schematic flow path for IC with Inline Ultrafiltration and suppressed
organic acids.
conductivity detection. To achieve higher sensitivity and peak confirmation the
system can be upgraded with a mass sprectrometer (MS).

Eluent A: ultrapure water
B: 6.4 mmol/L
Na2CO3 + 2.0
mmol/L NaHCO3
Flow 0.7 mL/min
Temp 45 °C
Injection 20 µL
Detection Conductivity 20
Signal of 1 mg/L gluconate (1), lactate (2), acetate (3), propionate (4), iso-butyrate (5), butyrate (6), methacrylate (7), valerate
(8), methylsulfate (9), dichloroacetate (10), malonate (11), malate (12), glutarate (13), adipate (14), and phthalate (15).
RETURN TO TOP 20
Beverage
Preventing food allergies -
Biogenic amines and
cations in wine
SUMMARY SAMPLES AND SAMPLE detected next to the standard
PREPARATION cations in the lower mg/L range.
During the wine manufacturing
process, production conditions,  Red wine (Primitivo dal Salente RESULTS
storage times, as well as possible 2014 – Cesario)
microbiological contamination play a The amines analyzed are shown
role in the content of biogenic MISP in the chromatogram below. In
amines. Histamine is most harmful the red wine sample, calcium and
 Inline Dilution
to sensitive people and a known magnesium were identified as
 Inline Ultrafiltration major inorganic cations. Lower
reason for food intolerances;
however, other amines also exhibit amounts of monomethyl- and
EXPERIMENTAL
adverse effects. The histamine triethylamine were detected. The
Samples were automatically allergen histamine was not
content for wine is often not
diluted and filtered inline before detected in the investigated
regulated by law but recommended
injection into the IC system. A samples.
to not exceed limits of 2–10 mg/L,
binary high-pressure gradient
depending on the country [18]. BENEFITS
(940 Professional IC with HPG
Nine (biogenic) amines and six specification) was used to  Minimized matrix effects and
inorganic cations were separated on minimize co-elution, to separate fully automated sample
a Metrosep C Supp 1 column, using a matrix and analytes, and to preparation due to Inline
binary gradient. Suppressed achieve a reasonable overall Dilution and Inline Filtration
conductivity guarantees sensitive recording time. Sequential
detection. Hence this IC method  Excellent separation with a
suppression was used to reduce
offers a robust and reliable way to binary gradient in a reasonable
the background signal and
determine these compounds in wine analysis time
background noise which is
for quality control. important to keep sensitivity  Sensitive cation detection with
especially for gradient systems. suppressed conductivity
With this setup, nine amines were
Metrosep C Supp 1 - 150/4.0

Eluent A: 2.5 mmol/L HNO3
+ 100 µg/L Rb+
B: 25 mmol/L HNO3
+ 100 µg/L Rb+
Flow 1.0 mL/min
Temp 40 °C
Injection 100 µL
21
Red wine sample (12.5–fold dilution) containing ammonium (26 mg/L), monomethylamine (106 mg/L), triethylamine (47
mg/L), magnesium (153 mg/L), calcium (153 mg/L), putrescine (24 mg/L), and serotonin (5 mg/L) as major cations.
Monoethylamine, potassium, diethylamine, 2-phenyl-ethylamine, cadaverine, and histamine (arrow) were not detected.
RETURN TO TOP 21
Additives, preservatives, nutrients

Nitrite and nitrate in
meat
SUMMARY SAMPLES AND SAMPLE nitrate 0.05–5.00 mg/L. A wide

PREPARATION variety of food and beverage
Nitrite and nitrate salts are used as
samples were evaluated, showing
preservatives for meat and meat  Meat, sausages, beverages,
symmetric peaks, high
products. They are labeled on foods vegetables (5 g homogenized)
reproducibility of the
as E249–E252. These so-called curing  Carrez precipitation concentration values, and
salts prevent bacterial growth, keep
 Diluted 100-fold, filtered negligible interferences from
the meat’s red color and enhance its
matrix compounds. Limits of
flavor. Nitrate salts (E 251, E 252)
MISP quantification were well below
have low toxicity. However, long-
 Inline Ultrafiltration 5 mg/kg for sodium nitrite and
term exposure is of concern, as
sodium nitrate in all tested
nitrate is reduced to nitrite in the
EXPERIMENTAL samples.
lower gut, and nitrite is a precursor
of nitrosamines, which are classified Analytes were separated by
BENEFITS
as carcinogenic [19]. Nitrite is isocratic anion exchange on two
classified as probably carcinogenic to columns in series, followed by  Fast and time-saving routine
humans [20]. MPL (maximum sequential suppression and analysis, without requiring
permitted levels) after the UV/VIS detection. The two sample preparation cartridges
manufacturing process vary for columns with different properties  High accuracy and
nitrite (E 249, E 250) between 50– were used in series to avoid co- reproducibility independent
180 mg/kg, and for nitrate between elution of nitrite with other from the food matrix
150–300 mg/kg, depending on the components. A temperature of
 Automation and robustness
product. 52 ºC further improved the
surpass analytical performance
resolution of the nitrite peak.
For quality control, IC offers a highly of classical HPLC-UV
sensitive, robust, and fast method for RESULTS  Approved method in quality-
nitrate and nitrite analysis in various
The calibrated range for nitrite control labs of the meat
meat products.
was 0.02–2.00 mg/L, and for industry
Metrosep A Supp 7 - 250/4.0 +

Nitrate

+ 15% methanol
Flow 0.7 mL/min
Nitrite
Temp 52 °C
Injection 50 µL
Detection UV 205 nm
Chromatogram of a sample from pork knuckle containing sodium nitrite (1.5 mg/kg) and sodium nitrate 22
(9.6 mg/kg).
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Polyphosphates in
shrimps
SUMMARY SAMPLES AND SAMPLE 1:50 ( concentration range for

PREPARATION pyrophosphate and tripoly-
Polyphosphates improve the water-
phosphate 5–250 mg/L each; and
binding capacity, appearance, and  Shrimp, seafood
trimetaphosphate 1–50 mg/L) .
texture of food products. They are  ≈10 g of sample homogenized,
often used in the production of 100 mL UPW added RESULTS
seafood, such as shrimps, and also
added to convenience food, boiled  Extracted in an ultrasonic bath Three polyphosphates were
sausages, cheese products, soft (30 minutes, 25 °C), analyzed within a run time of
drinks, bakery products, or cereals as centrifuged (4000 rpm, 25°C, 13 minutes. The sample injection
stabilizers and flavor enhancers. 10 min) and decanted volume was 4 µL and recovery
Labeling is required (e.g., E 450 – rate >75%.
MISP
E 452) and the ADI (acceptable daily BENEFITS
intake) of total phosphates is set to  Inline Ultrafiltration
40 mg/kg body weight by the  Determination of the specific
 Metrohm intelligent Partial
European Food Safety Authority polyphosphate oligomers, in
loop Technique (MiPT)
(EFSA) [21]. contrast to average chain
EXPERIMENTAL length determined in end-
The IC method presented here group titration methods
shows a fast and straightforward Inline Ultrafiltration removed any
way to quantify pyrophosphate, remaining particles. Analysis was  Flexible injection volumes to
tripolyphosphate, and accomplished on a 930 Compact ensure that measured analytes
trimetaphosphate in shrimp. Inline IC Flex with automation and are within the calibrated range
sample preparation helps to inline sample preparation. For  Upgrade the method with a
minimize manual sample calibration, 4–200 µL of a single Dose-in gradient to also
preparation steps. Additionally, mix standard (pyrophosphate, quantify fluoride, chloride,
samples with a wide concentration tripolyphosphate 5 mg/L each; bromide, nitrate, phosphate,
variability are readily analyzed due and trimetaphosphate 1 mg/L) and sulfate
to flexible injection volumes. were injected, covering a ratio of

Eluent 60 mmol/L Na2CO3 +
2.0 mmol/L NaHCO3
Flow 0.6 mL/min
Temp 30 °C
Injection 4–200 µL (MiPT)
Conductivity signal of a shrimp sample that did not contain polyphosphates in the calibrated concentration range. The 23
samples were spiked with pyrophosphate, tripolyphosphate (100 mg/L each), and trimetaphosphate (20 mg/L).
RETURN TO TOP 23

