g]kfnsf …klAns OG6]n]Sr'cnÚ

–8f= dx]z/fh kGt

g]kfnL efiffsf] o; n]vsf] zLif{ssf # zAbdWo] kl5Nnf @ zAb cª\u|]hLsf ePsf]df s]xL s'/f eÌ'
5 . s'/f s] eg], oL @ zAb ;fKtflxs va/klqsf lxdfnsf] b;}F cÍ -@)&# c;f]h !^–sflt{s
^_sf] d'Vo n]vsf], lhNbdf 5flkPcg';f/sf] zLif{s …xfd|f …klAns OG6]n]Sr'cnÚ Úaf6 pwf/f] lnOPsf]
xf] . leq rflxF To; n]vsf] zLif{s …xfd|f af}l4sÚ egL /flvPsf] 5 -/fd]Zj/ af]x/f / /ljg lu/L,
^%–&# k[=_ . ToxLF cfn]g nfO6\Dofg -lj=;+= @))% df hGd_sf] …b /f]n\ ck\m ka\lns\
Og\6]n]s\6Ø'cn\Ú eÌ] n]vsf] zLif{ssf] pNyf …;dfh;]jL ljåfgsf] e"ldsfÚ -df]xg d}gfnL, ^*–^(
k[=_ egL ul/Psf]n] Pp6} klqsfdf …klAns OG6]n]Sr'cnÚsf] cy{ sxLF …af}l4sÚ / sxLF …;dfh;]jL
ljåfg\Ú egL ul/Psf] :ki6 b]lvPsf] 5 . g]kfnLdf o;/L ToxfF …af}l4sÚ jf …ljåfg\Ú n]lvP klg
…OG6]n]Sr'cnÚsf] cy{df oL b'j} kof{o Tolt lrQ a'‰bf eg] 5}gg\ .
cª\u|]hL …OG6]n]Sr'cnÚnfO{ xfd|f] efiffdf s] eÌ] < o; k|Zgn] dnfO{ lk/f]ln/x]sf] klg w]/} g} eof] .
o;sf] 7Ls pQ/ eg] cem d}n] kfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . ;aeGbf klxn] t, …OG6]n]Sr'cnÚ zAbsf] xfd|f]
efiffdf kof{osf] ljifod} s]xL n]Vg' h¿/L 5 . o; ljifodf oxL /fhwfgL b}lgsd} 7Ls ;f9] tLg
jif{klxNo} n]lv;s]sf]n] To;}sf] p4/0f ug'{ g} hftL xf]nf—
…ef/tjif{df klZrdf ljrf/wf/f lelqFb} uPkl5 xfd|f] lrGtgk/Dk/fdf grn]sf zAb rngrNtLdf
cfpg yfn] . cª\u|]hLsf] …Og\l6n]j\m6Ø'cn\Ú zAbn] d"ntM …n]v jf k|jrgåf/f cfˆgf] wf/0ffsf]
k|Vofkg ug]{, k9]u'g]sf ljrf/sÚnfO{ a'emfpg] u/]sf] 5 . afOannfO{ ;+:s[tdf pNyf ug{] k/+k/fdf
tof/ ePsf], lj=;+= !()* df klxnf]k6s k|sflzt c l8s\zg\cl/ ck\m Oª\lUnz\ ofG8\ :ofg\l:qm6\
-cS;\kmf]8{ o"lge/\l;l6 k|];, nG8g, O{=;+= !*%!_df …Og\l6n]s\6Ø'cn\Úsf] cy{ ;+:s[tdf lbg df]lgo/
df]lgo/–ljlnoDh -lj=;+= !*&^–!(%%_nfO{ xDd]xDd] k/]sf] lyof] eÌ] j'm/f pgn] o; zAbsf]
…a'l4dfg\, wLdfg\, dltdfg\, d]wfjL, dg:jL, ;a'l4, ;'a'l4Ú cflb @ bh{geGbf a9L kof{o n]v]sf]af6
:ki6 x'G5 . kl5 ef/tLox¿n] …Og\l6n]s\6Ø'cn\Úsf] cy{ …a'l4hLjLÚ egL ug{ yfn] / xfdLx¿ klg
To;}sf] l;sf] ul//x]sf 5f}F .
