REPORT

EXPERIMENT 4: CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM

Group: 2 Section: 4 Date: 11/08/2022

Group members:

Seq. Full name Student ID % contribution Signature Score

(total = 100%)

1 Hồ Vũ Duy IEIEIU21095 25

2 Võ Anh Duy IEIEIU21003 25

3 Bùi Ngọc Dương IEIEIU21093 25

4 Cát Phan Hồng Hạnh BTBTIU21197 25

Total score: ________/15__

Present well: 1 point

Clear picture: 1 point

Total = 15 points
I. Abstract

This lab section focused on the subject of reversible reaction. Specifically, various

types of stresses were applied to some certain chemical reversible reaction to examine

the effects. The experiments consist of four main parts. The first two parts focused on

acids and bases with part one tested the equilibria of acid base while part two tested on

the acid and base indicators themselves. Part three worked on reactions that produced

precipitation and the final part focused on the effects of temperature on the prepared

solution.

The data was validated based on Le Chatelier’s principle. The principle announced that

equilibrium can be disturbed if stresses were applied to it, stresses include changes in

concentration, temperature, and pressure.

Predicted outcomes were given out in advance to this lab section and were then

compared to empirical data. The comparison between the experiment and Le

Chatelier’s principle was used to evaluate the consistency of principle.

II. Introduction (1 pt)

1. Theory

A reversible reaction is a chemical reaction where the reactants from products that react

together to give the reactants back. Equilibrium point is denoted where the

concentration of the reactants and products will no longer change. A reversible equation

is often expressed as follow:

A+B⇌C+D

Reversible reactions, similar to other types of reaction, are susceptible to external

factors. Le Chatelier’s principle predicted the effects of these factors, they include
 changes in concentration, temperature, and pressure. Literature values inferred from

this principle were used for data validation in this lab section.

2. Application

In industrial processes, the main application of chemical equilibria is to maximize the

desired product concentration by minimizing the leftover reactants.

Le-Chatelier’s principle of equilibrium is also used in the industrial applications as the

reaction scheme involves parameters like temperature, pressure, concentration of

reaction species a change in even single parameter results in the change of equilibrium

leads to undesired product formation.

3. Experiments

There are four sections of experiments presented in this report.

Another purpose for this report was to compare the outcomes of these experiments

predicted solely based on Le Chatelier’s Principle and the real outcomes observed in

the laboratory. The experiments are acid/base equilibria and their indicators, equilibria

of precipitation reactions and temperature on these equilibrias

Additionally, all equipment was well-prepared in advance, the list of which can be seen

below in this report.

III. Experimental (1 pt)

3.1. List of equipments used:

No. Equipment use in experiment

1 Beaker 100mL

2 Beaker 200mL

3 Cylinder 50mL

4 Pipette

5 Test tube holder

6 Graduated pipette 10mL and Pipette pump

7 Distilled water bottle

8 Ice bath

9 Water bath

10 Stirring rod

Table 1: List of equipment

 Figure set 1: List of equipments (excluding the last 3 equipments on the table)

(The figures go in order as the table from left to right, upper row to lower row)

3.2. Chemicals used in experiment

Number Chemicals used in experiment

1 K2CrO4

2 HCl

3 NaOH

4 Methyl violet

5 CaCl2

6 Na2C2O4

7 H2C2O4
 8 NH4OH

9 CoCl2

Table 2: List of chemicals

3.3. Procedure

3.3.1. Acid/base equilibria

Equilibrium system:

2CrO42-(aq) + 2H+(aq) ⇌ Cr2O72-(aq) + H2O(l)

At first, 30 drops 0.5M K2CrO4 separated 10 drops for each beaker 1, beaker 2, beaker

3 by Pasteur pipette. Then the color of beaker 1 was observed and recorded. Next, 5

drops of concentrated HCl was taken by Pasteur pipette and added to beaker 2. Then

the color of beaker 2 was observed and recorded and compared to beaker 1. Next, 5

drops of concentrated HCl was taken by Pasteur pipette and added to beaker 3. Then

color of beaker 3 was observed and recorded and compared to beaker 1. Then 10 drops

6M NaOH was added to beaker 3 by Pasteur pipette. Then the color was observed and

recorded and compared to beaker 2.

3.3.2. Equilibria of acid/base indicators

Equilibrium system:

H(MV)(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ H3O+ + MV-(aq)

At first, 2 drops of methyl violet were taken by Pasteur pipette and added to the beaker.

