H E A T T R A N S F E R

MASS TRANSFER

DR. NGUYEN NGOC HOANG

Dept. of Food & Biological Process & Equipment
Hanoi University of Science and Technology
ngochoang.ibft@gmail.com
Tel: 0904667684
 Course Objectives

1 MASS TRANSFER PRINCIPLES

2 SPECIFIC BASIC MASS TRANSFER OPERATION

3 BASIC MASS TRANSFER EQUIPMENT

4 MASS TRANSFER DESIGN METHOD

 Prescribed Textbook
[1] T. W. Fraser Russell, Anne S. Robinson, Norman J. Wagner, Mass and
heat transfer. New York, Cambrigde University Press, 2008
[2] C. J. Geankoplis, A. A. Hersel, D. H. Lepek, Transport processes and
separation process principles, Prentice - Hall International, New Jersay,
2003
Reference Literature
[1] R. Larry (ed.). Separation techniques, Chemical Engineering. McGraw-
Hill, New York, 1980
[2] E. J. Henley, J. D. Seader, D. K. Roper, N. J. Hoboken, N. J. Hoboken,
Separation process principles. Wiley, New York, 2011.
[3]. J. Perry (ed.). Chemical Engineering Handbook, The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc. London, 2008
 MASS TRANSFER INTRODUCTION

HOW
WHEN
WHAT
MASS
TRANSFER
Text
WHAT
 WHAT IS MASS TRANSFER

Mass transfer is transition of mater from one

location to another due to concentration or
partial pressure
WHAT DOES MASS TRANSFER
REFER TO?
NOT
belong to
MASS TRANSFER

MASS DIFFUSION
 WHEN DOES MASS TRANSFER ?

NOT
belong to
MASS TRANSFER

Potential energy
Difference &
Pressure gradient

Concentration gradient

MASS DIFFUSION
HOW DOES MASS TRANSFER
MASS Concentration gradient;
CONVECTION Moving medium

Concentration gradient;
Stationary medium

MASS DIFFUSION
 ANALOGY BETWEEN HEAT AND
MASS TRANSFER

The driving force for heat transfer is the

heat concentration difference.

Both heat and mass are transferred from

the more concentrated regions to the less
concentrated ones

The driving force for mass transfer is the

mass concentration difference.
 ANALOGY BETWEEN HEAT AND
MASS TRANSFER

Heat conduction is by direct molecular

communication in stationary medium

Mass diffusion is by transportation of species

by different concentration in stationary medium
 ANALOGY BETWEEN HEAT AND
MASS TRANSFER

Heat convection is the mode of energy Mass convection is the mass

transfer between one body or region and transfer mechanism between a
another by fluids motion that involves surface and a moving fluid that
both heat conduction and bulk heat involves both mass diffusion and
motion. bulk fluid motion.
 SOLUTION
CONCENTRATION
 CONCENTRATION MEASUREMENT

CONCENTRATION

Dimention Dimentionless

Molecule Mole fraction

Mole Mass fraction

Mass

Temperature
 CONCENTRATION

The number density of species i in a

mixture (or solution of n species) is number
of molecules of i per unit volume
Molecules of i Molecules
Ni = =
Liter of solution L
The molar concentration of species i
(Molarity)
Moles of i Mol
C = =
Liter of solution L
 Q&A

What is the relationship between number

density and molar concentration of
species i???

Avogadro constant

NA = 6.02214129×1023
 Problems

 If you dilute 175 mL of a 1.6 M solution of

NaOH to 1.0 L by using pure water, determine
the new concentration of the solution.
(A solution of concentration 1 mol/L is also denoted as 1 M)
Solution
M1V1 = M2V2
(1.6 mol/L) (175 mL) = (x) (1000 mL)
x = 0.28 M
 MOLAR FRACTION

Mole Fraction of species i

in a liquid phase

(xi) = Total moles of solution  xi  1

Moles of species i

in a vapor phase

 yi  1
Moles of species i
(yi) =Total moles of solution
 Mass concentration

Mass concentration of species i = partial

density of species kg/m3 (g/lit)

The total mass concentration is the total

mass per unit volume, that is, the density

Mass fraction of species i is

mass of species i i
mi  
mass solution 
 COMPOSITION RELATIONSHIPS

Molar concentration – Mass concentration

Mi (kg/kmol; g/mol) is the molecular weight

of species i
The mean molecular weight of the mixture
of solution
 COMPOSITION RELATIONSHIPS

How does he mass fraction of species i

expressed in terms of it’s mole fractions?