…a'l4hLjLÚ of] zAb xfd|f] jfª\dodf gofF eg] xf]Og . …e"tÚ cyf{t\ …hLjftÚx¿dWo] …k|f0fLÚx¿ >]i7,
…k|f0fLÚx¿dWo] …a'l4hLjLÚx¿ >]i7, …a'l4dfg\Úx¿dWo] …dflg;Úx¿ >]i7 egL dg':d[lt -!.(^_ df
n]v]sf] j'm/fsf] ;+emgf o; k|;+udf x'G5 . dg':d[ltsf] To; Znf]sdf klxnf]kN6 …a'l4hLjLÚ / ToxL
zAb bf]x¥ofpg'kbf{ To;sf] 7fpFdf …a'l4dfg\Ú zAb cfPsf] 5 . …a'l4hLjLÚ g} bf]x¥ofpFbf 5Gb gldNg]
ePsf]n] xf]nf, To;sf] 7fpFdf …a'l4dfg\Ú zAbsf] k|of]u ePsf] . o; sf/0f ToxfF …a'l4hLjLÚsf] kof{o
…a'l4dfg\Ú ePsf]df zÍf 5}g . dg':d[ltsf] kl/efiffcg';f/ …a'l4hLjLÚdf …dflg;Ú dfq gk/L …a'l4sf]
k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] kz'k~5LÚ;d]t k5{g\ eÌ] otfaf6 b]lvg uPsf] 5 . o;}n] xf]nf, …a'l4hLjLÚ zAbsf]
k|of]u gu/L …n]vs–sljÚsf] cy{df …d;Lj[lQsfÚ eÌ] zAb go/fh kGt -lj=;+= !(&)–@)%(_n]
k|of]u u/]sf] -wgjh| jh|frfo{, k|wfg ;+kfbs, Oltxf;–;+zf]wgsf] k|df0f–k|d]o, hubDaf–k|sfzg,
nlntk'/, @)!( df go/fh kGtsf] …pkf]b\3ftÚ, @ k[=_ . t/ pgs} k/+k/fsf n]vdf kl5 …a'l4hLjLÚ
zAbs} k|of]u gePsf] eg] xf]Og . d}n] o; n]vdf …n]vs–sljÚsf] cy{df …d;Lj[lQsfÚ t xf]Og,
…d;LhLjLÚ zAbsf] k|of]u u/L sfd rnfPsf] 5' .Ú -…s] g]kfndf d;LhLjLsf] b'O wf/ 5 t <Ú
/fhwfgL, @)&).#.@.!, & k[=_ . d}n] olt n]v] klg …d;Lj[lQsfÚn] jf …d;LhLjLÚn] klg …OG6]n]Sr'cnÚ
zAbn] ;d]6]sf] hlt cy{ eg] lbFb}g . o;}n], …OG6]n]Sr'cnÚsf] jf:tj kof{osf] vf]hLdf d ce}m 5' .
1 
 
xfd|f] efiffdf …OG6]n]Sr'cnÚsf] kof{osf] s'/f oxLF yfFtL /fvL ca o; zAbsf] kl/efiff ug{kl§ nfu"F .
k|l;4 k|]mGr bfz{lgs hF–kn ;fq -lj=;+= !(^@–@)#&_cg';f/ …OG6]n]Sr'cn Tof] xf], hf] cfk"mnfO{
dtna gePsf] s'/fdf xft xfN5Ú -cfgL sf]x]g–;f]nn, ;fq, ulndfb{, Kofl/;, O{=;+= !(*(, %**–
%*( k[= af6 pNyf_ . oxL s'/f zAbfGt/df eGbf, cfk"m;Fu ;/f]sf/ gePsf] s'/fdf rf;f] /fVg]
dfG5] g} …OG6]n]Sr'cnÚ xf] eÌ] cy{ cfpF5 .
