EXPERIMENTAL REPORT

PROCESSES IN FOOD ENGINEERING II

HÀ NỘI 06/2023

TABLE OF CONTENT
I. Overview of double pipe heat exchanger….………………………………………….2
II. Series and Parallel heat exchanger.………………………………………………...…4
III. Co-current and Counter heat exchanger…………………….……………………….8
I. Overview of double pipe heat exchanger
1. Four principles

 4 principles
- Safety principle: the higher-pressure fluids go inside the tube-side because
if the two tubes are of the same thickness, the smaller diameter pipe can
withstand higher pressure.
- Hygiene principle: Dirtier, easier to deposit fluids will go inside tube-side
because the segments of the tube-side can be removed easily and cleaned.
- Energy saving principle: the fluids with higher temperature difference with
the environment go inside tube-side to avoid heat loss to the outside
environment (higher temperature flow going inside is wrong).
- Corrosion principle: more corrosive fluids go inside tube-side so that if the
tube is damaged, only the inner tube will be damaged, if the corrosive flow
goes outside, the whole system will be damaged.
- In case the rules violate each other, it is necessary to determine which
principle decides for the device to work and find the appropriate solution.
 Example:
- If you want to distill a fermented solution such as ripe vinegar solution
(ripe vinegar is starch that is gelatinized and then fermented, so it is easy to
have residues and stains; it fermented into alcohol, so the acidity is not
high), before the ripe vinegar is put into the distillation device, it is
 necessary to raise the temperature from 20 ℃ to 90 ℃ by using saturated
steam 120-125 ℃, so we have:
- Ripe vinegar (fermentation solution): 25 ℃
- Steam (saturated steam): 125 ℃ and 2.5 atm
- In reality: vinegar is tube-side and water steam is shell-side;
- Because the joint is welded so if the dirty stream is outside, there will be
residue and cannot be cleaned, and when the vinegar is in the tube-side, we
can remove the flange to clean the pipe.
- In this case, we can thicken the outer tube shell while increasing the outer
insulation thickness to ensure the equipment is usable and the shelf life is
extended.

2. Structure and working principles

 Structure: 2 interlocking tubes: 2 tubes of different sizes interlocking; each

segment of the pipe (a unit) is connected by a flange (round metal surface
with holes for mounting bolts) so the segments can be disassembled
individually.
 Working principle: 2 flows transfer heat to each other through the surface of
the heat transfer tube.
 Compare with plate heat exchanger:
- In plate heat exchanger: the hot and cold space is the same and equal to the
distance between the 2 plates so there is no priority between the flows.
- In the double pipe heat exchanger: the heat transfer space is different: 1
flow inside a small tube or tube-side and 1 flow outside the small tube and
inside a large tube or shell-tube.

3. Advantages and disadvantages of double pipe heat exchanger

 Advantages
- Easy to change the heat transfer surface area: The system is connected by
flanges, so it is easy to add or remove segments of the tubes.

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 - Change the efficiency by changing the way the tubes are installed: parallel
connection when you need to increase productivity (run more branches at
the same time and increase productivity), series connection when you need
to increase the temperature difference between inlet and outlet output of
the line.
- The heat transfer coefficient is relatively large (lower than the plate heat
exchanger) because the flow goes in the small diameter tube (30-50mm),
the heat transfer thickness is not too large.
- Easy to clean, easy to disassemble.
- Suitable for continuous work.
- Better pressure resistance than thin plate because it is round tubes.
- Less clogged, dirty lines go through well.
 Disadvantages:
- Very bulky, between pipes need flanges, interlocking pipes.

II. Series and Parallel heat exchanger

1. Aim of experiment:

 Consolidate knowledge about structure and operating principle of heat

exchanger.
 Understand the operation of a basic heat exchanger system.
 Know how to measure and collect process parameters.
 Evaluation of the heat exchanger efficiency of series and parallel fluid.