Sulfite in mustard
SUMMARY SAMPLES AND SAMPLE offers a command «CV

PREPARATION treatment» (patent filed) to
Sulfite is a preservative added to a
automatically clean the surface of
vast range of foods and beverages to  Chickpeas, mustard, cherries,
the working electrode. This step
prevent browning or oxidation. capers, canned garlic, chili
increases long-term stability of
Some individuals are sensitive to peppers
the measuring signal even with
sulfite additives and may experience  1 g homogenized sample highly loaded samples.
a range of allergic reactions. diluted with stabilization
Therefore, both the U.S. Food and solution (1.0 mmol/L RESULTS
Drug Administration (FDA) and formaldehyde + 0.20 mmol/L
European Union (EU) laws require The signal remained stable for
NaOH) to a total of 30 g. long sample series and with
that the presence of sulfites must be
declared on food labels exceeding  Homogenized for 1 min at various sample matrices. All
10 mg/kg. The permitted maximum 25000 rpm with an ultra- spiking recoveries were above
sulfite level is <450 mg/kg [22]. turrax® homogenizer 90%.
Several analytical methods exist to  Centrifuged at 4000 rpm, BENEFITS
measure sulfite in food and filtered with 0.2 µm. To avoid
beverages; however, they suffer  Long sample series with stable
oxidation, vials must be filled
from repeatability issues, and can be signal thanks to automatically
completely with sample and
quite cumbersome to perform. cleaned electrodes
tightly closed.
An innovative, fast, and accurate IC  No electrode deactivation or
EXPERIMENTAL fouling for 3 weeks
method is presented, based on a
tailor-made mode of electrochemical To guarantee sample stability,  Sensitive quantification of
detection (patent filed). Not only is it samples were cooled (6 °C) with total sulfite in many different
suitable for beverages, but also for an 889 IC Sample Center prior to food matrices
solid foodstuffs [23, 24]. injection. Optimal peak
resolution was obtained with the  High throughput with only
high-capacity Metrosep Carb 2 10 minutes analysis time
column. The MagIC Net software

Sulfite

300 mmol/L NaOAc
Flow 0.5 mL/min
Temp 35 °C
Spiked sample
Injection 3 µL
Detection DC, 0.3 V Sample
Overlay of amperometric signals for a mustard sample containing 3.2 mg/kg sulfite and the same sample spiked with 24
3.2 mg/kg sulfite. The recovery was 101.5 %.
RETURN TO TOP 24

Sulfur in dried fruits
with Combustion IC
SUMMARY SAMPLES AND SAMPLE Metrohm IC where it is analyzed.

PREPARATION The sulfate concentration relates
Since ancient times, sulfurization is a
to the total sulfur content of the
method of preservation to extend  Apricots: naturally dried
sample, as all sulfur species are
shelf life and avoid degradation by (exposed to sunlight) or sulfur
oxidized to sulfate with CIC.
microorganisms in fruits, meat, fish, dried (exposed to sulfur
vegetables, wine, and beer. Treating dioxide gas) RESULTS
dry fruits with sulfur dioxide gas  ≈75 mg sample weighed Sulfur dried apricots
shortens the drying process and directly in a Combustion IC (2937 mg/kg) contained over 25
preserves the color of the product. quartz boat times more sulfur than natural
However, sulfite is formed in the
dried apricots (112 mg/kg).
products which can induce allergic MISP
Analysis was reproducible with
reactions in some people. Sulfite is  Combustion IC (CIC) for solid <3% RSD for triplicate injections.
banned in raw foods and must be samples
labeled on processed foods BENEFITS
according to EC No 1333/2008 EXPERIMENTAL
(95/2/EC Appendix III) or CODEX  High sample throughput,
With CIC, samples are first precision, and accuracy
STAN 192-1995, e.g., if it exceeds
digested under an argon
500–2000 mg/kg in dry fruits.  Fully automated sample
atmosphere in the oven unit and
Such high concentrations of sulfur preparation for solid and liquid
then pyrolized with oxygen and
are directly determined in solid samples with a single modular
water (pyrohydrolysis). In the 920
foodstuffs with Combustion IC (CIC). sample changer
Absorber Module, the formed
Complete automation, including gaseous compounds are passed  Possible to determine sulfur
sample preparation, makes into an absorption solution with and halogens simultaneously
Combustion IC superior to offline hydrogen peroxide, to oxidize  Compliance with standards
digestion methods with regard to them. This absorption solution is such as FDA and GLP
sample throughput and precision of then transferred inline to a
the results.

Eluent 3.2 mmol Na2CO3 +
1.0 mmol/L NaHCO3
Flow 0.8 mL/min
Temp 45 °C
Injection 10 µL
Conductivity signal of the analysis of a naturally dried apricot sample after combustion. The total sulfur content is 25
determined as sulfate as all sulfur species are oxidized to sulfate by pyrohdrolysis. Here, 112 mg/kg sulfur was
measured.
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Bromate in flour

PREPARATION The setup is compliant with
Potassium bromate is added to flour
to accelerate the maturation process.  Wheat flour ISO/DIN 11206. Bromate was
This treatment improves dough calibrated in the concentration
 25 g sample suspended in
properties, leading to stronger and range of 50–2000 µg/kg. Flour
250 mL water, sonicated for
more elastic bread. Bromate should samples did not contain bromate.
30 min at ambient
degrade during the baking process, They were spiked with different
temperature
but residual amounts may remain amounts of bromate, resulting in
when baking time is too short,  10 mL sample aliquot recoveries between 94–110%.
baking temperatures are too low, or centrifuged (10 min,
6000 rpm), analysis of the BENEFITS
the amount of added bromate is too
high. As potassium bromate is supernatant  Selective and sensitive
classified as a category 2B quantification of bromate in
MISP
carcinogen (possibly carcinogenic to complex food matrices
humans) by the International Agency  Inline Dialysis
 Sample preparation cartridges
for Research on Cancer (IARC), it is
EXPERIMENTAL are not necessary
prohibited in any food. However,
quality control is still necessary. Inline Dialysis automatically  Minimized sample preparation
removed matrix interferences. time due to Inline Dialysis
Low concentrations of bromate in
Pretreatment with sample  Excellent sensitivity with the
flour are selectively and sensitively
preparation cartridges was not 947 Professional UV/VIS
quantified with UV/VIS detection
required. After chromatographic Detector Vario
after separation on a Metrosep A
separation, a PCR reagent was
Supp 7 and post-column reaction  Method is compliant with
added which allows the UV/VIS
(PCR) on a 940 Professional IC Vario ISO/DIN 11206
detection at 352 nm of bromate
with a 947 Professional UV/VIS
in the low µg/L range.
Detector Vario SW.

Bromate

Flow 0.65 mL/min
Temp 45 °C
Injection 100 µL
Detection UV/VIS 352 nm
UV/VIS signal of bromate (204 µg/L) in flour, after separation on a Metrosep A Supp 7 column and post-column 26
reaction with 0.5 mol/L potassium iodide.
RETURN TO TOP 26

Iodate in wheat
powder

PREPARATION IC-C18 sample preparation
Potassium iodate influences the final
quality of wheat-spelt baked goods  Two types of wheat powder cartridges were necessary to
in different ways. Addition of remove organic matrix
 2 g sample dissolved in
potassium iodate reduces dough compounds. Two cartridges can
0.1 mol/L NaOH (total volume
development time and prolongs be used in series, if required.
100 mL)
dough stability. Results of baking Iodate was reproducibly
tests and sensory analyses have  Sonicated for 20 minutes, determined in wheat powder in
shown that products containing filtered through 0.2 µm filter, the low mg/L range. Spiking
some potassium iodate have higher passed through IC-C18 sample tests with 5 mg/L iodate yielded
volume and cambering in preparation cartridge in a recovery of 102%.
comparison to control samples. MISP BENEFITS
Higher doses of this additive
negatively affect sensory parameters  Inline Dialysis (optional)  IC combined with an UV/VIS
of final products. Enrichment of detector covers typical HPLC
EXPERIMENTAL
baked goods with potassium iodate applications
not only helps to increase the daily Samples were analyzed with an
 Sufficient separation from
intake of iodine and but also 858 Professional Sample
interfering components while
positively affects rheological and Processor and a 930 Compact IC
keeping a short overall
sensory properties of final products. Flex. After separation on a
recording time of less than 10
Metrosep A Supp 5 column, the
Here, a straightforward IC method minutes
UV signal of iodate was
with the Metrosep A Supp 5 column  Alternative method to
quantified within the
for separation and UV/VIS detector traditional titration (AOAC
concentration range of
is shown to measure iodate in wheat Official Method 956.03)
1–10 mg/L. Accuracy of the
in the mg/kg range.
analysis was checked by spiking
tests.