c/a d"nsf ljrf/s P8\j8{ jfbL ;O{b -lj=;+= !((@–@)^)_ sf] …OG6]n]Sr'cnÚ;+aGwL kl/efiff hF–
kn ;fqsf] eGbf w]/} g} a9L 5— …cfnf]lrt x'gsf] nflu / s8f cfnf]rgfsf] nflu s'g} klg vfnsf]
nf}lss ;QfnfO{ Hofb} 7"nf] / k|efjzfnL g7fÌ], ;fFrf] af]Ng ;Sg], cfFl6nf] / q'm4 dflg;
…OG6]n]Sr'cnÚ xf] . To; sf/0f jf:tj jf ;Rrf …OG6]n]Sr'cnÚ cfk}Fmn] cfk"mnfO{ nfb]sf]
lgsfnfjf;df afFRb} / ;dfhsf] k'5f/df /xFb} ;w}F aflxl/of eP/ /xG5 Ù pm ;j{;fwf/0f;Fu /
;j{;fwf/0fsf] kIfdf af]N5 tyf ckl/xfo{tM v'nf ¿kn] af]N5Ù pm clwsf/ gePsfx¿sf], af]lnlbg]
dfG5] gePsfx¿sf] / lal;{Psfx¿sf] kIfdf 7Ls;Fu x'G5Ú -h]/]dL h]lgª\h / ofg\yf]lg s]Dk–
j]Nråf/f ;+kflbt Og\l6n]s\6Ø'cNh\ Og\ kf]n\Ol6S;\M k|md\ 8«fOk'm;\ ck]m/\ 6' ;Ndfg\ /:bL, ¿6\n]h,
nG8g, O{=;+= !((&, !–@ k[=af6 d]/f] pNyf_ .
!% jif{ hlt otfb]lv …OG6]n]Sr'cnÚdf …klAnsÚ ljz]if0f ykL …klAns OG6]n]Sr'cnÚ zAb
rngrNtLdf cfPsf] 5 . …;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ vfo; k/]sf s'/fdf efuLbf/ / To;df yk PSof8]lds
s/Lc/ klg ePsf] dflg; …klAns OG6]n]Sr'cnÚ xf]Ú eÌ] Pp6f kl/efiff To; zAbsf] 5 -cldtfO
P6\lhcf]lgåf/f ;+kflbt ka\lns\ Og\6]n]s\6Ø'cNh\, /f]Dofg ofG8 ln6\n\kmLN8, nG8g, O{=;+= @))^_ .
k|frLg ef/tsf] Oltxf;sL VoftgfDgL JofVofqL /f]ldnf yfk/ -lj=;+= !(** df hGd_sf] n]v /
To; n]vsf] ljifodf % hgfsf] nfdf nfdf l6Kk0fL;d]t xfnL kf]x/ dfq k|sflzt b ka\lns\
Og\6]n]s\6Ø'cn\ Og\ Og\l8c -rGb| rf/L / pdf cfoË/åf/f ;+kflbt Pn]km a's sd\klg, gofF lbNnL,
O{=;+= @)!%_sf] rrf{ xfd|f] otflt/ clxn] eO/x]5 . o; k':tssf] …Pk\OUo|fk\mÚ cyf{t\ …k':ts z'¿
x'g'eGbf cufl8 /flvg] …cfbz{jfSoÚaf6 klg …OG6]n]Sr'cnÚsf] kl/efiff ug{ ;lhnf] kg]{ x'gfn]
To;nfO{ oxfF ptfg'{k/]sf] 5—
…af]n, o] yf]8f jSt ax't x}
lh:d cf] hjfg sL df}t ;] kxn]
af]n, s] ;r lhGbf x} ca ts
af]n, hf] s'5 sxgf x} sx n]Ú

oL kª\lQm pb"{sf k|l;4 slj k}mh cxdb k}mh -lj=;+= !(^&–@)$!_sf] …af]n s] na cfhfb x} t]/]Ú
eÌ] # kB ePsf] sljtfsf] kl5Nnf] kB xf] . qmflGtsf/L sljsf] ¿kdf kl/lrt sljsf] o; kBdf
cfk"mnfO{ eÌ dg nfu]sf] s'/f clGtd cj:yfdf ;'4f glxrlsrfO{ eÌ prflnPsf] 5 . otfaf6
klg …OG6]n]Sr'cnÚ ls+jf …klAns OG6]n]Sr'cnÚsf] ;fdfGo cy{ xfd|f] cufl8 :ki6 x'G5 .