2. Measuring the fluid flow in series

 Principle:
- In a series arrangement, the hot fluid passes through one heat exchanger
first and then flows through the second exchanger. The cold fluid passes
through the second exchanger first and then flows through the first
exchanger.
 Remark:

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 - Increased heat transfer capacity: The series arrangement allows for a
higher temperature difference between the hot and cold fluids in each heat
exchanger. This can result in improved heat transfer rates, particularly if
one fluid requires a larger temperature change than the other.
- Redundancy: By utilizing the temperature difference effectively, a series
arrangement can potentially achieve higher overall heat transfer efficiency.
 Procedure experimental
- Power supply to the system. Close the valve 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10. Supply the
hot source to the system, turn on the pump to push water into the heater.
Open valve 7 to supply hot water to the side-tube. Open valve 9 to let the
hot water fluid into the tank. Adjust the amount of hot water pumped into
the heater by valve 1. Measure the hot water flow with a flowmeter located
between the pump and the heater.
- When the hot stream temperature is maintained at the set temperature
(60°C), supply the cold source, open valve 4 to supply cold flow to the
shell-side. Open valve 6 to let cold water flow into the tank, wait until the
flow is stable, then measure the cold flow rate.
- When the two incoming hot and cold lines have a stable temperature,
measure the temperature of hot and cold water at the inlet and outlet.
- At the end of the experiment, turn off the power, drain all hot and cold
water in the system.
 Diagram

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  Experiment result

Hot water Cold water

Flow (liter/min) 3.5 2.4

Input temperature (℃ ) 60 26

Output temperature (℃ ) 51.5 29.1

∆ T (℃ ) 8.5 3.1

3. Measuring the fluid flow in parallel

 Principle

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 - In a parallel arrangement, both heat exchangers receive the same flow of
hot fluid and cold fluid. Each heat exchanger operates independently, and
the total heat transfer rate is the sum of the individual heat transfer rates of
both exchangers.
 Remarks
- Temperature difference optimization: The parallel arrangement allows for
higher heat transfer capacity as the heat load is distributed between the two
exchangers.
- Efficiency improvement: If one heat exchanger fails, the other can
continue operating, providing a degree of redundancy.
 Experimental procedure
- Power supply to the system. Close the valve 2;3;4;5;6;7;8;9;10. Supply the
hot source to the system, turn on the pump to push water into the heater.
Open valves 7 and 10 to supply hot water to two side-tube. Open valve 2 to
let the hot water fluid into the tank. Adjust the amount of hot water
pumped into the heater by valve 1. Measure the hot water flow with a
flowmeter located between the pump and the heater.
- When the hot stream temperature is maintained at the set temperature
(60°C), supply the cold source, open valve 11 to supply cold flow to two
shell-side. Open valve 3 and 5 to let cold water flow into the tank, wait
until the flow is stable, then measure the cold flow rate.
- When the incoming hot and cold lines have a stable temperature, measure
the temperature of hot and cold water at the inlet and outlet.
- At the end of the experiment, turn off the power, drain all hot and cold
water in the system.
 Diagram

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 Experiment result

Hot water Cold water

Flow (liter/min) 3.5 2.4

Input temperature (℃ ) 60 26

Output temperature (℃ ) 52.6 26

∆ T (℃ ) 7.4 0

4. Discussion

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The output temperature of the hot water in the series circuit is lower than the
parallel (51.5℃ < 52.6℃) because in the series connection the hot water only
enters one end and must run through both cooling pipes before it flows out. But
in the parallel circuit, hot water flows in at two ends and each line only runs
through a cooling pipe and then flows out.