Then 20mL distilled water was taken by Pasteur pipette, measured by cylinder, and

added to the beaker. Next, the beaker was divided equally into beaker 1 and beaker 2.

The color in beaker 1 was observed and recorded. At beaker 2, 6M HCl was added drop

by drop until no significant change and observed the color change. Similarity, 6M NaOH

was added to beaker 2 drop by drop until no significant change and observed the color

change. Next, 6M HCl was added to beaker 2 drop by drop until no significant change

and observed the color change.

3.3.3. Equilibria of precipitation reactions

Equilibrium System:

Ca2+(aq) + C2O42-(aq) ⇌ CaC2O4(s)

Using a pipette, 5 mL of 0.1 M CaCl2 and 1 mL of 0.1 M Na2C2O4 were introduced to

test tube 1 for this experiment. The color was noted and recorded. After adding 5mL of

0.1M CaCl and 1mL of 0.1M H2C2O4 to test tube #2 with the use of a pipette, the color

was noted, documented, and compared to the color of test tube #l. A pipette was then

used to add 10 drops of 6M HCl, after which the color change was noticed and noted.

Finally, using a pipette, 10 drops of 6M NH4OH were added, and the color shift was

noticed and noted.

3.3.4. Temperature effects on equilibria

Equilibrium System:
 [Co(H2O)6]2+ (aq) + 4Cl− (aq) ⇌ (CoCl4)2− (aq) + 6H2O (l)

In a 150 mL beaker, add 30 drops or so of 3 mL of 0.1 M COCl2, which was then

pipetted with concentrated HCl dropwise till the solution became purple-violet. If the

system turned a deep blue hue, it meant that there was too much chloride in the

solution. Following that, we have three split test tubes ( the solution from the previous

step was added into 3 test tubes ). The first tube was held at room temperature, the

second in the hot bath, and the third in the cold bath. Following observation, the second

and third tubes were exchanged, placing the second in a cold bath and the third in a

hot bath, to see whether or not the colors had altered.

IV. Results and discussion

1. ACID/BASE EQUILIBRIA

Equilibrium System: 2CrO42− + 2H+(aq) ⇌ Cr2O72− + H2O(l)

Description of Predicted Observation Explanation

conditions outcome

The solution had ion CrO₄²-, which made the

color of the solution was yellow.

Initial solution Yellow Yellow

(0.5 pts)

Because of the addition of HCl, the

+ Conc. HCl Dark yellow Dark Orange
solution increased the number of ion H+,
 then the equilibrium would shift to the right

(forward reaction) in order to consume the

H+ added to the solution and more C₂O₇²-

formed, which made the color of solution

turn to orange.

(0.5 pts)

When added acid, the solution produces ion

Cr₂O₇²- which had orange color. However,

when added base, ion OH¯ react with all

the amount of ion H+ and perhaps there was

+ 6 N NaOH Initial yellow Yellow
a redundant amount of NaOH but OH¯ did

not react with CrO₄²- so the equilibrium.

(0.5 pts)

Comment: (0.75 pts)

 (a) (b) (c)

Figure set 2: Results of section 1

((a): Initial condition, (b): After adding HCl., (c): After adding NaOH)

The color of CrO₄²- wass yellow, and the color of C₂O₇²- was orange.

Based on the predicted outcomes, the outcomes of the performed experiments turned out to be

nearly accurate. The initial solution showed a yellow color of K2CrO4. The solution then turned

into a dark orange color after adding concentrated HCl due to increase of concentration of [H+].

Finally, the solution returned to the yellow color again, almost the same as its initial color due to

the neutralization of concentration of [H+] made by NaOH.

Generally, all results were just as expected except for one minor difference in the second phase in

which the color was dark orange instead of dark yellow. This was probably result of excessive

amount of HCl added during this phase, moreover, dark yellow color was predicted based solely

on literature value of theoretical knowledge which do not reflect the result in reality accurately.
The equilibrium equation is: 2CrO₄²- + 2H+(aq) ⇌ Cr₂O₇²- + H2O.

2. EQUILIBRIA OF ACID/BASE INDICATORS

Equilibrium System: H(MV)(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ H3O+(aq) + MV−(aq)

Addition Predicted Observation Explanation

outcome

The solution methyl violet which

made the color of the solution violet

None (control)
Unchanged color Violet (0.5 pts)

Because of the addition of HCl, the

solution increased the number of ion

H+, then the equilibrium would shift

to the right (forward reaction) in

Blue Dark blue order to consume the H+ added to the

6 M HCl solution and more H3O+ formed,

which made the color of solution turn

to dark blue.