sdnk|sfz dNn -lj=;+=!((# df hGd_n] …lb Og\l6n]s\6Ø'cn\ Og\ g]kfnLh\ ;;fOOl6Ú eÌ] n]v
lj=;+= @)@& df cª\u|]hL dfl;s j;'wf -!$ 7]nL, %–^ cÍ, O{=;+= !(&)_df 5kfPsf lyP . To;sf]
lgs} rrf{ klg eof] . z+s/ nfld5fg] -lj=;+= !(*$–@)#@_n] u/]sf] To;sf] g]kfnL pNyf nuQ}
g]kfnL dfl;s ¿k/]vf -!)* k"0ff{Í, !!–#) k[=, !)( k"0ff{Í, %&–&& k[=, @)@&_df …g]kfnL ;dfhdf
2 
 
a'l4hLjLÚ eÌ] zLif{sdf 5flkof] . cfˆgf] b]zsf] e'jgsf]z, g[tŒj, Oltxf;, ;+:j[mlt, efiff, ;flxTo
cflbsf] ljifodf tL tL ljifosf ljz]if1x¿sf] j]m ljrf/ 5 eÌ] j'm/f ;+;f/nfO{ b]vfpg ljleÌ
ljifosf ljz]if1x¿åf/f tof/ kfl/Psf] egL bfaL ul/Psf], kz'kltzdz]/ hËaxfb'/ /f0ff -lj=;+=
!((* df hGd_ / sdnk|sfz dNnåf/f ;Dkflbt eO{ lj=;++ @)#) df k|sflzt …g]kfn\ Og\
k/\:k]j\ml6e\Údf klg Tof] n]v ufleof] -cfly{s ljsf; tyf k|zf;gj]mGb|, sf7df8f}F, O{=;+= !(&#,
@^#–@() k[=_ . ToxL n]v lj=;+= @)#^ df sdnk|sfz dNnsf] b /f]8\ 6' gf]Xj]/\ -;femf k|sfzg,
nlntk'/, O{=;+= !(&(_df k]ml/ 5flkof] -!&(–@)& k[=_ . em08} @ jif{cl3 Tof] k':ts km]l/
5flkPsf]n] -hubDaf–k|sfzg, nlntk'/, O{=;+= @)!%_ Tof] n]v -!((–@)& k[=_ clxn] ;'ne ePsf]
5.
To; n]vsf] p7fg g} …lb;\ Oh\ ofg\ P;\P Og\ Og\SjfOl/ Og\6' b ke\c/\l6 ck\m Og\l6n]S6\ Og\ g]kfn\Ú
cyf{t\ …of] lgaGw g]kfndf a'l4sf] bfl/B|sf] vf]htnf; ug]{ l;nl;nfdf n]lvPsf] xf]Ú egL ul/Psf]
5 . k'/fljBfdf sdnk|sfz dNnsf] Tolt ks8 gePsf]]n] g]kfnsf] Oltxf; / ;+:s[lt;+aGwL, pgsf
n]vdf kg{ uPsf uNtLnfO{ pbfË kfg]{ sfd em08} $@ jif{ otfb]lv d}n] ub}{ cfPsf] eP klg pgsf]
To; n]vsf] ljifodf d}n] w]/} t n]v]sf] 5}g, t/ …b k|8S6\;\ ck\m lb;\ P8\o's]zg\ xØfe\ aLg\
Kofz\cg]6\ln nOcn\ 6' Xj6\Pe/\ kfpch{\ b]/\ aL Og\ b /LNd\Ú -g]kfn\ Og\ k/\:k]j\ml6e\, @&# k[=_
cyf{t\ …/fHodf hf];'s}sf] clwsf/ eP klg of] lzIff kfPsfx¿ cyf{t\ ;+:s[t k9]sfx¿ zlQmsf
;fg'/fu jkmfbf/ ePsf 5g\Ú egL ToxfF n]lvPsf] s'/fsf] ljk|ltklQdf d}n] oxL /fhwfgL b}lgsdf
;f9] # jif{cl3 n]lv;s]sf] 5' -@)&).#.@.!, & k[=_ .
