Group Members: Group No.

YB2C
1. Leslie Jane Jala Section: YB2
2. Shimea Pagurayan Date Submitted: October 12,
2020

Expt. 3 Analysis of Lipids

I. Objectives Member 1 Member 2
• To identify the reaction of lipids. Pre-lab Data
• To analyze the physical and Data and Observations
Lab Report
chemical properties of lipids.
Sub-total
Online Act Participation
Total Score

II. Apparatus III. Symbols of Chemicals

• Test tube and test tube holder
• Dropper C18H32O2, C18H3602,
• Glass rod C4H8NNaO2, C88H164012,
• Test tube rack C27H46O, C24H40O5, CHCl3,
• Graduated cylinder H2SO4, C4H6O3, SbCl3,
• Beaker C29H50O2 (a-Tocooherol,
• Thermometer and thermometer vitamin E), C4H100, HNO3, H2O
clamp (NH4)2MoO4, I2, Cod liver oil
• microscope
• porcelain crucible
• Bunsen burner
• Clay triangle
• Funnel and filter paper
IV. Procedure:

V. Data and Observations

I. TEST FOR UNSATURATION

Test Sample Product Description Chemical Equation

Olive oil Yellow solution after R-CH=CH-R’ + I2 → R-CHI-CHI-R’
51 drops of Hubl’s
reagent
 Oleic acid Yellowish brown R-CH=CH-R’ + I2 → R-CHI-CHI-R’
solution after 11
drops of Hubl’s
reagent
Stearic acid Reddish brown R-CH-CH-R’ + I2 → no reaction
solution after 5 drops
of Hubl’s reagent
Coconut oil Yellow solution after R-CH=CH-R’ + I2 → R-CHI-CHI-R’
31 drops of Hubl’s
reagent

II. LIEBERMANN-BURCHARD OR ACETIC ANHYDRIDE REACTION

Test Compounds Results

Cholesterol Blue ring precipitate at the top and when shaken a
transparent blue solution formed that turned a darker blue
solution as time passed
Bile salts Formation of milky white solution

III. CARR-PRICE REACTION

Test Compounds Description
Cod liver oil Formation of two layers; transparent blue solution at the top
and yellow solution at the bottom.
Coconut oil Formation of brown solution
Olive Oil Formation of yellow solution
ß-carotene Predicted result:
Two separate color formation: transparent blue at the top and
yellow solution at the bottom

IV. MODIFIED FURTER-MEYER TEST

Test Compounds Description

α-Tocopherol Formation of bronze red solution
Commercial Vit E Formation of bronze red solution

V. EMULCIFICATION TEST

Mixtures Description Sketch

(observation under microscope)
Test tube 1: Light yellowish
1 mL coconut oil solution
+ 5 drops 0.1%
bile salt solution

Test tube 2: Yellowish solution

1 mL coconut oil
+ 5 drops H2O +
tiny crystal of
cholesterol

Test tube 3: White cloudy solution

1 mL olive oil + 5
drops 1%
aqueous solution
of lecithin

VI. TEST FOR PHOSPHATE

Test Compounds Description

Lecithin Formation of Yellow solution
 Schematic Diagram of Procedure

I. Test for Unsaturation

2 drops sample (olive oil, oleic acid,

stearic acid, coconut oil) in test tube

Dissolve in 1 ml CHCl3

Add Hubl’s reagent dropwise

mix

Record number of drops used

until color of reagent is
retained

II. Libermann-Burchard Test

A pinch of sample (cholesterol, bile salt)

in test tube

Dissolve with 1 ml CHCl3

Add 5 drops acetic anhydride
Add 1 drop conc. H2SO4
mix
Note color change

III. Carr-Price Reaction

1 mL chloroform + 2 drops sample (cod

liver oil, coconut oil, olive oil) in test tube

Cool in ice bath

Add 2 mL cold saturated SbCl3
Observe
Predict result with ß-carotene
IV. Modified Furter-Meyer Test

CHCl3

test tube

𝜶 – C28H48O2 Vitamin E

0.05%
1 mL 1 mL

Dissolve in 1mL CHCl3

+ 3.5 mL of n-C4H10O
+ 0.5 mL conc. HNO3
mix

Water Bath

80℃
10 min.