(0.5 pts)

When added acid, the solution

Unchanged color Dark blue produces ion H3O+. However, when
6 M NaOH
added base, ion OH¯ react with all
 the amount of ion H+ and perhaps

there was no significant redundant

amount of NaOH so the color did not

change.

(0.5 pts)

Just like previous case, because of

the addition of HCl, the solution

increased the number of ion H+, then

the equilibrium would shift to the

right (forward reaction) in order to

Unchanged color Dark blue consume the H+ added to the solution

6 M HCl and more H3O+ formed, but again,

there were probably no significant

amount of HCl which made the color

of solution unchanged.

(0.5 pts)

Comment: (0.75 pts)

 (a) (b) (c)

Figure set 3: Results of section 2

((a): Initial condition, (b): After adding HCl., (c): After adding NaOH)

Based on the predicted outcomes, the outcomes of the performed experiments turned out to be

nearly accurate. The initial solution showed a purple color that came from methyl violet. The

solution then turned into a blue color after adding concentrated HCl due to increase of

concentration of [H+] which made methyl violet swift to color that show acidity. Finally, additional

HCl made methyl violet turned back to strong blue once more because of the same reason, more

concentration of [H+] inside the solution.

Generally, all results came out as predicted. It is essential to note that the predicted outcomes were

not specific as they did not state the exact color that the solution might turn out to be, rather, they

just forecast whether the colors might come to a change under the effect of these stresses and in

terms of this, the results were expected is something understandable.

 3. EQUILIBRIA OF PRECIPITATION REACTIONS

Equilibrium System: Ca2+(aq) + C2O42−(aq) ⇌ CaC2O4(s)

Predicted
Addition Observation Explanation Equation
outcome

Na2C2O4 → Na+ + C2O42-

Ca2+ + C2O42- → CaC2O4(s)

CaCl2+ Na2C2O4 → CaC2O4 +
2-
When C2O4 was added,
2NaCl
The equilibrium shifted to
Test tube 1:
White the right to decrease C2O42-.
Milky color.
0.1 M Na2C2O4 precipitate This color came from the

precipitation of CaC2O4.

(0.5 pts)

When H2C2O4 was added,

it reacted with CaCl2 to

CaCl2 (aq) + H2C2O4 (aq) ↔
form CaC2O4 and HCl..
Test tube 2: White White CaC2O4(s) + 2HCl(aq)
H2C2O4 was a weak acid so

+ 0.1 M H2C2O4 precipitate precipitate it would dissociate partially:

H2C2O4 (aq) ↔ H+(aq)+C2O42-

(aq)

Ca2+ + C2O42- → CaC2O4(s)

 Hence, CaC2O4 was formed

slowly because of slow

forming of C2O42-

(0.5 pts)

On the addition of HCl, H+

increased. Therefore, the

CaCl2 + H2C2O4 → CaC2O4 +
equilibrium would shift to
2HCl
Test tube 2: Pale white the left (backward reaction)
Less White
to reduce the amount of H+.
+ 6 M HCl precipitate precipitate

*As a result, less white

precipitate was formed .

(0.5 pts)

When NH4OH was added,

H+ decreased because OH- CaCl2 + H2C2O4 + 2NH4OH

Test tube 2: → CaC2O4 + 2NH4Cl + 2H2O

reacts with H+ to form
Precipitate White
+ 6 M NH4OH water.
dissolute precipitate
According to Le Chatelier’s

Principle, the reaction

would shift to the right to

 reestablish the equilibrium.

H2C2O4(aq) ↔ H+(aq) +C2O42-

(aq)

According to Le Chatelier’s

Principle, C2O42- increased,

the reaction would move to

the right and reduced C2O42-

, which also forms more

CaC2O4. Therefore, the

solution appeared a white

precipitate.

Ca2+ + C2O42- → CaC2O4(s)

(0.5 pts)

Comment: (0.75 pts)

 Figure set 4: Results of section 3

(Top left: Test tube 1 – Top right: Test tube 2 after adding H2C2O4

Bottom left: Test tube 2 after adding HCl – Bottom right: Test tube 2 after adding NH4OH)

The direction of equilibrium would depend on the substance (reactants or products) that each time

was added to the reaction.. H2C2O4 was a weak acid so it would dissociate partially. CaC2O4 was

formed slowly because of slow forming of C2O42-. On the addition of HCl, H+ increased. Therefore,

the equilibrium would shift to the left (backward reaction) to reduce the amount of H+. As a result,

less white precipitate formed. According to Le Chatelier’s Principle, the reaction would move to

the right to resstablish the equilibrium. According to Le Chatelier’s Principle, C2O42- increased,
 the reaction would move to the right and reduced C2O42-, which also formed more CaC2O4.