lxdfn ;fKtflxs va/klqsfsf] b;} cÍsf] lhNbdf …xfd|f …klAns OG6]n]Sr'cnÚ Ú egL To; cÍdf
rrf{ ul/Psf ## hgfdWo] #! hgfsf] lrq lbOPsf] 5 . leq …xfd|f af}l4sÚ -^%–&@ k[=_ eÌ] n]vdf
;aeGbf cufl8 !@ hgfsf] t;jL/ 5flkPsf] 5 . Tof] b]Vbf P8\j8{ jfbL ;O{bsf] l/k|]h]g\6]zGh\ ck\m
lb Og\6]n]s\6Ø'cn\ -leg\l6h a'S;, Go" of]s{, O{=;+= !((^_sf] lhNbdf 5flkPsf & hgfsf] lrqsf] ofb
cfof] . …xfd|f af}l4sÚ eÌ] n]vsf] 5}6f}F k[i7sf] dflyNnf] efudf …kl/jt{gsf] cu'jfOÚ eÌ] zLif{sdf
lj=;+= @)$^ / @)^@–@)^# sf] …cfGbf]ngsf] cfwf/ af}l4s / gful/s cu'jfx¿n] tof/ kf/]sf
lyPÚ -&) k[=_ egL !) hgfsf] gfpF lrq;lxt lbOPsf] 5 . o;kl5 …hgtfsf af}l4sÚ eÌ] n]v
cfpF5 -&$–() k[=_ . !^ hgf …OG6]n]Sr'cnÚsf] ljifodf !! hgfn] leÌfleÌ} n]v]sf] l6Kk0fL ToxfF
5flkPsf] 5 . clg o'jf / o'jlt !% hgf …OG6]n]Sr'cnÚsf] ljifodf lxdfnsf Ps hgf pk;+kfbssf]
n]v cfpF5 -aRr' las, …k|Zg ug]{ k':tfÚ, (@–($, (^ k[=_ . o;kl5 sdn bLlIft -lj=;+= !(*^ df
hGd_sf] …;ft;fn jl/kl/Ú -(*–(( k[=_ eÌ] n]v lbOPsf] 5 / cGTodf /f]ldnf yfk/sf] …b ka\lns\
Og\6]n]s\6Ø'cn\ Og\ Og\l8cÚaf/] n]v cfpF5 -z+s/ ltjf/L, …af}l4sx¿sf] P]gfÚ, !)) k[=_ .
sdnk|sfz dNnn] g]kfnsf …OG6]n]Sr'cnÚx¿sf] ljifodf n]v]sf] ;f9] $^ jif{kl5 lxdfndf To:t}
To:t} ljifodf n]lvPsf] s'/f k9\bf s]xL n]Vg s'ts'TofPsf]n] o; n]vsf] hGd ePsf] xf] .
lxdfndf 5flkPsf] …xfd|f af}l4sÚ eÌ] n]vsf] Pp6f k|s/0fsf] zLif{s …af}l4stfsf] lj:tf/Ú eÌ] 5 .
To;sf] yfngL lqm;\6f]km/ lxr]G; -lj=;+= @))^–@)^*_sf] …af}l4s ;a}n] lrg]s} x'g'k5{ eÌ] 5}g, t/
zlQm;fd' ;To af]Ng] Ifdtf eg] x'g}k5{Ú -^^ k[=_af6 ul/Psf] 5 . of] s'/f dfly p4/0f ul/Psf, hF–
kn ;fq / P8\j8{ jfbL ;O{bn] af]ln;s]s} s'/fsf zAbfGt/ x'g\ egL elg/xg' gknf{ .