Eluent 3.2 mmol Na2CO3 +
1.0 mmol/L NaHCO3
Flow 0.7 mL/min
Temp ambient
Injection 20 µL
Detection UV 215 nm
Chromatogram of the UV signal of a wheat powder sample, containing 89 mg/kg iodate. 27
RETURN TO TOP 27

Iodate and iodide in
table salt

PREPARATION The calibration range spanned
Table salt may contain various
additives that are beneficial to  Straw mushroom table salt 5–100 µg/L iodide. The reduction
humans. Iodate or iodide is often of iodate to iodite by ascorbic
 0.1 g sample dissolved in water
added to salt as iodine plays an acid treatment was tested and
(total volume 100 mL)
important role in the production of approved with standards
thyroid hormone. Using iodized salt EXPERIMENTAL (500 μg/L). The conversion
in cooking helps to overcome goiter yielded >95%, aproving a
Samples were analyzed with an
(from a deficiency in iodine). Straw sucessful overal method
889 IC Sample Center and a 930
mushroom table salt contains straw performance.
Compact IC Flex, using a
mushrooms, which contribute not Metrosep A Supp 7 column. Samples contained about
only various mineral substances like Iodide was sensitively detected 20 mg/kg iodide. Treatment with
iodide but also vitamin C, amperometrically using the direct ascorbic acid led to the same
carbohydrates, and more than 18 current mode (DC 0.15 V). When result. Thus, total iodine content
kinds of amino acids. Table salts are reducing the sample with was similar, which means that all
subjected to quality control and their ascorbic acid (5 g/100 mL; 0.2 mL iodine was present as iodide.
ionic components can be quantified added to the sample solution), all
with IC. The determination of iodate BENEFITS
iodate converts to iodide. Hence,
and iodide in table salt is described total iodine content is  Method according to SN/T
in the Chinese norm SN/T 3727 [25]. determined in these samples. The 3727-2013 from AQSIQ
The presented IC method with iodate content is calculated from  Determination of the species
amperometric detection quantifies the difference of total iodine and iodide and iodate
iodide in the µg/L range in salt the iodide (a user-defined result
samples. Dedicated sample in the MagIC Net software).  Robust method that copes
preparation allows to differentiate with various kinds of salt
between iodide and iodate. samples

Eluent 9.0 mmol Na2CO3
Flow 0.7 mL/min
Temp 40 °C
Injection 100 µL
Detection DC 0.15 V
Amperometric signal (DC mode) of a straw mushroom table salt containing 21.2 mg/kg iodide. Iodate was not found 28
in this sample.
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Dairy
Lactose in low-lactose
butter
SUMMARY SAMPLES AND SAMPLE results differed less than 6%. The
PREPARATION method LOD is determined via
Lactose-intolerance is a common
signal to noise with 0.4 mg
digestive problem due to the  Low-lactose or lactose-free
lactose/100 g. The method was
deficiency of lactase. Lactase is the milk products (drinks, yogurt,
developed following a call from
essential enzyme to split the cheese, butter, chocolate)
AOAC (Association of Official
disaccharide lactose into its  0.1–5 g sample extracted in Agricultural Chemists) for a
monomers glucose and galactose, water (total 50 g), then standardized method to
which can be further metabolized. vortexed for 20 s determine low lactose contents
Unsplitted lactose causes serious
(AOAC 2018.001).
problems in the intestine. Thus, MISP
lactose-intolerant people rely on BENEFITS
 Inline Dialysis
lactose-free or low lactose food and
beverage, which can be industrially  Separation of lactose from
EXPERIMENTAL
produced from milk products by lactulose and allo-lactose,
Lactose in aqueous sample epilactose, galactosyllactose,
enzymatic hydrolysis of lactose.
extracts was separated from avoids false positive results
An increasing global demand for other lactose derivates on a
these products has also raised the  Determination of specific
Metrosep Carb 2 column using an
need for a thorough quality control carbohydrates, in contrast to
alkaline eluent (400 mM NaOH)
in this sector. The remaining lactose determining the total
and pulsed amperometric
content in the final product must be carbohydrate content
detection (flexIPAD). Calibration
declared, e.g., when concentration for lactose ranged from  No interferences from
exceeds 1000 mg/kg product [26]. 0.05 mg/L to 80 mg/L. photometrically active
This analytical method presented components, as often
RESULTS observed with competing
here is straightforward and
accurately quantifies even lowest Sample preparation with either photometric methods
concentrations of lactose in milk and Carrez precipitation or Inline  Time and material saving easy
milk products. Dialysis were compared, and sample preparation

Eluent 400 mmol/L NaOH
Flow 0.5 mL/min
Temp 35 °C
Injection 10 µL
Detection flexIPAD
Amperometric signal of a low-lactose butter sample contaning residual lactose (0.4 mg/100 g). Injection was performed 29
after Inline Dialysis. Lactose was baseline separated from allo-lactose, epi-lactose, lactulose, and galactosyllactose.
RETURN TO TOP 29
Dairy
Carbohydrates in milk
and milk products

PREPARATION Results were obtained from a
Detailed and proper food labeling is
an increasing concern of regulatory  Milk powders, coffee creamer, successful participation in a
authorities and requested by many condensed milk, cream cheese, multilaboratory test (MLT) for
educated consumers. ISO processed cheese qualifying ISO 22184. The
22184:2021 describes an analytical amperometric detector cell with
 Extraction/Carrez precipitation
method for the quantification of six thin-layer geometry proved most
as per ISO 22184:2021
different mono- and disaccharides suitable for heavily loaded
(galactose, glucose, fructose,  Dilution 10– or 50–fold samples.
sucrose, lactose and maltose) in milk
MISP All analytes were precisely
and milk products with high quantified in seven blind MLT
performance anion exchange  Inline Dilution (optional)
duplicate samples. Further
chromatography with pulsed carbohydrates that might be
EXPERIMENTAL
amperometric detection (HPAEC- present in any sample (fucose,
PAD) [27]. In contrast to classical Samples were separated on a
melibiose, trehalose, lactulose,
standard methods describing the Metrosep Carb 2 column with a
and isomaltulose) were well
determination of a single binary high-pressure gradient.
separated from the six
carbohydrate in a certain food After post-column addition of
carbohydrates of interest.
matrix, this method covers the six NaOH (0.3 mol/L) carbohydrates
most important carbohydrates were detected with an optimized BENEFITS
(galactose, glucose, fructose, wave form in PAD mode.
 Compliance with ISO
sucrose, lactose, maltose) in different Calibration was from
22184:2021
matrices with a single analysis. 0.52–260 mg/L for glucose,
galactose, fructose, sucrose,  One method is suitable for
This method determines the
lactose, and maltose. Arabinose different milk products
carbohydrate composition in milk
was added to each sample and  Minimal maintenance required
and milk products in accordance
used as internal standard (end to clean auxiliary and working
with ISO 22184:2021.
concentration 35 µg/L). electrode

Eluent A: ultra pure water
B: 0.4 mol NaOH +
2.0 mmol/L NaOAc
Flow 0.8 mL/min
Temp 25 °C
Injection 5 µL
Amperometric signal (current) of a cream cheese sample, containing the major carbohydrates galactose 30
(0.393 g/100g), glucose (0.384 g/100g), and lactose (2.316 g/100g). Fructose, sucrose and maltose were below the
calibrated concentrations. Arabinose was used as internal standard.
RETURN TO TOP 30
Dairy
Iodide in milk
SUMMARY SAMPLES AND SAMPLE methanol with a Metrohm

