CIRCUITS- A 

circuit is the path that an electric current travels on, and a simple
circuit contains three components necessary to have a functioning electric circuit, namely, a
source of voltage, a conductive path, and a resistor. Circuits are driven by flows

CURRENT - IT IS A FLOW OF ELECTRON IN A CIRCUITS

VOLTAGE - THE ‘’PUSH’’ THAT CAUSES THE CURRENT TO FLOW

RESISTANCE – OPPOSES CURRENT FLOW IN A CIRCUITS

DC OR DIRECT CURRENT - an electric current flowing in one direction only and
substantially constant in value

AC OR ALTERNATING CURRENT - in which the direction of the flow of electrons

switches back and forth at regular intervals or cycles
OPEN CIRCUITS- THE CONTINUITY IS BROKEN SO THAT CURRENT DOES NOT
FLOW

SHORT CIRCUITS – POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ELECTRON TRAVEL ALONG

UNINTENDED PATH WITH NO IMPEDANCE

CLOSED CIRCUITS – A CIRCUIT WITHOUT INTERRUPTION , CONTINOUS TO FLOW.

Integrated circuits- an electronic circuit formed on a small piece of semiconducting material,
performing the same function as a larger circuit made from discrete components.

voltage source is a two-terminal device which can maintain a fixed voltage

resistor - A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that
implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. In electronic
circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide
voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other uses

capacitor - a device used to store an electric charge, consisting of one or more pairs of
conductors separated by an insulator

electrical insulator- is a material in which the electron does not flow freely

isolator- is a mechanical switching device that, in the open position, allows for isolation of the
input and output of a device

An inductor, also called a coil, choke, or reactor, is a passive two-terminal electrical

component that stores energy in a magnetic field when electric current flows through it

Conductors- are materials that permit electrons to flow freely from particle to particle.
Diode- a semiconductor device with two terminals, typically allowing the flow of current in one
direction only

Led- a light-emitting diode (a semiconductor diode which glows when a voltage is applied)
Transistor- is a current driven semiconductor device which can be used to control the flow of electric
current in which a small amount of current in the Base lead controls a larger current between the
Collector and Emitter

Transformers- are electrical devices consisting of two or more coils of wire used to

transfer electrical energy by means of a changing magnetic field

A transformer designed to increase the voltage from primary to secondary is called a step-up

transformer. A transformer designed to reduce the voltage from primary to secondary is
called a step-down transformer.

The battery anode is always negative and the cathode positive. This appears to violate the

convention as the anode is the terminal into which current flows. A vacuum tube, diode or a
battery on charge follows this order; however taking power away from a battery on discharge
turns the anode negative.

An ampere is a unit of measure of the rate of electron flow or current in an electrical conductor