III. Co-current and counter heat exchangers

1. Measuring the fluid flow in co-current flow

 Aim of experiment
- Consolidate knowledge about structure and operating principle of heat
exchanger.
- Understand the operation of a basic heat exchanger system.
- Know how to measure and collect process parameters.
- Evaluation of the heat exchange efficiency of co-current fluid.
 Experimental procedure
- Power supply to the system. Close valve 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10. Supply the hot
source to the system, turn on the pump to push water into the heater. Open
valve 7 to supply hot water to two side-tubes. Open valve 9 to let the hot
water fluid into the tank. Adjust the amount of hot water pumped into the
heater by valve 1. Measure the hot water flow with a flowmeter located
between the pump and the heater.
- When the hot stream temperature is maintained at the set temperature
(60°C), supply the cold source, open valve 11 to supply cold flow to two
shell-side. Open valve 5 to let cold water flow into the tank, wait until the
flow is stable, then measure the cold flow rate.
- When the incoming hot and cold lines have a stable temperature, measure
the temperature of hot and cold water at the inlet and outlet.
- At the end of the experiment, turn off the power, drain all hot and cold
water in the system.
 Principle:
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 - In co-current flow, the hot fluid and cold fluid flow in the same direction
or parallel to each other. The hot fluid enters one end of the heat exchanger
and flows in the same direction as the cold fluid, which enters the opposite
end.
 Remarks:
- Temperature difference decreases along the length of the exchanger: In co-
current flow, the hot and cold fluids approach each other in temperature as
they move along the length of the exchanger. This results in a decreasing
temperature difference between the fluids, which affects the overall heat
transfer rate.
- Less efficient heat transfer: Due to the decreasing temperature difference,
the overall heat transfer efficiency is lower compared to counter-current
flow. As a result, co-current flow is generally less efficient in terms of heat
transfer.
- The outlet temperature of the hot fluid is always greater than the outlet
temperature of the cold fluid. Since the output of the hot fluid transfers
heat to the output of the cold fluid.
 Diagram

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 Experiment result

Hot water Cold water

Input temperature (℃ ) 60 28

Output temperature (℃ ) 57.6 30

Flow (liter/min) 2.9 2.3

∆ T (℃ ) 2.4 2

2. Measuring the fluid flow in counter-current mode

 Aim of the experiment

- Understand the operation of a basic heat exchanger system.
- Know how to measure and collect process parameters.

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- Evaluation of the heat exchange efficiency of counter-current fluid
 Principle
- In counter-current flow, the hot fluid and cold fluid flow in opposite
directions. The hot fluid enters one end of the heat exchanger, while the
cold fluid enters the other end.
 Remarks
- Maximum temperature difference along the length of the exchanger: In
counter-current flow, the hot fluid and cold fluid maintain a maximum
temperature difference throughout the length of the exchanger. This
allows for efficient heat transfer since there is a significant temperature
gradient between the fluids.
- Higher heat transfer efficiency: The maximum temperature difference
in counter-current flow enables higher overall heat transfer efficiency
compared to co-current flow. This arrangement facilitates a more
efficient transfer of heat from the hot fluid to the cold fluid.
- The outlet temperature of the cold fluid may be greater than the outlet
temperature of the hot fluid. Since the input of the hot fluid transfers
heat to the output of the cold fluid.
 Experimental procedure
- Power supply to the system. Close valve 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10. Supply the
hot source to the system, turn on the pump to push water into the heater.
Open valve 7 to supply hot water to two side-tubes. Open valve 2 to let
the hot water fluid into the tank. Adjust the amount of hot water
pumped into the heater by valve 1. Measure the hot water flow with a
flowmeter located between the pump and the heater.
- When the hot stream temperature is maintained at the set temperature
(60°C), supply the cold source, open valve 4 to supply cold flow to two
shell-side. Open valve 6 to let cold water flow into the tank, wait until
the flow is stable, then measure the cold flow rate. When the incoming

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 hot and cold lines have a stable temperature, measure the temperature
of hot and cold water at the inlet and outlet.
- At the end of the experiment, turn off the power, drain all hot and cold
water in the system.
 Diagram
‘

 Experiment result

Hot water Cold water

Input temperature (℃ ) 60 31.4

Output temperature (℃ ) 57.7 34.1

Flow (liter/min) 2.9 2.3

∆ T (℃ ) 2.3 2.7

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3. Discussion

 In the co-current mode, both the hot and cold flows enter the heat exchanger
at one end and leave at the opposite end. In the counter-current mode, the
flows enter at opposite ends of the heat exchanger.

 By spreading out the driving force more evenly across the heat exchanger, the
countercurrent mode results in a larger long-mean average driving force, all
else being the same. Therefore, the countercurrent mode of operation will
require a smaller heat transfer surface area, and therefore, it is almost always
the preferred mode.

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