PREPARATION Dosino.
Iodine is an essential mineral to
humans. The most important  Organic or standard whole RESULTS
function of iodine in the human milks, containing 3.5% fat
The concentrations of free iodide
body is its role in the production of  20–fold dilution in water (2.5 g ranged from 23.4 µg/L to
thyroid hormones. These hormones milk per 50 g) 140.8 µg/L. Spiking tests showed
are especially important for brain
recoveries of 92–110% for iodide
and neural development in infancy. MISP
within the calibrated range.
Major natural sources of iodine are  Inline Dialysis
seafood, eggs, and dairy products. BENEFITS
Iodine deficiency and excess both  Inline Dilution (optional)
cause adverse health effects. Thus,  Straightforward sample
EXPERIMENTAL preparation without Carrez
WHO gives recommendations for
the total daily intake per age (e.g., Dialyzed samples were separated precipitation
150 µg/day for adults) [28]. If iodine on a Metrosep A Supp 17 column  Efficient clean up of samples
is added during food manufacturing, within 10 minutes. The from fats, proteins, and other
it must be listed on the Nutrition amperometric detection of iodide higher molecular weight
Facts label (FDA) [29]. was executed with direct current compounds with Low Volume
within a range of 2–50 µg/L. Inline Dialysis
The presented IC method excels with
Electrodes were automatically
simple and time-saving sample  Precise determination of
cleaned after each injection («CV
preparation. Low Volume Inline iodide in milk products in the
treatment», patent filed) with
Dialysis requires small sample µg/L range
flexIPAD cleaning. The sample
volumes and provides for an
path was kept clean by rinsing it  Less maintenance of electrodes
automatic clean-up. Maintenance is
with methanol (10% v/v). The due to automatic cleaning
minimized as the sample flow path
solution was automatically cycles with «CV treatment»
as well as electrodes are cleaned
prepared from water and (patent filed)
automatically after each injection.

Eluent 60 mmol NaOH +
20 mmol/L NaOAC
Flow 0.6 mL/min
Temp 35 °C Spiked sample
Injection 80 µL
Sample
Detection DC, 0.05 V
Overlay of a chromatogram from a milk sample (20–fold dilution), containing 148 µg/L iodide (lower chromatogram), 31
and from a milk sample spiked with 100 µg/L iodide (upper chromatogram). The recovery was 102%.
RETURN TO TOP 31
Dairy
Nitrite and nitrate in
milk products
SUMMARY SAMPLES AND SAMPLE cheese samples were further

PREPARATION diluted (2–100-fold). Spiking tests
In higher concentrations, nitrite can
with nitrate and nitrite (0.1 mg/L
react to form carcinogenic  Milk powder, whey, and
each) showed recoveries of
nitrosamines or influence the oxygen cheese
90–120%. Milk samples
transport in blood, causing  1 g sample in ≈60 mL water is contained <0.5 mg nitrite and
methemoglobinemia. Sources for heated at 45 °C for 20 min. between 0.5–5 mg nitrate per
nitrate and nitrite in milk are milk Afterwards, the volume is 100 g. Optionally, a UV/VIS
powder preservatives, contaminated adjusted to 100 mL Detector can be placed in series
animal feed, or fertilizers. Currently,
after the conductivity detector for
legal limits are not defined for nitrite MISP
more sensitive detection of
and nitrate in milk. However, the
 Inline Dialysis nitrite, nitrate, and bromide.
Expert Committee from WHO (World
Especially, as chloride is not UV
Health Organization) and FAO (Food EXPERIMENTAL
active, this is preferable for
and Agriculture Organization)
After Inline Dialysis, analytes are samples with high chloride
recommends an acceptable daily
separated on a Metrosep contents in the matrix.
intake per kg body weight of 0.07
A Supp 5 column using a Dose-in
mg for nitrite and BENEFITS
gradient (A: 2.0 mmol Na2CO3 +
3.7 mg for nitrate [30].
2.0 mmol/L NaHCO3 + 2.5%  Straightforward sample
IC with Metrohm Inline Dialysis and acetone; B: 20.0 mmol Na2CO3 + preparation, no need for
suppressed conductivity detection 2.0 mmol/L NaHCO3 + 2.5% sample preparation cartridges
offers a straightforward analytical acetone). Calibration ranged
technique to analyze the content of  Less consumables and less time
from 0.05 to 25 mg/L for all
nitrate and nitrite in various milk due to Inline Dialysis
analytes.
products. Other anions like chloride,  Dose-in gradient to accelerate
phosphate, sulfate, or citrate can be RESULTS late-eluting peaks
quantified in the same run. Milk samples were directly  Robust and easy-to-handle
injected, whereas the whey and method for anions in milk

(Na2CO3 + NaHCO3 +
acetone)
Flow 0.7 mL/min
Temp 40 °C
Injection 20 µL
Suppressed conductivity signal for the analysis of a milk powder sample, containing chloride (11.5 mg/100 g), phosphate 32
(104.0 mg/100 g), and citrate (63.3 mg/100 g) as major inorganic anions, as well as nitrate (0.2 mg/100 g) and sulfate
(2.6 mg/100 g). Nitrite was less than 0.5 mg/100 g.
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Dairy
Choline in infant
formula milk powder
SUMMARY SAMPLES AND SAMPLE analysis of standard material NIST

PREPARATION SRM 1849a is recommended.
Choline is a water-soluble
micronutrient, essential for humans  Infant-, children-, and RESULTS
and many other mammals. Choline pregnant/lactating women
phospholipids are necessary formula milk powder Nine samples of seven brands of
components in the cell membranes milk powder were analyzed. They
 Acidic hydolysis of 5 g sample complied with the requirements
for the transmission of nerve signals with 30 mL HCl (1 mol/L) at
to the brain, i.e., for mental fitness for 50–400 mg choline per 100 g.
70 °C for 3 hrs. Repeatability of 200 samples
and physical performance.
 Centrifugation (10,000 rpm), showed RSDs <3% RSD. LOQ was
Due to its nutritional importance, filtration (0.22 µm), pH 1.02 mg/100g. Within a method
choline is a common supplement in adjustment to 2–7 (50% verification of AOAC SMPR
various infant formulas. AOAC and NaOH), and dilution 2012.013, five independent
GB have proposed chromatographic laboratories achieved
methods for its quantification [31, MISP comparable results (<10% RSD
32]. Sample preparation involves between results).
 Inline Dilution (optional)
acidic hydrolysis to release bound
choline from e.g., lecithin and  Inline Ultrafiltration (optional) BENEFITS
sphingomyelin and enables the  Compliance with method
EXPERIMENTAL
detection of total choline. AOAC SMPR 2012.013
Choline was separated as cation
In line with AOAC SMPR 2012.013,  Inline sample preparation
on the high-capacity Metrosep
the IC method shows the possible
C 6 column using isocratic
determination of choline after
conditions. It elutes after  Robust and easy-to-handle
isocratic elution by conductivity
13 minutes and was detected setup with isocratic elution
detection. Even with non-suppressed
with direct conductivity. For and non-suppressed
conductivity, the detection of
quality checks and validation, conductivity
choline showed to be sensitive,
robust and easy.
Metrosep C 6 - 150/4.0
Choline
Eluent 6.0 mmol/L HNO3 +