;aeGbf klxn] t, lj=;+= @)$^ / @)^@–^# sf] kl/jt{gsf] cu'jf egL lrgfOPsf !) hgf
;fFlRrs} cu'jf x'g\ t < eÌ] k|Zg ljrf/zLn dg'iosf] dgdf gp7L 5f]8\b}g . cem ulxl/P/ x]g]{ xf]
eg], tL kl/jt{g g]kfnd} :jtM:k"mt{ lyP t < eÌ] k|Zg klg p7\g ;S5 . ;fFRr} eÌ] xf] eg], tL
3 
 
cu'jfx¿dWo] s]xL t s;}sf] uf]6L g} eP/ rn]sf] klg gb]lvPsf] xf]Og . ltgLx¿dWo] w]/}h;f]n]
cfˆgf afa'afh]x¿sf] eGbf ljnf;L hLjg latfO/x]sfn] ltgLx¿sf] cfo;|f]t vf]Hb} hfFbf leq aflx/
sxfF;Dd k'luG5, eÌ ;lsÌ . ltgLx¿dWo] s]xL t kl/jt{gsf cu'jf geO{ oyfl:yltsf ;dy{s
lyP eÌ] s'/f g]kfnsf] jt{dfgsfnsf] Oltxf;sf] kl/zLng ul//x]sfx¿nfO{ yfxf gePsf] xf]Og .
xf], ltgLx¿ lrGts} x'g\, o;df zÍf 5}gÙ s'g txsf eg], xfd|f] otflt/ rNb} cfPsf], d"nwf/sf]
lzIffk4ltaf6 h'g txsf lrGts hGdG5g\, ToxL txsf cyf{t\ demf}nf vfnsf . oL ;a},
sfdzf:qsf] efiffdf …gfu/sÚ x'g\ / jflUjnf;df /dfO/x]sf dfq x'g\ .
…gfu/sÚ egL o:tf vfnsf lrGtsx¿sf] af/] hf] d}n] n]v]F, Tof] lg/fwf/ 5}g . …klAns
OG6]n]Sr'cnÚsf] kl/efiff …/fHo, /fhgLlts j[Q / ahf/sf] cGt/;DaGw s]nfpg;Sg] JolQmÚ
-lxdfn, b;}F cÍ &! k[=_ egL ug]{ Ps hgf /fhgLltzf:qL Pp6f u}/;/sf/L …;+:yfaf6 dfl;s rf/
nfv ^* xhf/ ^ ;o ?k}ofFÚ e'QmfgL lnG5g\ -od lj/xL, … …;f];n 8fOnuÚsf] $& s/f]8 5fglagÚ,
cGgk"0f{ kf]:6\, @)&#.^.!).@, # k[=_ egL cvaf/df cfPsf] s'/f t vfln Pp6f gd"gf dfq xf], vf]hL
k;] To;/L k};f vfg] …klAns OG6]n]Sr'cnÚ hlt klg ge]l6g] xf]Ogg\ .
…s'g} ljZjljBfnodf jf s'g} cvaf/df sfd u/]/ hLljsf rnfof] eGb}df ;a} OG6]n]Sr'cnnfO{
las]sf] egL bf]if nfpg' clzi6 / lg/y{s cf/f]k xf]Ú -l/k|]h]g\6]zGh\ ck\m lb Og\6]n]s\6Ø'cn\, ^(
k[=af6 d]/f] pNyf_ egL P8\j8{ jfbL ;O{bn] n]v]sf] s'/f;Fu} lxdfnsf] oxL b;}F cÍdf n]lvPsf, oL
jfSo—— …ef/tn] gfsfaGbL ubf{ klg af}l4sx¿sf] Pp6f tKsf df}g a:of] . === Pp6f sfnv08df
dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf sltko JolQm ;doqmddf af]Ng 5f8]/ …klAns OG6]n]Sr'cnÚsf] e"ldsfaf6
Ro"t
eP === . o:tf] x'g'df ljb]zL ;xof]usf] klg e"ldsf /xØf] . cfnf]rgfTds r]t ePsfx¿ ;+o'Qm
/fi6«;+3 / c¿ bft[ lgsfo–;+:yfsf] hfuL/] eP . === k|fl1s If]q bnx¿sf] 5ftfd'lg uof], b'O{
bzsotf ljZjljBfnodf Pp6} /fd|f] lzIfs lelqg ;s]gg\, …klAns OG6]n]Sr'cnÚ tof/ x'g] Pp6f
d'xfg g} ;'Sb}5Ú -&)–&! k[=_ . …bft[ lgsfo–;+:yfsf cfly{s nfen] klg g]kfnL af}l4s ;d'bfonfO{
g/fd|/L ufFh]sf] 5, h;n] :jtGq af}l4ssf] cGto{d} k|xf/ ul//x]sf] 5Ú -/fd]Zj/ af]x/f, …;dfhsf
k"FhLÚ, && k[=_——k9\bf dg Pstdf;sf] x'G5 .