Therefore, the solution appeared a white precipitate.

4. TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON EQUILIBRIA

Equilibrium System: [Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4Cl−(aq) ⇌ [CoCl4]2−(aq) + 6H2O(l)

Description
Predicted
of Observation Explanation
outcome
conditions

Nothing Light Purple-violet The color of the [Co(H2O)6]2+ solution was pink

changed purple solution changed while the color of (CoCl4)2- was blue. At an

(control) into purple. equilibrium state, the color of the solution was

purple-violet.

(0.5 pts)

Hot water Blue → Purple-violet (room When the solution was put in a hot water bath,

bath Light pink temperature) → the temperature increased. This system was an

blue (hot) → pink endothermal reaction, so when the temperature

(cool). increased, the reaction shifted to the right

(forward reaction, which was the endothermic

Solution’s changed
reaction) to reduce the increase in temperature.
into blue in hot

water bath. After

 moving in ice-water Thus [CoCl4]2-increased and the solution became

bath, color was blue.

pink. It might be
When move into ice-water bath, temperature
different a lot with
decrease, the reaction shift to the left,
Tube 1.
[Co(H2O)6]2+ increase, the solution become

pink.

(0.5 pts)

Light pink Purple-violet (room When the solution was put in an ice-water bath,

→ Blue temperature) → the temperature decreased. This system was

Ice-water
pink (cool) → blue endothermic reaction, so when the temperature
bath
(hot). decreased the reaction shifted to the left,

Solution’s changed [Co(H2O)6]2+ increased, the solution became

into pink in ice- pink.

water bath. After

When moved into ice-water bath, temperature
moving in hot water
decreased the reaction shifted to the right,
bath, color was
[CoCl4]2- increased, the solution became blue.
blue. It might be
(0.5 pts)
different a lot with

Tube 1.
Comment: (0.75 pts)

Figure 5a: Test tube 1 - Room temperature

Figure 4b - 4c: Test tube 2

 (4b: After being in hot water - 4c: After being in cold water afterwards)

Figures 4d - 4e: Test tube 3

(4d: After being in cold water - 4e: After being in hot water afterwards)

The real observation is quite similar to the prediction. The color of the [Co(H2O)6]2+ solution is

pink, the color of [CoCl4]2- is blue. When temperature decreased, the equilibrium would be shifted

to the right (forward reaction, which was the exothermic reaction, favored by lower external

temperature) and the [CoCl4]2- increased. When temperature increased, the equilibrium would be

shifted to the left (backward reaction, which was the endothermic reaction, favored by higher

temperature) and the [Co(H2O)6]2+ increased. It was advisable to place the solution test tube in the
hot water and ice bath for enough time and temperature to obtain a relatively accurate result,

similar to the expected result.

V. Conclusions (1 pt)

This lab provided knowledge about Le Chatelier's Principle for the explanation of the changes in

the system and the factors that could affect the reaction system at equilibrium. The chemical system

can be changed under the stresses in concentration, temperature, or pressure. The reaction system

would be shifted until equilibrium has been re-established. Based on the phenomenon, the

equilibrium of the reaction system and its shift can be observed. Through this experiment, it was

possible to rationally explain which direction the reversible reaction would change.

The results performed in this lab were somewhat not up to expected and right to literature value

inferred from Le Chatelier’s Principle. These occurred because of various reasons, mainly due to

human errors. The performers were not professionals in handling equipments as well as handling

chemicals, because of which, many miscalculation and inaccurate amount of chemicas were

applied in this lab. Another reason is that Le Chatelier’s Principle, like many other principles, is

only accurate to a certain extent, it cannot predict all cases with expected results so some

discrepancies between literature value and empirical results are still acceptable in this lab.

Le Chatelier’s Principle is being used worldwide now in numerous industries and manufacturing.

The experiments performed in this lab, however, do not reflect all procedures as well as application

of the principle to industrial levels. It is recommended that further studies and more experiments

should be conducted in order to have a more general view into how Le Chatelier’s Principle is

exactly used in manufacturing and some industries.

 REFERENCES

[1]: Lab Manual – Chemistry Laboratory 2022

[2]: LE CHATELIER'S PRINCIPLE | APPLICATIONS - AdiChemistry