5% acetone
Flow 0.9 mL/min
Temp 30 °C
Injection 20 µL
Non-suppressed conductivity signal of a milk powder sample, containing 20 mg/L choline. Sample preparation and 33
analysis was performed according to requirements for AOAC 2012.013.
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Further
applications in
brief
Analytes Matrix Technique Advantages
Anions, e.g., chloride, Fruit juice IC with Metrohm Inline Dilution Optimized settings, e.g., adjustment of the sample
nitrate, sulfate concentrates Technique (MIDT) and Inline needle depth in a zone without pulp to avoid filter
Ultrafiltration (UF) clogging.
Cations, e.g., Mineral water IC with Metrohm intelligent Non-suppressed conductivity is a robust and easy
ammonium, Preconcentration Technique technique, compared to suppressed cation analysis.
manganese, sodium, (MiPCT) MiPCT guarantees low detection limits and. The
potassium system is automatically calibrated with one standard
solution.
Food preservatives, Flavored bottled IC with conductivity detection Solvent extractions or sample derivatization is not
e.g., sorbate and water after inverse suppression necessary, in contrast to many GC methods. Counter
benzoate cations can be determined with a second analysis
channel.
Chloride, nitrite, Whey, cheese, IC with Inline Dialysis as Gradient for optimal separation of all components in a
nitrate, phosphate, milk powder automatic sample preparation single analysis.
sulfate, citrate
Melamine Milk powder IC with Inline Dialysis and UV/VIS The technique is specific for melamine, in contrast to
detection the non-specific nitrogen determination according to
Kjeldahl. Illegal melamine addition is recognized.
Complex GC/MS or LC/MS methods are not necessary.
Fructans Infant formula IC with a flow gradient and The method works without any additional sample
pulsed amperometric detection derivatization. Thanks to the flow-gradient, only one
(PAD) eluent and one high-pressure pump are necessary. The
method was validated by successful participation in
the multilaboratory trial for acceptance of ISO
22579/AOAC 2014.14).
Carbohydrates, e.g,. Soft drinks, e.g. IC with isocratic elution and PAD Simple and robust system setup.
glucose, fructose, cola
sucrose
34
RETURN TO TOP 34
Further applications in
brief (cont.)
Analytes Matrix Technique Advantages
Cations, e.g., lithium, Skimmed milk IC with Inline Dialysis and non- Fully automated Metrohm Inline Dialysis reduces
sodium, ammonium, suppressed conductivity manual sample preparation steps to a minimum.
potassium, detection
magnesium, calcium
Lactate and cations, Lactoserum IC with non-suppressed Separation and quantification of (anionic) lactate and
e.g., sodium, powder conductivity detection cations in a single run on the same analysis channel is
potassium, less complex than AAS or ICP/MS analysis.
magnesium, calcium
Thiocyanate Formulated milk IC with sequential suppressed The Metrohm Suppressor Module (MSM) shows
powder and liquid and conductivity detection outstanding performance, even when organic solvents
milk are present in the eluent (here: 5% acetone). The
setup guarantees stable results and robust long-time
performance.
Stabilizers and flavor Shrimp, seafood IC with Inline Ultrafiltration and This simple and robust method determines the
enhancers, e.g., Metrohm intelligent partial loop distribution of polyphosphate chain lengths, which
polyphosphates technique (MiPT) gives valuable information about sequestering and
(pyrophosphate, dispersing properties, whereas end-group titration
trimetaphosphate, methods only provide an average for polyphosphate
tripolyphosphate) chain lengths.
Clogging of the analytical system is excluded due to

Metrohm Inline Ultrafiltration.
Acrylamide Potato chips IC with mass spectrometric Coupling an IC with a mass detector guarantees
detection selective and sensitive detection of the analyte of
interest. Automated calibration is possible.
Sulfite Foodstuffs, e.g,. IC with amperometic detection This fast and accurate method is selective for sulfite
chickpeas, (DC mode) and automated and replaces labor-intensive solution extraction as
mustard, cherries, electrode cleaning sample preparation.
capers, canned
garlic, chili
pepper, red wine
35
RETURN TO TOP 35
IC compliance with norms

and standards
Standards are the basis of national laws
which give detailed instructions on the
analytical method requirements [33].
Analytes Matrix Norm or standard
Bromate Water ISO 15061: 2001 Water quality — Determination of dissolved bromate — Method by
liquid chromatography of ions
Bromate Water ISO 11206: 2011 Water quality — Determination of dissolved bromate — Method
using ion chromatography (IC) and post column reaction (PCR)
Bromide, bromate, chloride, Water EPA Method 300.1 Determination of inorganic anions in drinking water by ion
chlorite, chlorate, fluoride, chromatography
nitrate, nitrite, phosphate,
sulfate, dichloroacetate
Bromide, chloride, fluoride, Water ISO 10304-1: 2007 Water quality — Determination of dissolved anions by liquid
nitrate, nitrite, phosphate chromatography of ions — Part 1
and sulfate
Chlorate, chloride, chlorite Water ISO 10304-4: 1997 Water quality — Determination of dissolved anions by liquid
chromatography of ions — Part 4
Choline Infant Formula, AOAC Official Method 2012.20 Choline in infant formula and adult nutritionals ion
Adult Nutritionals chromatography and suppressed conductivity
Chromate, iodide, sulfite, Water ISO 10304-3: 1997 Water quality — Determination of dissolved anions by liquid
thiocyanate, thiosulfate chromatography of ions — Part 3
Chromium Water AOAC Official Method 993.23 Dissolved hexavalent chromium in water
Chromium Water DIN 38405-52 German standard methods for the examination of water, wastewater
and sludge – Anions (group D) – Part 52: Photometric Determination of dissolved
chromium(VI) in water (D 52)
Fluoride, chloride, nitrite, Water AOAC 993.30 Inorganic anions in water
nitrate, phosphate, sulfate
Fructans Foodstuff, e.g., AOAC Official Method 997.08 Fructans in food products
cheese spread,
chocolate, wine
gum, drink mix,
biscuits
Fructans, glucose, fructose Infant Formula, AOAC Official Method 2016.14 Fructans in infant formula and adult nutritionals [34]
Adult Nutritionals
Fructans, glucose, fructose Infant Formula, ISO 22579: Infant formula and adult nutritionals — Determination of fructans — High
Adult Nutritionals performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection
(HPAEC-PAD) after enzymatic treatment [34]
Galactose, glucose, fructose, Milk and milk ISO 22184: 2021 [IDF 244] Milk and milk products — Determination of the sugar
sucrose, lactose, maltose products contents — High performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed
amperometric detection method (HPAEC-PAD) [27]
Glucose, fructose Cane Sugar AOAC Official Method 2000.17 Determination of trace glucose and fructose in raw
cane sugar
Glucose, fructose Raw sugar or ICUMSA Method GS1/2/3-4 (1998) The Determination of glucose and fructose in raw
processed sugar and white sugars using high performance anion-exchange chromatography
(HPAEC) – official 36
RETURN TO TOP 36
IC compliance with norms

and standards (cont.)
Metrohm ion analysis also offers equipment
for titration and voltammetry, and pH value
measurement to fulfill standards for the
analysis of beverages.
Analytes, Matrix Norm or standard
Glucose, fructose, sucrose Cane and beet AOAC Official Method 996.04 Sugars in cane and beet final molasses
final molasses
Glucose, fructose, sucrose Cane juices, cane ICUMSA Method GS7/8/4-24 (2011) The determination of glucose, fructose and
syrups, cane and sucrose in cane juices, syrups and molasses and of sucrose in beet molasses by high
beet molasses performance ion chromatography – official method
Iodide Pasteurized liquid AOAC Official Method 992.22: Iodine (as iodide) in pasteurized liquid milk and skim
milk, skim milk milk powder
powder
Lactose Lactose-free and AOAC SMPR 2018.009 Standard Method Performance Requirements (SMPR®) for
low-lactose milk lactose in low-lactose or lactose-free milk, milk products and products containing
products dairy ingredients
Lithium, sodium, Water DIN EN ISO 14911 - 1999: Water quality - Determination of dissolved Li, Na,
ammonium, potassium, ammonium, K, Mn(II), Ca, Mg, Sr and Ba using ion chromatography
manganese, calcium,
magnesium, strontium,
barium
Mannitol, arabinose, Instant coffee AOAC Official Method 995.13 Carbohydrates in soluble (instant) coffee - anion-
galactose, glucose, exchange chromatographic method with pulsed amperometric detection
mannose, fructose, ribose,
xylose, sucrose, fucose
Mannitol, arabinose, Instant coffee DIN 10780 (2003)/ISO 11292: 1995 Instant coffee - Determination of free and total
glucose, galactose, sucrose, carbohydrate contents - method using high-performance anion-exchange
xylose, mannose, fructose chromatography
Mannitol, Glucose, Fructose, Beet juice and ICUMSA Method GS8-26 (2013) The determination of mannitol, glucose, fructose,
Sucrose cane juice sucrose and raffinose in beet brei and beet juices by HPAEC-PAD
Myo-Inositol Infant and AOAC Official Method 2011.18 Myo-inositol (free and bound as phosphatidylinositol)
pediatric formula, in infant and pediatric formula and adult nutritionals
adult nutritionals
Myo-Inositol Infant formula, ISO 20637: 2015 Infant formula and adult nutritionals — Determination of
adult nutritionals myoinositol by liquid chromatography and pulsed amperometry
Perchlorate Water ISO 19340: 2017 Water quality — Determination of dissolved perchlorate — Method
using ion chromatography (IC)
Polydextrose Various foodstuff AOAC official Method 2000.11 Polydextrose in food
Propionic acid Cheese ISO/TS 19046-2: 2017 Cheese — Determination of propionic acid level by
chromatography — Part 2: Method by ion exchange chromatography
Raffinose Beet molasses and ICUMSA Method GS4/8-19 (2005) The Determination of raffinose by high
beet sugar performance anion-exchange chromatography (HPAEC) – in impure beet sugar
products – official
Sulfite Brown Sugar ICUMSA Method GS 3-52 (2019) Sulfite as SO2 in brown sugars by the optimized
Monier-Williams and HPIC single method
Trans- Foodstuff, e.g., AOAC Official Method 2001.02: Determination of trans-galactooligosaccharides
Galactooligosaccharides custard, cereal, (TGOS) in selected food products 37
(TGOS) yogurt drink,
biscuits, syrup
RETURN TO TOP 37
Time and money savers – Food analytics is a wide and comprehensive