Observe

change of color
 V. Emulsification Test

Test tube 1 Test tube 2 Test tube 3

+ 1 mL coconut oil + 1 mL coconut oil + 1 mL olive oil

+ 5 drops 0.1% bile + 5 drops H2O + 5 drops 1%

salt sol. aqueous sol. lecithin
+ crystal of cholesterol

Shake each mixture

Compare results

Microscope

Drop from each mixture

Observe and sketch

Explain

VI. Test for Phosphate

Porcelain crucible

Incinerate small amount of lecithin

Cool the residue

+ 5 mL H2O

Filter

Filtrate

+ 1 mL 5% (NH4)2MoO4

+ 3 drops conc. HNO3

Heat

Observe

Yellow solution
 ANALYSIS

Introduction
Lipids are organic compounds that contain hydrogen, carbon and oxygen atoms
which form the framework for the structure and function of living cells (BYJU, 2020).
They are immensely valuable and important in the biological world as they fill multiple
roles in the cells and maintaining the health of all Earth’s organisms (Basic Biology,
2020). In order to study lipids, numerous experiments were conducted to identify
various reactions of lipids, to test its solubility and to analyze its physical and chemical
properties. Initially, to determine the presence of double bonds in the lipid samples,
the test for unsaturation was completed (Calhoun,2020). To estimate the cholesterol
available in the samples, the Liebermann-Burchard Test was used (Delos Reyes,
2020). To detect the presence of vitamins A and E, the Carr-Price reaction (Parker,
1941) and Modified Furter-Meyer test (Bencze, 1957) were used respectively. Then
the emulsification test was done to detect lipids in sample using wet chemistry
(Cassiday, 2018). And lastly, the phosphate test was completed in order to determine
the presence of free phosphate in acidic solution (Chawla, 2014). Thus, understanding
the properties and reactions of lipids is important in any study of biology because they
play important functions such as energy storage, insulation, cellular communication,
protection and lastly, its most important role is as building blocks of cellular
membranes (Basic Biology, 2020).

Discussion
I. Test for Unsaturation

The test for unsaturation is used to detect the presence of double bonds in the
lipid sample (Calhoun, 2020). A lipid is said to be saturated if there are only single
bonds between neighboring carbons in the hydrocarbon chain and the lipid is
saturated with hydrogens (Boundless, 2020). While a lipid is unsaturated when the
hydrocarbon chain contains double bonds (Boundless, 2020). In the experiment, two
drops of the sample (olive oil, oleic acid, stearic acid, and coconut oil) and 1 mL of
CHCl3 were mixed. Lipids are all insoluble in polar solvents like water as it is
hydrophobic but highly soluble in the non-polar or weakly polar organic solvents
including ether, chloroform, benzene and acetone (Hunt, 2020). Hence the use of
chloroform in the experiment. Then Hubl’s solution (I2 in HgCl2) is added drop by drop
until the color of the sample solution is the same as Hubl’s solution. In the result, olive
oil had fifty-one (51) drops of Hubl’s solution, oleic acid had eleven (11) drops, stearic
acid had five (5) drops, and coconut oil had thirty-one (31) drops of Hubl’s solution.
 The principle of the test is that unsaturated fatty acids become saturated as the
unsaturated fatty acids absorb the iodine present in Hubl’s solution at the double bond
until all the doubles bonds are saturated with iodine (Calhoun, 2020). The reaction
goes as follow:

R-CH=CH-R’ + I2 → R-CHI-CHI-R’

Thus, the more double bonds the lipid contains, the more drops of the reagent
are needed in order to produce de-coloration thus indicating the degree of lipid
unsaturation (Calhoun,2020). In the test samples, olive oil proved to be the most
unsaturated followed by coconut oil, oleic acid and lastly, stearic acid. This result is as
expected as olive oil consist mostly of unsaturated fat with double bonds, with 14%
saturated fat, 11% polyunsaturated fat and 73% monounsaturated fat (Leech, 2018).
While, coconut oil consists of high concentration of saturated fat with more than 90%
saturated fatty acid and low content of unsaturated fatty acids (Lal, Kumar and Indira,
2003). Consequently, oleic acid is a monounsaturated omega 9 fatty acid found in
animal and vegetables (Choulis, 2011). Lastly steric acid is a fully saturated fatty acid
with no carbon-carbon double bonds (Wong, 2020).