…hgtfsf] af}l4sÚ egL 5flgPsfx¿ b"wn] wf]Psf dfG5] t cjZo xf]Ogg\, ltgLx¿dWo] w]/}h;f]sf]
klZrd;Fu ulx/f] ;+aGw ePsf]n] …klAns OG6]n]Sr'cnÚsf] kof{o …klZrdsf] k|fKtfzLjf{b dg'ioÚ t
xf]Og eÌ] e|d kg{ hfg' klg c:jfefljs xf]Og . s]xLn] jfddfuL{sf] lgufxdf 7"nf] kb kfPsf] /
blIf0fdfuL{af6 klg sd nfe gp7fPsf]] s'/f klg oxfFlg/ eÌ}k5{ . ef], ca o; ljifodf a9L gn]v"F,
n]v o;} nfdf] eO;s]sf]n] s'g} j]nfsf] nflu afFsL s'/f ;fFr]/ /fv"F .
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf rnfpg h'g k};f oxfF cf]Ol/Psf] 5, Tof] :jb]zL d'xfgaf6 cfPsf] xf]Og,
aflx/}af6 cfPsf] xf] . k};f lbg]n] klg ljgf zt{ lbFb}g . Jofjxfl/s efiffdf eGbf, k'/]tn] ta
blIf0ff kfpF5, ha p;n] hhdfgsf] sfd k"/f u5{ . csf]{ zAbdf eÌ'kbf{, To:tf ;+:yfdf …;qLÚ
cyf{t\ …ljåfg\sf] ¿kdf lxF8]sf /fhsfhL dfG5]ÚnfO{ pkof]uL x'g] vfnsf sfd g} vf; u/L x'G5g\ .
ckjfbsf] ¿kdf …;qLÚnfO{ sfd gnfUg] ljifodf klg To:tf ;+:yfdf lj/nfsf]6L vf]hL gePsf]
xf]Og . Tof] t Pp6f ;'efliftdf …cfx"t]if' ljxËd]if' dzsf] gfofg\ k'/f] jfo{t]Ú cyf{t\ …cufl8
r/fx¿nfO{ 8fls/xFbf nfdv'§] cfPdf —p;df klg kv]6f ePsf]n]— p;nfO{ /f]lsFb}gÚ eg] h:t}
dfq xf] .

4 
 
ljb]zL k};faf6 rn]sf] Pp6f u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] vr{u/fOsf] ljifodf clVtof/b'?kof]ucg';Gwfg–
cfof]un] 5fgaLg ug]{ k|of; ug]{lalts} bft[;+:yfn] cyf{t\ To; u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf etf{n] cfklQ
hgfPsf] s'/f klg 5fkfdf cfof] -…axfMk|lt sfplG;nsf] rf;f]Ú, cGgk"0f{ kf]:6\Ú, @)&#.^.!^.!, @
k[=_ . …;dfhzf:qLo cg';Gwfgsf If]qdf axfMn] g]kfnsf] :t/ j[l4 u/]sf]Ú egL la|6]g–g]kfn
Ps]8]lds sfplG;nsf] lj1lKtdf elgP klg To; ;+:yfsf] d'Vo sfd g]kfn;+aGwL cg';Gwfg ug]{
o"/f]lkog ljåfg\x¿sf] d'vkq 5fKg] / csf]{ sfd b]zf6g / kl08tldqtfsf] nflu g]kfn cfPsf
ljb]zL ljåfg\x¿nfO{ cfk"msxfF af]nfO{ JofVofg ug{ nufpg' g} 5Ú egL oxL /fhwfgL b}lgsdf d}n]
7ØfSs $ jif{cufl8 n]v]sf] s'/f -…ljåt\ PghLcf]sf] zNolqmofÚ, @)^(.(.!.!,& k[=_ ;Rofpg'kg]{
cj:yf cfPsf] 5}g .