Mole fraction - mass fractions

 MASS TRANSFER

HOW
HOW
WHEN
WHEN
WHAT
PHASE
EQUILIBRIUM
Text
WHAT
WHAT IS PHASE?
Diagram of the state for a one component system
(water)
WHAT IS PHASE EQUILIBRIUM
WHEN DOES PHASE EQUILIBRIUM?

Gibb’s phase rule

С = К - Ф + n,
where С – degree of freedom,
Ф – the number of phases,
К – the number of components
n – the number of changing
parameters
 EXAMPLE

С=К-Ф+n
At triple point
K= 1
Ø=3
n=2

The partial pressure of a gas ?
- is the pressure of each gas in a mixture
- is the pressure that gas would exert if it
were by itself in the container
DALTON’S LAW
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
indicates that
 pressure depends on the total
number of gas particles, not on the
types of particles
 the total pressure exerted by gases in
a mixture is the sum of the partial
pressures of those gases
PT = P1 + P2 + P3 + Pi .....
 Q&A

Problem: Determine the pressure fraction of species A of an ideal gas mixture of A&B

Solution:

Using the ideal gas relation PV = NRuT

The pressure fraction of species i of

an ideal gas mixture is equivalent to
the mole fraction of that species and
can be used in place of it in mass
transfer analysis.
 Henry’s Law (for dilute solutions)

The mole fraction of volatile solute in a solution is

proportional to the partial vapor pressure of the
solute.

Pi = kH xi
kH = Henry’s Law constant, xi = mole fraction ( or molar
concentration) of the volatile solute.
* Dilute solutions are found to obey Henry's law
However, it is observed, as concentrations and partial
pressures increase, deviations from Henry's law become
noticeable
 Henry’s Law

1. The concentration of a gas dissolved in a liquid is inversely

proportional to Henry’s constant. The larger the Henry’s constant, the
smaller the concentration of dissolved gases in the liquid.
2. Henry’s constant increases with increasing temperature. Therefore,
the dissolved gases in a liquid can be driven off by heating the liquid.
3. The concentration of a gas dissolved in a liquid is proportional to the
partial pressure of the gas. The amount of gas dissolved in a liquid can
be increased by increasing the pressure of the gas.
 Q&A

How to maximize the concentration of CO2 in

soft drink products?

1.The concentration of a gas dissolved in a liquid

is inversely proportional to Henry’s constant.

2.The amount of gas dissolved in a liquid can be

increased by increasing the pressure of the gas.
 Q&A

Air pockets

How to minimize the air pockets in casting products?

How to minimize the gas saturation in casting liquid?

Pi = kH xi
Henry’s constant increases with increasing temperature and thus the
fraction of a dissolved gas in the liquid decreases
 Class Problem

Solution:
 Raoult’s law

Raoult's law: the partial pressure of a solvent vapor in equilibrium with a

solution is proportional to the ratio of the number of solvent molecules to
non-volatile solute molecules (or to the solvent molar fraction) .

For ideal solutions

Psolvent = XsolventP°solvent

P° - the vapor pressure of pure solvent

 Raoult’s Law – None Ideal Solution

 Consider a non-volatile solute (component 2)

dissolved in a volatile solvent (component 1).
 X1 = the mole fraction of solvent
P1=X1 P°1
solvent-solute P°1 = the vapor
interactions < solvent- pressure of pure
solvent interactions
component 1

solvent-solute
interactions > solvent-
solvent interactions
MASS DIFFUSION
 Class Problem

Assume you dissolve 10.0g of sugar (C12H22O11) in 225mL (225g) of water

and warm the water to 60oC. The normal vapor pressure of water at 60oC
is 149.4 torr.
What is the vapor pressure of the water over this solution?

Vapor Pressure of a solvent above a

dilute solution is always less than
the vapor pressure above the
pure solvent.
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