II. Liebermann-Burchard Test

Lieberman-Burchard or acetic anhydride reaction is used in the estimation of

cholesterol (Delos Reyes, 2020). In a clean dry test tube, a pinch of the test sample
(cholesterol and bile salt) was dissolved separately in 1mL chloroform. Cholesterol is
amphipathic, which means it has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts, but nearly
the entire cholesterol molecule is non-polar so it will not dissolve in water but will
dissolve in polar solvents like chloroform (La Morte, 2016). Then five drops of acetic
anhydride and a drop of concentrated H2SO4 was added. Acetic anhydride is used as
a solvent and a dehydrating agent while the sulfuric acid is used as dehydrating and
oxidizing agent (Delos Reyes, 2020). The Liebermann-Burchard reaction method is a
colorimetric method in which cholesterol is treated with chloroform, acetic anhydride
and concentrated sulfuric acid to produce a bluish-green colored solution that elicits a
positive result (Delos Reyes, 2020). The color is due to the esterification of the
hydroxyl group (-OH) of cholesterol reacting with the reagents and increasing the
conjugation of the unsaturation in the adjacent fused ring ((Delos Reyes, 2020).
Through spectrophotometry the concentration of the cholesterol can be computed
although this was not done in the experiment.
 H3C CH3 H3C CH3
CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3

CH3 CH3
L-B reagent

H 2SO 4/HOAc

HO HOO2S

Cholesterol Cholestahexane sulfonic acid

(formation of blue solution)

Figure 1. Reaction of Liebermann-Burchard Test

In the experiment, only cholesterol gave a blue color which indicates a positive
result. This is expected as this test is used to detect the presence of cholesterol. Bile
salt gave a negative result as the solution turned into a milky white color indicating the
absence of cholesterol. This is expected as bile salt does not contain cholesterol but
are synthesized in the hepatocytes from cholesterol (Bodewes, Wouthuyzen-Bakker,
& Verkade, 2014).

III. Carr-Price Reaction

The Carr-Price test is used to detect the presence of retinol (vitamin A) (Parker,
1941). First 1 mL of chloroform is placed in a dry test tube and 2 drops of the sample
(cod liver oil, coconut oil, and olive oil) is added. Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin so
they are not soluble in water but are soluble in organic solvents like chloroform
(Arnarson, 2017). Then it is cooled in an ice bath. This is because the temperature of
which the reaction is carried affects both intensity of the color and its duration (Parker,
1941). At low temperatures the color is less intense, but fades less rapidly (Parker,
1941). Then 2 mL of cold saturated chloroform solution of SbCl3 was added. When
vitamin A is reacted with antimony trichloride (a Lewis acid) in chloroform, an unstable
transient blue color which lasts for about ten seconds is developed which may be
quantified spectrometrically (λmax 620 nm) (Liaaen-Jensen & Kildahl-Andersen, 2008).
But spectrometry was not done in the experiment.

H3C CH3 CH3 CH3

OH + Sb Cl3 Formation with

layer of blue and
yellow solution
CH3

Vitamin A

Figure 2. Carr-Price Reaction

It is generally accepted that the amount of blue color produced by the reaction
of vitamin A with antimony trichloride is proportional to the amount of vitamin A present
(Koehn & Sherman, 1939). In the experiment only cod liver oil elicited a positive result
that gave a blue color at the top layer of the solution but then faded into a transparent
gray color. This is expected as cod liver oil has high concentrations of vitamin A and
vitamin D (Raman, 2017) Coconut oil and olive oil gave a brown and yellow colored
solution respectively which is a negative result for the presence of vitamin A. This is
expected as coconut oil contains vitamin E, but little to no other vitamins or minerals
(Butler & Brazier, 2019) while olive oil contains modest amounts of vitamins E and K
but not vitamin A (Gunnars, 2019).