automation and area. Samples are very complex, as are their
processing and analysis.
Metrohm Inline Sample Automation and MISP help to save valuable
Preparation (MISP) laboratory time during processing, while
increasing precision and robustness of results.
Real-world samples not only contain the target components, but also matrix components which
can be aggressive and affect and degrade the system, leading to clogging or precipitation in the
system. Therefore, proper sample preparation is essential for reliable and accurate analysis and
for protection of the column and system. Metrohm offers a variety of automated Inline Sample
Preparation Techniques (MISP), are fully integrated into the system sparing the user from tedious
manual work and saving a substantial amount of time.
INLINE ULTRAFILTRATION INLINE DIALYSIS

… is a fast and cost-effective alternative to manual … is the answer to complex sample matrices. This
filtration with cartridges and syringes. The frequent technique separates not only particles from their
replacement of filters after each single injection or analytes, but also colloids, oil components, and large
manual filtration make this process costly, time molecules. Samples containing proteins can be
consuming and wasteful. injected directly after Inline Dialysis, which saves time-
Metrohm Inline Ultrafiltration is a fully automated consuming manual steps such as the removal of
solution, using membrane filters with a pore size of proteins with Carrez precipitation.
0.2 µm. They can be applied to multiple samples,
standards, and blanks with a carryover of < 0.1%.
Applications: Concentrated fruit and vegetable juices,
dairy products and other protein-containing samples,
Applications: Diluted fruit and vegetable juices, e.g., flour and honey, emulsions, dispersions, oil-
drinking water, extracts, digestion solutions, and containing samples, fermentation samples, and
samples slightly or moderately contaminated with samples heavily contaminated with particles, algae, or
particles, algae, or bacteria. bacteria.
Acceptor
solution
Sample side
Metrohm Ultrafiltration cell 2: The two parts of the

Ultrafiltration cell are separated by a filter membrane. On one Stopped-Flow Dialysis: Sample is continuously pumped on the
side, the sample is carried through the cell at a constant flow sample side. After rinsing, the acceptor stream is stopped. Due
rate. On the other side, some of the sample is drawn off to a concentration gradient, the ions pass through the
through the membrane and transported to the injection valve. membrane until an equilibrium between acceptor and original 38
The formation of filter cake is prevented by continuous flushing solution is reached. Afterwards, the acceptor solution is injected
of particles out of the cell at a high flow rate. directly into the IC.
RETURN TO TOP 38
Time and money savers – Automation and logical features support

automation and reliability and accuracy of the results by
omitting manual error-prone steps.
Metrohm Inline Sample
Preparation (MISP)
Dilution is a routine procedure in sample analysis. It is still often performed manually and
therefore is error-prone and time-consuming. The Metrohm Inline Dilution Technique (MIDT) or
Metrohm intelligent Partial Loop Technique (MiPT) offer a precise, accurate, and fully automated
alternative to manual dilution as well as the solution for automated calibration of the system
over several orders of magnitude regarding concentrations of target analytes. The software
MagIC Net can handle logical decision, a way to further optimize sample processing.
MIDT The system automatically calculates the optimum
dilution factor and analyzes the sample. Thus, your
… provides automatic dilution of the sample
results are always reliable, because they are
depending on either a predefined or an automatically
always within the calibration range.
calculated optimum dilution factor (Logical Inline
Dilution). Standards can also be diluted. The system MiPT
dilutes the standard with different dilution factors … automatically adjusts the injection volume to
and thus carries out multi-point calibration. Sample the concentration of the sample. This technique
concentrations in the range of 1:10,000 can be ensures that the results are always within the
analyzed reliably with a single automated calibration. calibration range. Injection volumes of anything
MIDT can be combined with Inline Ultrafiltration and between 2 and 200 µL are possible. The optimum
Inline Dialysis. injection volume is automatically calculated,
making it possible to cover a very wide range of
sample concentrations. Furthermore, this
LOGICAL INLINE DILUTION technique is almost free of any carryover
A further advantage of Metrohm IC is Logical Inline (<0.001%), enabling sequential analysis in the
Dilution. The sample just needs to be placed on the mg/L and µg/L range.
autosampler and the analysis is started. MiPT is characterized by outstanding linearity over
the entire volume range. For this reason, this
technique can also be used for automatic
calibrations using a single multi-component
standard.
Learn more about Metrohm’s automation and

sample preparation:
• Monograph: Sample Preparation

Techniques for Ion Chromatography
• Brochure: Metrohm Inline Sample
Preparation – IC analyses as simple as
possible
Logical dilution: If the sample concentration is outside the • Automation in ion chromatography – Save
calibration range, it is diluted with the optimum dilution factor 39
time and money through fully automated
and analyzed again. Hence, your results are always within the
calibration range.
sample preparation and analysis
RETURN TO TOP 39
Learn more about IC

IC in brief
From routine IC analysis to research and development,

and from stand-alone analyzers to fully automated
systems: Metrohm offers solutions for automated IC
including inline sample preparation and separation
columns for anions, cations, and carbohydrates in
almost any sample matrix. Data integrity is
guaranteed.
Monograph Ion Chromatography
Monograph – Practical Ion Chromatography – An
Introduction
Monograph: Sample Preparation Techniques for Ion
Chromatography
A 3-year instrument warranty and 10-year warranty

on our anion suppressor say it all about the robust
Swiss quality of our high-pressure ion
chromatographs (HPIC).
Brochure: Suppression in anion chromatography –
More sensitive analysis of anions and organic acids
STREAM – the green way of suppression
Ion analysis with Metrohm:

 High-performance IC systems
 Complete automation for high sample throughput
 Highest sensitivity for lowest detection limits
 Compant with GLP and the FDA regulations
 Wide range of detection options including
conductivity, UV/VIS, amperometry, ...
40
RETURN TO TOP 40
Detection
Detection techniques
techniques
Conductivity
Conductivity
IC Conductivity
IC Conductivity DetectorDetector
AlmostAlmost everycompound
every ionic ionic compound
gives agives a signal
signal with conductivity
with conductivity detection.
detection. A conductivity
A conductivity detector
detector is a univer
is a universal
detector
detector for multi-ion
for multi-ion analysisanalysis
in foodin and
foodbeverage
and beverage
samples.samples. It isdetector
It is the the detector of choice
of choice when when using
using IC as IC
separation technique. The intelligent high-performance conductivity detector from Metrohm excels exc
separation technique. The intelligent high-performance conductivity detector from Metrohm
with robustness
with robustness and low
and a very a very low baseline
baseline noise
noise of less of less0.2
than than 0.2 nS/cm
nS/cm under standard
under standard operation
operation conditions.
conditions.
Low maintenance
 Lowmaintenance costs
costs and andlifetime
long long lifetime
 Robust
 Robust Swiss quality
Swiss quality
 Highest
 Highest sensitivity
sensitivity for lowest
for lowest detection
detection limits limits
 For routine
 For routine analyses
analyses and research
and research applications
applications in theto
in the ng/L- ng/L- to %-range
%-range
Detection
Detection techniques
techniques
UV/VIS
UV/VIS detection
detection
947 Professional
947 Professional UV/VIS Detector
UV/VIS Detector
UV/VISUV/VIS detection
detection enablesenables
reliablereliable and accurate
and accurate quantification
quantification of substances
of substances that absorb
that absorb light inlight in the ultraviolet
the ultraviolet or
visible range. IC applications with UV/VIS detection from the food and beverage sector often involve samples with w
visible range. IC applications with UV/VIS detection from the food and beverage sector often involve samples
salty matrices.
salty matrices. Since chloride
Since chloride from
from salt saltnot
does does not major
cause cause interferences
major interferences with UV/VIS
with UV/VIS detection
detection it is suitable
it is suitable for
e.g., determination
e.g., determination of nitrate
of nitrate and in
and nitrite nitrite in sausages.
sausages.
With additional
With additional pre-column
pre-column or post-column
or post-column reaction
reaction (PCR) additional
(PCR) many many additional substances
substances can becan be transformed
transformed into i
UV-active or VIS-active molecules, which makes these substances also detectable.
UV-active or VIS-active molecules, which makes these substances also detectable.
The intelligent
The intelligent multi-wavelength
multi-wavelength detector
detector from Metrohm
from Metrohm has several
has several wavelengths
wavelengths that
that can becan be selected.
freely freely selected
A
diodeisarray
diode array usedisfor
used for detection.
detection.
41
RETURN TO TOP 41
Detection
Detection
techniques
techniques
Amperometry
Amperometry
Wall-JetWall-Jet
Cell with
Cell
electrodes
with electrodes
for amperometric
for amperometric
detection
detection
IC equipped
IC equipped with
with an an amperometric
amperometric detector
detector opensopens the to
the door door to analyze
analyze almostalmost anythat
any ions ions can
thatbe
can be oxidized
oxidized or
reduced,
reduced, e.g., e.g., carbohydrates,
carbohydrates, glycosides,
glycosides, fructans,
fructans, alcohols,
alcohols, amines,
amines, aminoamino
acids, acids, phenols,
phenols, organosulf
organosulfur
compounds,
compounds, cyanide,
cyanide, sulfide,
sulfide, ascorbic
ascorbic acid, vitamins
acid, vitamins and many
and many more.more.
The analysis
The analysis of carbohydrates
of carbohydrates (sugars)
(sugars) is of isparticular
of particular interest
interest because
because not is
not only only
theis total
the total
sugarsugar conte
content
determined,
determined, butdistribution
but the the distribution and amount
and amount of distinct
of distinct carbohydrates
carbohydrates canbe
can also also be analyzed.
analyzed. The amperomet
The amperometric
detector
detector from from
MetrohmMetrohm
has ahas a three-electrode
three-electrode configuration
configuration that that ensures
ensures excellent
excellent signal-to-noise
signal-to-noise levels.leve
Numerous
Numerous electrodes
electrodes and accessories
and accessories are available
are available to fit
to fit for for every
every application
application need.need.
Amperometric
Amperometric detection
detection is muchis much
more more sensitive
sensitive than than refractive
refractive index index detection,
detection, whichwhich
allowsallows the injection
the injection of
highlyhighly diluted
diluted samplessamples in order
in order to the
to keep keepsystem
the system
clean clean and safeguard
and safeguard uninterrupted
uninterrupted operation
operation of theofsystem
the system
for f
a longaperiod
long period of time.
of time. The system
The system has self-monitoring
has self-monitoring functionalities
functionalities for fullfor full traceability
traceability and toand to minimize
minimize theofrisk
the risk
operating
operating errors.errors.
945 Professional
945 Professional
Detector
Detector
Vario –Vario
Conductivity
– Conductivity
& Amperometry
& Amperometry
Cardiovascular
Cardiovascular
diseases,
diseases,
obesity,
obesity,
and diabetes
and diabetes
are the
aremajor
the major
causescauses
of death
of death
in ourinsociety.
our society.
They are
Theyconnected
are connected
to
our nutritional
our nutritional
practice.
practice.
WHO WHOrecommends
recommendsrestricting
restricting
the intake
the intake
of freeof sugars
free sugars
(monosaccharides
(monosaccharidesand an
disaccharides)
disaccharides)
to lesstothan
less 10%
than of
10%total
of energy
total energy
intakeintake
in order
in order
to reduce
to reduce
the risk
theofrisk
noncommunicable
of noncommunicable diseases
diseas
(NCD),(NCD),
with awith
particular
a particular
focus focus
on theonprevention
the prevention
and control
and control
of unhealthy
of unhealthy
weight weight
gain andgaintooth
and tooth
decaydecay
[35]. Even
[35]. Eve
in Switzerland,
in Switzerland,
daily daily
consumption
consumption
of free
of sugars
free sugars
per person
per person
per day
per isday
about
is about
five times
five times
higherhigher
than than
the th
recommended
recommended
intakeintake
[36]. [36].
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
of healthy
of healthy
products
products
relies relies
on dedicated
on dedicated
analysis
analysis
of foodstuffs
of foodstuffs
for quality
for quality
controlcontrol
duringduring
the th
production
production
process.
process.
Detailed
Detailed
food labeling
food labeling
can helpcanto
help
increase
to increase
awareness
awareness
and enable
and enable
consumers
consumers
to make
to make
healthyhealth
decisions.
decisions.
Metrohm
Metrohm
IC offers
IC offers
analytical
analytical
solutions
solutions
to tackle
to tackle
these these
challenges
challenges
in thein
food
the and
foodbeverage
and beverage
industries.
industries.
42
RETURN TO TOP 42
References
References
[1] FAO[1](Food
FAOand(Food
Agriculture
and Agriculture
Organization
Organization
of the United
of the United
NationsNations
) (2005),
) (2005),
Codex general
Codex general
standard
standard
for for
fruit juices
fruitand
juices
nectars
and nectars
(CODEX(CODEX
STAN 247-2005),
STAN 247-2005),
www.fao.org/input/download/standards/CXS_247e
www.fao.org/input/download/standards/CXS_247e
(accessed(accessed
Apr 1, 2021).
Apr 1, 2021).
[2] Nakakuki,
[2] Nakakuki,
T. (2002),
T. (2002),
PresentPresent
status and
status
future
and of
future
functional
of functional
oligosaccharide
oligosaccharide
development
development
in Japan,
in Japan,
Pure and
Pure
Applied
and Applied
Chemistry.
Chemistry.
74 (7): 1245–1251,
74 (7): 1245–1251,
doi:10.1351/pac200274071245.
doi:10.1351/pac200274071245.
S2CID 35500606
S2CID 35500606
(accessed
(accessed
Apr 1, 2021).
Apr 1, 2021).
[3] EFSA
[3](European
EFSA (European
Food Safety
Food Authority
Safety Authority
), Aspartame,
), Aspartame,
www.efsa.europa.eu/en/topics/topic/aspartame
www.efsa.europa.eu/en/topics/topic/aspartame
(accessed
(accessed
Apr 1, 2021).
Apr 1, 2021).
[4] WHO
[4](World
WHO (World
Health Health
Organization)
Organization)
Technical
Technical
Report Report
Series 837
Series
(Geneva
837 (Geneva
1993), Evaluation
1993), Evaluation
of certain
of certain
food additives
food additives
and contaminants,
and contaminants,
WHO_TRS_837.pdf;
WHO_TRS_837.pdf;
(accessed
(accessed
Apr 1, 2021).
Apr 1, 2021).
[5] Morrison,
[5] Morrison,
O. (2020),
O. (2020),
Food standards
Food standards
agencies
agencies
rule outrule
aspartame
out aspartame
bans asbans
scientists
as scientists
warn ofwarn
‘adverse
of ‘adverse
effects’effects’
on consumers,
on consumers,
foodnavigator.com
foodnavigator.com
https://www.foodnavigator.com/Article/2020/11/13/Food-
https://www.foodnavigator.com/Article/2020/11/13/Food-
standards-agencies-rule-out-aspartame-bans-as-scientists-warn-of-adverse-effect-on-consumers
standards-agencies-rule-out-aspartame-bans-as-scientists-warn-of-adverse-effect-on-consumers(accessed
(accessed
Apr 1, 2021).
Apr 1, 2021).
[6] Bernadene,
[6] Bernadene,
A. et al.A.(2017),
et al. (2017),
Critical Critical
review review
of the current
of the current
literature
literature
on the on
safety
theof
safety
sucralose,
of sucralose,
Food andFood and
Chemical
Chemical
Toxicology
Toxicology
106 (A),106 324-355.
(A), 324-355.
[7] Friedman,
[7] Friedman,
M. A. (1998),
M. A. (1998),
Lead Deputy
Lead Deputy
Commissioner
Commissioner
for the for
FDA,the
Food
FDA,Additives
Food Additives
Permitted
Permitted
for Direct
for Direct
AdditionAddition
to Foodtofor
Food
Human
for Human
Consumption;
Consumption;
Sucralose
Sucralose
FederalFederal
Register:
Register:
21 CFR 21
Part
CFR172,
Part
Docket
172, Docket
No. 87F-No. 87F-
0086. 0086.
[8] US FDA
[8] US
(USFDA
Food
(USand
Food
Drug
andAdministration)
Drug Administration)
(2006),(2006),
Food labeling:
Food labeling:
health claims;
health claims;
dietarydietary
noncariogenic
noncariogenic
carbohydrate
carbohydrate
sweeteners
sweeteners
and dental
and caries,
dental Federal
caries, Federal
Register.
Register.
71 (60):71
15559–64.
(60): 15559–64.
PMID 16572525.
PMID 16572525.
[9] US FDA
[9] US
(USFDA
Food
(USand
FoodDrug
andAdministration)
Drug Administration)
(2019),(2019),
Detention
Detention
withoutwithout
physicalphysical
examination
examination
of Stevia
of Stevia
leaves, leaves,
crude extracts
crude extracts
of Stevia
ofleaves
Stevia and
leaves
foods
andcontaining
foods containing
Stevia leaves
Stevia and/or
leaves and/or
Stevia extracts,
Stevia extracts,
Import Import
Alert 45-06.
Alert 45-06.
[10] WHO
[10](World
WHO (World
Health Health
Organization)
Organization)
(2005),(2005),
BromateBromate
in Drinking-water,
in Drinking-water,
Background
Background
documentdocument
for for
development
development
of WHOofGuidelines
WHO Guidelines
for Drinking-water
for Drinking-water
Quality,Quality,
WHO/SDE/WSH/05.08/78
WHO/SDE/WSH/05.08/78
www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/bromate260505.pdf
www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/bromate260505.pdf (accessed
(accessed
Apr 1, 2021).
Apr 1, 2021).
[11] WHO
[11](World
WHO (World
Health Health
Organization)
Organization)
(2005),(2005),
Glyphosate
Glyphosate
and AMPA
and in
AMPA
Drinking-water,
in Drinking-water,
Background
Background
document
document
for development
for development
of WHOofGuidelines
WHO Guidelines
for Drinking-water
for Drinking-water
Quality,Quality,
WHO/SDE/WSH/03.04/97,
WHO/SDE/WSH/03.04/97,
IARC Monographs
IARC Monographs
Vol. 112:
Vol.
evaluation
112: evaluation
of five organophosphate
of five organophosphate
insecticides
insecticides
and herbicides
and herbicides
https://www.iarc.who.int/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/MonographVolume112-1.pdf
https://www.iarc.who.int/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/MonographVolume112-1.pdf (accessed
(accessed
Apr 1, Apr 1,
2021). 2021).
[12] US[12]
EPAUS(USEPA
Environmental
(US Environmental
Protection
Protection
Agency) Agency)
(2019),(2019),
EPA Takes
EPANext
Takes
Step
Next
in Step
Review
in Review
ProcessProcess
for for
Herbicide
Herbicide
Glyphosate,
Glyphosate,
Reaffirms
Reaffirms
No RiskNo
to Risk
Public
toHealth,
Public Health,
News Releases
News Releases
from Headquarters
from Headquarters
on Chemical
on Chemical
Safety and
Safety
Pollution
and Pollution
Prevention
Prevention
https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-takes-next-step-review-process-
https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-takes-next-step-review-process-
herbicide-glyphosate-reaffirms-no-risk-public-health
herbicide-glyphosate-reaffirms-no-risk-public-health
(accessed
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Ion chromatography for

