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Biomagnetism and Bio-
Electromagnetism Biomagnetis
m and Bio-
Electromagn
Throughout the past 30 years, scientists have been etism
extensively researching organisms that have the
ability to produce the ferromagnetic mineral Environment
magnetite. Magnetite is a black mineral form of iron al Sciences
oxide that crystallizes in the cubic or isometric and Remote
system, namely all crystals which have their Sensing
crystallographic axes of equal length at 90 degrees
to each other. It is a mixed Iron (II) Iron (III) oxide, Planetary
Fe3O4, and is one of the major ores of iron that is Sciences
strongly magnetic. Some varieties, known as and Space
lodestone, are natural magnets; these were used as Law
compasses in the ancient world.
The discovery of a biogenic material (that is, one Renewable
formed by a biological organism) with ferromagnetic Rescources
properties and found to be magnetite was the first and Energy
breakthrough toward an understanding as to why Alternatives
some animals have the ability to detect the earth’s
magnetic field. Searches for biogenic magnetite in South Africa
human tissues had not been conclusive until the
beginning of the 1990’s when work with high- Mexico
resolution transmission electron microscopy and
electron diffraction on human brain tissue extracts Brazil
of the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and meninges
(membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord) USA and Europe
identified magnetite-maghemite crystals.
Chile
Magnetite Crystals under Low Magnification
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that induce
currents to
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the
surrounding Translate to Persian
coiled
dendrites.
Always translate English to Persian PRO
Electron
Never translate English
impulsesNever translate affs.org
from a
neuron, on
reaching the
dendrite coil
of the
Single Magnetite Crystal in Human
abutted cell,
Brain
generate a
micro
amperage magnetic field, causing the ultra thin
crystal, or liquid crystal in the pyramidal cell to be
activated — in a very unusual way. On flexing, this
ultra thin crystal becomes a piezoelectric oscillator,
producing a circular polarized light pulse that
travels throughout the body, or travels as a
transverse photonic bundle of energy.
According to Einstein, matter is to be regarded itself
as part, in fact the principle part, of the
electromagnetic field, and electric energy is
therefore the fundamental origin of our entire
physical world. Consequently, in work published by
The Academy For Future Science it has been cited
that “under present biological conditions,
evolutionary development in living bodies from
earliest inception follows unicellular
semiconductivity, as a living piezoelectric matrix,
through stages which permit primitive basic tissues
(glia, satellite and Schwann cells) to be supportive to
the neurons in the human system where the
primary source is electrical. This has been especially
shown in bone growth response to mechanical
stress and to fractures which have been
demonstrated to have characteristics of control
systems using electricity.”
Ongoing research has shown that bone has
electrical properties. The bone matrix is a biphasic
(two-part) semiconductor, i.e. a crystalline solid with
an electrical conductivity. The collagen component
of bone matrix is an N-type semiconductor and the
apatite component a P-type. When tested for
piezoelectricity, collagen turns out to be a
piezoelectric generator while apatite is not. These
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165.
Kirschvink, J.L. “Magnetite Biomineralization and
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Geomagnetic Sensitivity in Higher Animals: An
Update and Recommendations for Future Study.” Translate to Persian
Bioelectromagnetics,10 (1989):239-259.
Kirschvink, J.L. et al. “Magnetite biomineralization in
Always translate English to Persian PRO
the human brain.” Proceedings of the National
Never translate English
Academy of Sciences, 89 (1992):7683-7687. Never translate affs.org
Nordenstrom, B.W.W. “Impact of Biological Closed
Electric Circuits (BCEC) on Structure and Function.”
Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science, 27
(1992):285-303.
Bio Medicine
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