IV. Modified Furter-Meyer Test

The Modified Furter-Meyer test is used to detect the presence of tocopherols

by giving a bronze red solution (Bencze, 1957). In this experiment, 𝛼-tocopherol is
used as a lipid sample so as vitamin E (400 IU Capsule). Then the reagents are
butanol and concentrated nitric acid. 1 mL of 𝛼-tocopherol is dissolved in chloroform
(CHCl3) then 3.5 mL of butanol and 0.5 mL conc. nitric acid were added. Tocopherol
is a fat-soluble vitamin that does not dissolve in water thus the use of chloroform
(National Library of Medicine, 2020). The mixture is then heated in a water bath at 80
℃ for 10 minutes. The same procedure was also performed in Vitamin E. Tocopherols
act as antioxidants, that is, a good reducing agent, so it reacts with oxidizing agents
before it can attack other biomolecules. Vitamin E (𝛼-tocopherol), is an efficient lipid
soluble antioxidant that functions as a ‘chain breaker’ during lipid peroxidation in cell
membranes and various lipid particles including low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
(Sujatha, 2019). It functions to intercept lipid peroxyl radicals (LOO *) and to terminate
the lipid peroxidation chain reactions (Sujatha, 2019). The resultant tocopheroxyl
radical is relatively stable and in normal circumstances, insufficiently reactive to initiate
lipid peroxidation itself, which is an essential criterion of a goods antioxidant (Lobo,
2010).
CH3

HO H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 CH3

CH3
H3C O
CH3
CH3
Alpha Tocopherol
(Vitamin E)

Free radical
CH3

O
CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3

H3C O CH3
CH3
Tocopheroxyl Free Radical
(Oxidized Vitammin E)

Figure 3. Reaction of Modified Furter-Meyer Test

 The color change observed in 𝛼-tocopherol and vitamin E were from a yellow
solution it then formed a bronze red solution upon heating and adding of reagents.
This result elicited a positive indication for the presence of tocopherol. This outcome
is as expected as both samples contain tocopherol.

V. Emulsification Test

The emulsification test is a method used to determine the presence of lipids

that consists of fats and oil using wet chemistry (Cassiday, 2018). It detects polar and
non-polar groups in bile and lecithin. In the experiment, the lipid samples and reagents
used are coconut oil, olive oil, bile salt, cholesterol and lecithin. Three different
mixtures were prepared in separate test tubes. In test tube 1, 1 mL of coconut oil and
5 drops of 0.1% bile salt solution were mixed. In test tube 2, 1 mL of coconut oil, 5
drops of distilled water (H2O) and cholesterol were mixed. Lastly, in test tube 3, 1 mL
of olive oil and 5 drops of 1% aqueous solution of lecithin were mixed. The three
reagents, bile salt, cholesterol and lecithin are emulsifiers that encourages the
suspension of one liquid to another (Britannica, 2020)
Emulsifiers work by forming physical barriers that keep droplets from coalescing
(Cassiday, 2018). A type of surfactant, emulsifiers contain both a hydrophilic (water
loving, or polar) head group and a hydrophobic (oil-loving, or non-polar) tail (Wells,
2019). Therefore, emulsifiers are attracted to both polar and non-polar compounds
(Wells, 2019). When oil is suspended in an aqueous phase, emulsifiers surrounds the
oil droplet with their non-polar tails and extending into the oil, and their polar heads
groups facing water and vice versa (Cassiday, 2018). In this way, emulsifiers lower
the interfacial tension between the oil and water phases, stabilizing the droplets and
preventing them from merging (Cassiday, 2018).

Hydrogen Bond
H H

δ−
H C C O H δ+

H H δ+ H O H
δ−

Figure. 4 Emulsification Test Reaction

When oil and water, which are immiscible, are shaken together, the oil is broken
up into very tiny droplets which are dispersed in water (Quadro, 2020). This is known
as oil in water emulsion (Quadro, 2020). The water molecules due to the high surface
tensions have a tendency to come together and form separate layers (Quadro, 2020).
So, the oil in water emulsion is unstable in the presence of substances that lower the
surface tension of water. (Quadro, 2020). The tendency of the water molecule to
coalesce is decreased and the emulsion becomes stable (Quadro, 2020).
In the experiment, test tube 1 formed a light yellowish solution and when
observed under the microscope tiny droplets can be seen, thus an emulsion had
formed and a positive result for lipids was observed. This is expected as bile salt act
as an emulsifier because of their hydrophilic head that is attracted to water molecules
and hydrophobic tail that is attracted to lipid molecules (Pathwayz, 2020). In test tube
2, a yellow solution formed and the presence of big circular droplets can be observed
under the microscope. This means that although there is a positive result for lipids,
emulsion did not occur as cholesterol destabilizes an oil in water emulsion (Restaurant
Business Online, 2006). Lastly, in test tube 3, a milky white solution formed and small
droplets was observed under the microscope, thus an emulsion had formed and a
positive result for lipids was observed. This is expected as lecithin is a great emulsifier,
just like bile salt, it is a molecule with one end that is hydrophobic and another that is
hydrophilic (Gavigan, 2020). Among the three test tubes, test tube 3 had formed the
smallest droplets thus lecithin is the best emulsifier.