…klAns OG6]n]Sr'cnÚ;+aGwL n]vx¿sf] nuQ} 5flkPsf] …;ft;fn jl/kl/Ú -(*–(( k[=_ eÌ] n]vsf]
rrf{ ca cGTodf u¿F . lj=;+= @))& kl5 ;dfhdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g;+aGwL To; n]vdf efiff /
;+:s[ltsf] ljifodf ePsf sfdsf] ljj/0f lbOPsf] 5 . ToxL qmddf q}dfl;s klqsf k|ultsf]
k|sfzgsf] z'¿jftsf] ljifo cln v'nfP/ n]lvPsf] 5 . clg To; n]vsf stf{sf] akf}tL h:tf]
ePsf] dbgk'/:sf/af/] n]Vb} hfFbf ToxfF o:tf] n]lvPsf] 5— …To;}n] s;}n] d;Fu ;ft;fn /
;q;fnsf] aLrsf] ;dodf g]kfndf ePsf] ;aeGbf dxTTjk"0f{ 36gf s] xf] < eg]/ ;f]Wof] eg] nfh
krfP/ d eÌ]5'M dbg k'/:sf/sf] :yfkgf, Tof] /fhgLlts If]qsf] geP/ ;flxlTos / ;f+:s[lts
:j¿ksf] eP/ s] ef] t Û To;} klg, /fhf dx]Gb|n] klg ghfg]/ t eg]g xf]nfg\ lg, dbg k'/:sf/sf]
:yfkgf ePkl5, @)!# ;fndf, cfˆgf u'?, a8fu'?h" ef]u]Gb|/fh kf08]nfO{ …/fgL hubDafn] dnfO{
pl5lgg\ ÛÚ eg]/Ú -(( k[=_ . xf], dbgk'/:sf/sf] :yfkgf efiff / ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;sf] nflu 7"nf]
36gf xf] eÌ] s'/f d klg dfG5', t/ sdn bLlIftn] lbP h:tf] Tolt dxŒj eg] d lbÌF . Tof] t $
k':tfb]lv /f0ffsf] b/af/df leh]sf] dg'ion] ljrf/ k'¥ofP/ cf9Øljwjfsf] wgsf] ljlgof]u u/]sf
s}og\ z[ª\vnfdWo] Ps dfq xf] .
g]kfnL efiffdf n]lvPsf s[lt hltsf] l8kf]lh6l/ cyf{t\ ;+u|x ul/g] e08f/sf xflsd eP/ klg
sdn bLlIftn] klxNofpg g;s]sf], Pp6f 7"nf] sfdsf] z'¿jft lj=;+= @))( c;f]h % ut] ePsf]
lyof] Oltxf;–;+zf]wgsf] gfpFaf6 . Tof] sfd go/fh kGtsf] lbdfusf] pkh eP klg ;+of]u g}
eÌ'k¥of], To;df lgldQdfq ePsf # hgfdWo] Ps hgf sdn bLlIfts} cfˆg} sfsf
lyP . ;jf rf};ÝL jif{cufl8 p7fOPsf] Tof] sfd cfˆg} 7fgL d ce}m To;df nflu/x]sf]n] To;sf]
hlt tf/Lkm ug'{kYof]{, ;+sf]rjz ug{ ;Sg] cj:yfdf d 5}g, To;f] eP klg olt t cjZo eG5' ls
;a} ljBfsf] u'?lsNnL klZrddf eO/x]sf]df o; sfdaf6 ljBfsf] Ps zfvfdf eg] Tof] u'?lsNnL
klZrdaf6 kms]{/ g]kfndf cfof] .

5 
 
 /fhwfgL
!^ jif{, !*& cÍ, # k[i7
@)&# kf}if @, zlgjf/

6