SWINE PRODUCTION

TOP PORK-CONSUMING COUNTRIES

1. China
2. European Union
3. US
4. Russia
5. Brazil

TOP PORK-PRODUCING COUNTRIES

1. China
2. European
3. US Landrace – “nag land so hanging”

2ND LARGEST ECONOMIC ACTIVITY in the Philippines’ Berkshire – popular in Japan

agricultural sector next to rice
Ham – naa syay belt so white bands, nag hamp sya so ni
1. RICE – 350B stand iyang ears
2. SWINE – 242B
Duroc – mahogany brown
3. POULTRY – 156B
Pietrain – has halothane gene
Backyard farms – 64%

Commercial farms – 36%

 GILT – develop, weight, age, heat cycle

INSEMINATION – 8 months

GESTATION – 114 days

FARROWING

WEANING – 28 days

CULLING – 8 to 10 parity

METHODS OF BREEDING

1. Natural Breeding
- The boar is used to serve the gilt/sow that
are in heat
A. Hand or Controlled Mating
- The boar is brought to the sow or the sow
to boar
B. Pen or pasture mating
- The boar is mixed with a number of females
during the breeding season
2. Artificial Insemination
- A method of breeding wherein the semen
of the boar is deposited into the gilt/sow by
the use of artificial penis or catheter
- Main objective is to increase the use of
good boars

GGP – present in all breeder farm, sow index scoring to
measure if it’s the best
GP – second best, the one we crossed to other breeds
For example: Yorkshire x Landrace = PS
PS x Boars with high feed efficiency and growth rate to
increase the number of Finishers
Disadvantages:
1. Lack of trained technicians to adopt the practice
2. Costly laboratory equipment
3. Semen must be protected from environmental
stress like sunlight, heating or cooling
preparation with impure water
Advantages:

1. Reduce inbreeding
2. Genetic improvement
3. Favorable for herds that are shipping their
boars to places
 4. Few boars; 1:20 (natural) vs 1:200 Semen Fraction Identification:
5. Reduce risk of disease transmission
A. First Gel with CLEAR fluid
6. Reduce breeding time
- Do not collect this fraction as it contains
7. Less stress on breeding time
VERY FEW SPERM
8. Reduce injury to breeding partners
- Usually contaminated with bacteria
9. No size limitation
B. Sperm Rich Fraction
- Grayish and milky
- This fraction is collected as it contains viable
THREE TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION
sperm cells IDEAL FOR INSEMINATION
1. Intra-cervical – widely used technique C. Clear Fluid Fraction
2. Intra-uterine – uses lower dose of semen - One third of this fraction can be collected to
concentration add volume to the collected semen
3. Deep intra-uterine – more expensive D. Gel rich Fraction (Tapioca)
technology - This fraction is not collected because it clogs
the catheter and caused death of sperm cell

Semen Evaluation

- Done through Physical and Microscopic

Evaluation
I. Physical Evaluation
a. Volume – 150 to 250 ml normal boar
ejaculates
b. Smell/Odor – clear ejaculate has little
odor, slightly fishy odor. Ejaculate
contaminated with preputial fluid has a
strong boar taint or uterine smell
Conventional - Cervix c. Color – varies from grayish white to
creamy white depending on the semen
Intrauterine – Uterine body concentration
Reddish to brownish to color – due to
Deep intrauterine – 2/3 way up of Uterine Horn
blood contamination
Site of Fertilization: Ampullary-Isthmic Junction Yellowish color – due to urine
contamination from the contents of the
At least 2 embryos per horn for a successful pregnancy
preputial sac
SEMEN PROCESSING

Semen and extender temperature difference must be at

most +/- 1 degrees Celsius will result to temperature
shock if not followed

a. Intracervical AI – 2.5 billion

b. Postcervical – 1.5 billion

SEMEN STORAGE

Store the packed semen in the semen saver at 16-17

degrees Celsius
SOW BODY CONDITION

Thin Sow

- Delayed estrus after weaning (at least 4 -5

days sows should return to estrus)
- Poorer quality egg cells
- Smaller subsequent litter
- More frequent returns to service (first-litter
sows)

Fat Sow

- Farrowing takes longer resulting in more

stillborn piglets
- Sows don’t have the same appetite because
they are using up their fat reserves
- Due to poorer teat development, milk
production lags (20% less capacity)

Long dry – instead of 4-5 days return of estrus, it takes

7-10 days for them to return to estrus

GUIDELINES ON TIMING

 Sperm cells live up to 24 hours in the sow’s

reproductive tract
 Sperm cell need 8 hours inside before they are
capable of fertilization (capacitation)
 Ovulation occurs 2/3 to ¾ of the way through
estrus (40 hours)
 Once the ova are ovulated their life span is
around to 2-6 hours

