EXPERIMENT 3

PRESSURE VERSUS TEMPERATURE

NAMES: SECTION​: ​PHYS-31-YD

Jala, Leslie Jane B.
Pulmano, Jarena Joy S.
Rengel, Galileo Jr.
Saburao, Therese T.
Sandoval, Rio
Tangcalagan, Joseph Jan
Torrejos, Kristiane Shane
Date Performed: ​January 22, 2021 Date Submitted: ​January 22, 2021

I. OBJECTIVE

To determine how pressure changes with temperature at constant volume and number of particles.

II. PROCEDURE
The experiment was performed by running a simulation on the link provided in the manual. Before it proceeded,
we chose the “ENERGY” option and adjusted its controls. By setting a desired amount of particles to 100 heavy particles
and make it constant. The width also was adjusted to 10 nm as constant. In the temperature option, it setted to 100 K by
dragging the control on the bucket below the particle container, then the temperature which is indicated on top of the
thermometer above the particle container. The group then recorded the values of pressure and average speed and
determined their average value. This process was repeated by different particles by choosing 100 number of light
particles. The results were then tabulated, discussed, and provided a conclusion.

III. DATA

Table 1​: Heavy Particles at Constant Volume

Number of Particles Temperature (K) Average Pressure (atm) Average Speed (m/s)
100 100 3.95 269.00
100 150 5.85 324.00
100 200 7.75 371.50
100 250 9.75 424.50
100 300 11.65 461.00
100 350 13.65 500.00
100 400 15.55 531.00
100 450 17.55 562.00
100 500 19.45 591.50
100 550 21.45 617.50
Figure 1.1 ​Temperature (K) vs. Average Pressure (atm) of Heavy Particles

Figure 1.2 ​Temperature (K) vs. Average Speed (m/s) of Heavy Particles
Table 2​: Light Particles at Constant Volume

Number of Particles Temperature (K) Average Pressure (atm) Average Speed (m/s)
100 100 3.70 703.50
100 150 5.85 860.00
100 200 7.80 994.00
100 250 9.75 1104.00
100 300 11.65 1207.50
100 350 13.65 1317.50
100 400 15.50 1407.00
100 450 17.50 1488.00
100 500 19.45 1565.50
100 550 21.40 1640.00

Figure 2.1​ Temperature (K) vs. Average Pressure (atm) of Light Particles
 Figure 2.2​ Temperature (K) vs. Average Speed (m/s) of Light Particles

IV. DISCUSSIONS

1. Based on your graph, discuss the relationship between pressure and temperature using heavy and light particles.
Amonton’s (or Gay-Lussac’s) law states that pressure is directly proportional to temperature when the volume
and the number of particles remain constant (Rice University, n.d.). The gas law proves to be true for Graph 1.1 and 2.1
shows that as the temperature increases, the pressure also increases. Table 1 and 2 presents the values of the average
pressure between the light and heavy particles. Based on the results, there is no significant difference in the average
pressures between the particles.

2. Based on your graph, discuss the relationship between speed and temperature using heavy and light particles.
In addition to Amonton’s (or Gay-Lussac’s) law, an increase in temperature causes the particles to gain more
kinetic energy, increasing its velocity as it hit the walls of container, hence the increase in pressure. Graph 1.2 and 2.2
shows the direct relationship between speed and temperature of the heavy and light particles. However, the differences
in the slope of the two graphs indicate that the heavier particles move rather slowly than the light particles. Therefore,
the actual average speed of a particle is dependent on its mass at a given temperature (Victoria State Government,
2020).