food & beverage analysis

BROUGHT TO YOU BY INDEPENDENT SCIENCE PUBLISHER IN PARTNERSHIP WITH

How do you analyze carbohydrates, Contents

• Automation & Metrohm Inline

To meet these regulations, fast, robust, preparation procedures such as dialysis,

Why choosing ion IC is a robust and time-saving technique for

Hyphenated analytical techniques

Metrosep Carb 2 - 250/4.0

SUMMARY SAMPLES AND SAMPLE RESULTS

Metrosep Carb 2 - 150/4.0

SUMMARY SAMPLES AND SAMPLE RESULTS

Metrosep Carb 2 - 150/4.0

SUMMARY MISP sensitive detection of all

Metrosep Carb 2 - 250/4.0

Metrosep Carb 2 - 250/4.0

Eluent Dose-in gradient

Flow 0.7 mL/min

Metrosep A Supp 10 - 75/4.0

All four sweeteners showed signals Conductivity

SUMMARY SAMPLES AND SAMPLE dilution factors to this solution.

Metrosep A Supp 17 - 100/4.0

Luna® 5 µm C18(2) 100 Å

SUMMARY SAMPLES AND SAMPLE logical dilutions, saving lab work

BENEFITS  High-low calibration for

 Samples with results outside  Sulfite, a common preservative

Metrosep A Supp 10 - 100/4.0

SUMMARY SAMPLES AND SAMPLE between 4 and 200 µL (MiPT)

Metrosep A Supp 7 - 250/4.0

SUMMARY SAMPLES AND SAMPLE of each compound showed 3.3%

Metrosep Carb 2 - 100/4.0

Metrosep A Supp 10 - 100/4.0

Metrosep A Supp 7 - 250/4.0

Metrosep C Supp 1 - 150/4.0

Additives, preservatives, nutrients

SUMMARY SAMPLES AND SAMPLE nitrate 0.05–5.00 mg/L. A wide

Metrosep A Supp 7 - 250/4.0 +

Metrosep A Supp 5 - 50/4.0

Additives, preservatives, nutrients

SUMMARY SAMPLES AND SAMPLE 1:50 ( concentration range for

Metrosep A Supp 17 - 100/4.0

Additives, preservatives, nutrients

SUMMARY SAMPLES AND SAMPLE offers a command «CV

Metrosep Carb 2 - 150/4.0

Eluent 300 mmol/L NaOH +

Additives, preservatives, nutrients

SUMMARY SAMPLES AND SAMPLE Metrohm IC where it is analyzed.

Metrosep A Supp 5 - 150/4.0

Additives, preservatives, nutrients

SUMMARY SAMPLES AND SAMPLE RESULTS

Metrosep A Supp 7 - 250/4.0

Eluent 3.6 mmol/L Na2CO3

Additives, preservatives, nutrients

SUMMARY SAMPLES AND SAMPLE RESULTS

Metrosep A Supp 5 - 250/4.0

Chromatogram of the UV signal of a wheat powder sample, containing 89 mg/kg iodate. 27

Additives, preservatives, nutrients

SUMMARY SAMPLES AND SAMPLE RESULTS

Metrosep A Supp 7 - 250/4.0

Metrosep Carb 2 - 250/4.0

SUMMARY SAMPLES AND SAMPLE RESULTS

Metrosep Carb 2 - 250/4.0

SUMMARY SAMPLES AND SAMPLE methanol with a Metrohm

• Automation & Metrohm Inline