*12-24 hours ideal for the first dose

CONTROL OF ESTRUS 6. Uterus did not detect any conception; thus
endometrium produces PGF2a where it lyses
Equine Chorionic FSH and LH Induction of
corpus luteum
Gonadotropin like action estrus for
7. Lysed corpus luteum enter follicular phase
(eCG) Stimulates prepubertal gilts
Human Follicular Prolonged wean
Chorionic growth to estrus interval
Gonadotropin in sows
(HCG)
Altrenogest Progesterone For cycling gilts
analog estrus
For: Estrus Suppress synchronization
synchronization endogenous Delaying of estrus
gonadotropin Avoidance of
secretion early farrowing
which limits
the ovarian
follicle
growth
Day 12 to 18 – where the embryo produces estrogen
CONTROL OF OVULATION sulfate to sustain pregnancy (As early as 10 days)

Buserelin GNRH analog Used for single

for induction fixed time
For: Ovulation of LH surge insemination
synchronization (causes Administered 80-
ovulation) 96 hours post
weaning

1. Estrus – development of follicles

2. Ovulation occurs forming Corpus rubrum
3. From follicular phase -> luteal phase
4. Corpus hemorrhagicum
5. Diestrus – high progesterone level because
corpus luteum produces progesterone
Irregular return – embryonic death at day 12 to 18

Regular return – embryonic death day 0 to 6

FARROWING MANAGEMENT

Temperature Requirement:

At least 1.3 to 1.4 kg of piglets to ensure survival Optimum Temperature

- 15 to 19 degrees Celsius sows

- 29 to 32 degrees Celsius piglets (dry and
draft-free)

Higher temp – lower feed intake -> decrease milk

production -> deplete body reserves

“keep sows cool and keep piglets warm”

Can be handled by maintaining a room temp at 19 to 24

degrees Celsius -> PROVIDE SUPPLEMENTAL HEAT FOR
PIGLETS
 MAKE SURE PIGS RECEIVE COLOSRTUM

A. Pigs are born with a very little disease resistance

B. Newborn animals can absorb intact proteins (Ig
or IgM antibodies) by pinocytosis
C. Their ability to absorb antibodies decrease
rapidly after birth, closure and loss of this
ability, can occur:
24 to 36 hours after birth in pigs

Stillborn Diagnosis

Lung Flotation Test

If the lungs floated means the piglet breathed but if the

lungs sink, the fetus did not breath

“BOAR TAINT OR ODOR”

(crown to rump length/3) + 21 Cause by:

1. 5-alpha-androsterone – a group of steroids,

which has an intense urine-like odor
 2. Skatole (3-methyl-indole), which is a product of
intestinal degradation of amino acid,
tryptophan, which has an intense fecal odor

GnRH analog -> pigs will trigger an immune response to

GnRH analog by attacking and blocking the testosterone
production. Thus, it wont produce the substance
causing boar taint

IRON ADMINISTRATION

- To prevent iron deficiency or “piglet

anemia”
- 3 days best age for administration, follow
up after 10 days

Signs of Anemia:

a. Chronic – poor growth, listlessness, rough

haircoat, wrinkled skin, paleness of mucous
membranes, pale ears and snout in white pigs
b. Acute – labored breathing (thumps) and sudden
death due to oxygen shortage

Hemoglobin concentrations:

Normal – 10 to 12 grams/100ml

Anemic – 5 grams/100ml

200 – 250 mL of colostrum is needed for piglet

0.7 kg piglets and below is subject for euthanize

VACCINATION

Hog cholera vaccine is essential as early as 10 to 12

weeks and then follow up after 18 days

Mycoplasma vaccine – 10 days

PCV vaccine -21 days

PRRS vaccine

REPLACEMENT GILT MANAGEMENT

 Gilts represent 20-25% of the herd and also

genetically most advanced females on the farm
 There is a close correlation between gilt
performance and lifetime performance

Can be done as early as 5 days and 500 grams

recommended total creep feed

Should be at least 3 parity para di lugi

OBJECTIVES OF GILT DEVELOPMENT

- Produce long-staying and highly

productive/prolific sows
- Reduce non-productive days of sows
- Provide sufficient number of gilt pool
- Achieve gilt’s full breeding potential
- Fewer introduction each year
- Health aspect – minimize disease entry
STEPS ON GILT ACCLIMATIZATION

1ST WEEK Strict isolation, Shower In Shower Out,

Change clothing, Start vaccination (day
3 from arrival), Blood testing for
profiling

2ND WEEK Less strict isolation, Manure and Urine

Exposure
3RD WEEK Live animal exposure
4TH WEEK Stabilization, blood testing to see if
antibodies for particular disease are
already protective
5th WEEK Transfer to the main herd
SELECTION OF REPLACEMENT BOARS

 Selected from the Top 50%

 Physical attributes: medium to large bone
structures, wide stance both front and rear legs,
free in movement, good cushion to both front
and rear feet and equal sized toes
 ADG of 900 grams or better with feed efficiency
of 2.75, weigh 100kg at 155 days of age
 Backfat 1 inch or less and loin muscle area 5.6
sq. inches or more
 Normal penis, testicle, and semen
SWINE NUTRITION
VACCINATION CHART
Animal Welfare Act