VI. Test for Phosphate

In the last experiment, the lipid sample used is lecithin and the reagents are
concentrated nitric acid (HNO3) and ammonium molybdate ((NH4)2MoO4). The
phosphate test began with the incineration of the samples. A small amount of lecithin
is incinerated in a porcelain crucible. The reason for this is that incineration helps to
oxidize the ester bonds of lipids that contain phosphate (Chawla, 2014). In the
process of doing so, water and carbon dioxide are evaporated leaving a phosphate
residue (Chawla, 2014). The crucible is then allowed to cool down and the residue is
mixed with 5 mL distilled water. After incineration, distilled water was added to
separate the non-lipid contaminants from the residue (Chawla, 2014). The solution
was then filtered discarding the residue containing the contaminants (Chawla, 2014).
After that, 1 mL of the filtrate is measured and placed in a test tube. Then, 1 mL of 5%
Ammonium Molybdate ((NH4)2MoO4) and 3 drops of concentrated nitric acid (HNO3)
were added. The mixture is the heated. The presence of free phosphate in the filtrate
can be detected using ammonium molbydate as long as the phosphate is in an acidic
environment forming a yellow precipitate. This is the reason why nitric acid was added.
The equation below shows how the free phosphate reacts with ammonium molybdate
in the presence of nitric acid.
K3PO4 + 3(NH4)2MoO4 2(NH4)3PO4 + 3K2MoO4
Ammonium Molybdate Potassium molybdate

K2MoO4 + 2HNO3 H2MoO4 + 2KNO3

Molybdic acid

H2MoO4 MoO3 + H 2O

(NH4)3PO4 + 12MoO3 + 6H2O (NH4)3PO4•12MoO3•6H2O

Ammonium phosphate molybdate
(Yellow precipitate)
When lipids containing phosphate groups in their structures are added to a
strong acid solution such as the solution used, the lipid hydrolyses, producing free
phosphate. The free phosphate then reacts as in the equation, forming a yellow
precipitate. In the experiment, a yellow solution was formed after the reaction which
elicited a positive result for the presence of phosphate. This is as expected as lecithin
is a phospholipid, a yellow-brown fatty substance that consist of glycerol, two fatty
acids, a phosphate group, and choline (Encyclopedia, 2020).

Conclusion
In conclusion, the purpose of this experiment was to conduct multiple tests in
order to analyze the properties and reactions of lipids. In the test for unsaturation, it
detects the presence of double bonds by adding Hubl’s solution. The lipid samples
were olive oil, oleic acid, stearic acid and coconut oil. In this test, olive oil proved to be
the most unsaturated followed by coconut oil, oleic acid and lastly stearic acid. In the
acetic anhydride reaction, which is a test for the presence of sterol. Cholesterol
indicated and proved positivity in the test showing a blue solution upon adding of the
reagents. In the Carr-Price reaction which detects the presence of vitamin A and
related carotenoids. Cod liver oil indicated and proved a positive result which formed
a layer of blue and yellow solution. In the modified Furter-Meyer test which detects the
presence of tocopherols. The 𝛼-tocopherol and vitamin E gave a positive result of
strong bronze-red solution. In the emulsification test that detects the presence of lipids
which are polar and non-polar groups. Test tubes 1 and 3 gave a positive result which
was the formation of small droplets that can be observed under the microscope
indicating that emulsion was formed. It was also concluded that lecithin is the best
emulsifier out of the three as it has the smallest droplets formed. In the last experiment
which is test for phosphate, lecithin was used as the sample. Through the incineration,
filtration and addition of 5% (NH4)2MoO4 and 3 drops of concentrated HNO3, the
experiment showed a yellow precipitation which indicated a positive outcome. Overall,
these tests are highly important in biological study as lipids play vital roles in the body
and its structure drive the formation of important biological elements, membranes, lipid
droplets and lipoproteins (Ubhi, 2016).
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