3. What is the slope of each graph? What do they represent? Discuss your answers.
In the figure 1.1 the slope of the graph is 0.03892121212 which shows a positive slope between Temperature (K)
vs. Average Pressure (atm) of Heavy Particles. As the temperature increases the average pressure also increases which
both have a positive relationship. In Figure 1.2 the slope of the graph is 0.7660606061, it shows a slight curve line but
still increasing which is a positive slope between Temperature (K) vs. Average Speed (m/s) of Heavy Particles. As the
temperature increases the average speed also increases which both have a positive relationship. In figure 2.1 the slope
of the graph is 0.03906060606 which shows a positive slope between Temperature (K) vs. Average Pressure (atm) of
Light Particles. As the temperature increases the average pressure also increases which both have a positive
relationship. In figure 1.2 the slope of the graph is 2.043151515, it shows a slight curve line but it is increasing which is
also a positive slope between Temperature (K) vs. Average Speed (m/s) of Light Particles. As the temperature is
increased the average speed also increases in the Light Particles which have a positive relationship.

4. Write the equation showing the mathematical relationship between pressure and temperature. Discuss your answer.

Basically , Guillaume Amontons was the first to empirically establish the relationship between the pressure and
the temperature of a gas (~1700), and Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac determined the relationship more precisely (~1800).
Because of this, the Pressure -Temperature relationship for gases is known as either Amontons’s law or Gay-Lussac’s
law which states that , “the pressure of a given amount of gas is directly proportional to its temperature on the kelvin
scale when the volume is held constant.” Thus , the equation is given by , P ∝ T or P = constant x T or P = k x T , where
∝ means “is proportional to,” and k is a proportionality constant that depends on the identity, amount, and volume of
the gas. According to Chemistry I Lumenlearning (n.d.) , for a confined , constant volume of gas , the ratio P / T is
therefore constant (i.e P/T = k) . Hence , if the gas is initially in “Condition 1” (with P = P1 and T = T1), and then changes
to “Condition 2” (with P = P2 and T = T2), we have that P1/T1 = k and P2/T2 = k , which reduces to P1/T1 = P2/T2 as a
result.
Equally important , in a closed system where volume is held constant, there is a direct relationship between
Pressure and Temperature. In a direct relationship, one variable follows the same change when it comes to increasing
and decreasing. For instance , when the pressure increases then the temperature also increases. When the pressure
decreases, then the temperature decreases.

5. Write the equation showing the mathematical relationship between speed and temperature. Discuss your answer.
The average speed of the particles depends on both temperature and mass, and as the temperature increases,
the average speed increases as well. Thus, the equation showing the relationship between speed and temperature will

√
3RT
also include the influence of the mass, the type of molecule. The equation is as follows v rms = M wherein the vrms
signifies the root-mean-square speed of the molecule or in other words, the square root of the average of the square of
the speed. The R denotes the gas constant which can also be written as k B , T is the temperature in kelvin, and M is the
molar mass in kg/mol. Higher rms speed of molecules means a faster sound vibration travels through air. The speed of
sound increases in higher temperatures and is also greater in molecules of smaller molecular masses like hydrogen and
helium. Therefore, molecules that are relatively heavier, like nitrogen and oxygen have smaller rms speeds. However,
the rms speeds of these heavier molecules can easily be increased in higher temperatures. The equation clearly shows
that the temperature dictates the rms speed of a molecule exhibiting a direct relationship between the 2 variables, as
temperature increases, the speed increases as well.

V. CONCLUSION
This exercise elaborates the relationship between Pressure and Temperature. In accordance to Amonton’s (or
Gay-Lussac’s) law that pressure is directly proportional to temperature when the volume and the number of particles
remain constant, the results obtained in this exercise proves this to be true. The graph of temperature vs average
pressure (Fig. 1.1 and Fig. 2.1)and the graph of temperature vs average speed(Fig. 1.2 and Fig 2.2) for both heavy and
light particles all showed a positive slope. Thich tells us an existing direct relationship between the Pressure and
Temperature, as well as the Speed and Temperature with no significant difference between the particles. The
relationship between pressure and temperature is mathematically expressed as P ∝ T or P = constant x T or P = k x T

√
3RT
and the relationship between speed and pressure is mathematically expressed as v rms = M . It is safe to conclude
that pressure and temperature has a direct relationship; an increase in temperature entails an increase in pressure.
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