STRUCTURAL

Zoning, site characteristics, occupancy, configuring The procedures and limitations for the design of structures shall be determined by the following factors.
structural system and height
14 Minimum number of stories recommended to be provided with at least 3 approved recording accelerographs.
Owner Maintenance and service of accelorographs shall be provided by the ___
Occupant of the building Who shall be responsible for keeping the actual live load below the allowable limits and shall be liable for any failure on the
structure due to overloading
Load duration The period of continuous application of a given load or the aggregate of periods of intermittent application of the same load
14 sq. m Minimum area in square meters a member supports which the design live load may be reduced
1.50 sq. m Minimum height of any wall requiring structural design to resist loads onto which they are subjected
1/240 of wall span Maximum deflection of a brittle finished wall subjected to a load of 250 Pascal applied. Perpendicular to said wall
1/120 of wall span Maximum deflection of flexible finished wall subjected to a load of 250 Pascal applied perpendicular to said wall
60 sq. m Maximum floor area for a low-cost housing unit
Base The level at which the earthquake motions are considered to be imparted to the structure of the level at which the structure as a
dynamic vibrator is supported
Collector A member or an element provided to transfer lateral forces from a portion of a structure to vertical elements of the lateral force
resisting system
Diaphragm A horizontal or nearly horizontal system acting to transmit lateral forces to the vertical resisting elements it includes horizontal
bracing system
Base Shear V The total designed lateral force or shear at the base of a structure
Boundary element An element at edge of opening or at perimeters of shear walls or diaphragm
Brace Frame An essentially vertical truss system of the concentric or accentric type which is provided to resist lateral forces
Building Frame System A essentially complete space frame which provides supports for gravity loads
Dual System A combination of a Special or Intermediate Moment Resisting Space Frame and Shear Walls or Braced Frame
Eccentric Brace Frame (EBF) The form of braced frame where at least one end of each brace intersects a beam at a point away from the column girder joint
Joints The entire assemblage at the Intersection of the members
Girder The horizontal member in a frame system, a beam
-the major horizontal supporting member of the floor system
Diaphragm Strut An element of a diaphragm parallel to the applied load, which collects and transfers diaphragm shear to vertical resisting
elements of distributes loads within the diaphragm. Such members may take axial tension or compression
Diaphragm Chord The boundary element of a diaphragm or a shear wall which is assumed to take axial stresses analogous to the flanges of a
beam
Essential facilities Those structures which are necessary for emergency post earthquake operations
Lateral Force Resisting System That part of the structural system assigned to resist lateral forces
Ordinary Moment Resisting Space Frame Moment resisting space frame not meeting special detailing requirements for ductile behavior
Story Drift The displacement of one level relative to the level above or below
Strength The usable capacity of a structure or its members to resist loads within the deformation limits prescribed in this document
Platform The lower rigid portion of a structure having a vertical combination of structural system
Horizontal Bracing system Horizontal truss system that serves the same function as a diaphragm
Structure An assemblage of framing members designed to support gravity loads and resist lateral forces
Bearing Wall System A structural system without complete vertical load carrying space frame. This system provides support for gravity loads.
Resistance to lateral load is provided by shear walls or braced frames
Building Frame system A structural system with essentially complete space frame providing support for gravity loads. Resistance to lateral load is
provided by shear walls or braced frames
Moment Resisting Frame System A structural system with an essentially complete space frame providing support for gravity loads. Moments resisting space
frames provide resistance to lateral load primarily by flexural action of members.
Weak story Is one in which the story strength is less than 80% of that the story above
Time History Analysis An elastic or inelastic dynamic analysis in which a mathematical model of the structure is subjected to a ground motion time
history. The structures time dependant dynamic response to these motion is obtained through numerical integration of its
equations of motions.
Orthogonal Effect The effect on the structure due to earthquake motions acting in directions other than parallel to the direction of resistance under
consideration
P-delta effect The secondary effect on shears and moments of frame members induced by the vertical loads acting on the laterally displaced
building frame
Admixture Material other than water aggregate or hydraulic cement used as an ingredient of concrete and added to concrete before or
during its mixing to modify its properties
Plain Concrete Concrete that doesn’t not conform to definition of reinforced concrete
Pedestal Upright compression member with a ratio of unsupported height to average least lateral dimension of less than three (3 m)
Modulus of Elasticity Ratio of normal stress to corresponding strain for tensile or compressive stresses below proportional limit of material
-in the formula e=PL/AE, E stands for ___
Jacking Force In prestressed concrete, temporary force exerted by device that introduces tension into prestressing tendons
Embedment Length Length of embedded reinforcement provided beyond a critical section
Effective Prestress Stress remaining in prestressing tendons after all losses have occurred, excluding effects of dead load and superimposed loads
Development Length Length of embedded reinforcement required to develop the design strength of reinforcement at a critical section
Curvature friction Friction resulting from bends or curves in the specified prestressing tendon profile
Structural Lightweight Concrete Concrete containing lightweight aggregate
Bonded tendon Prestressing tendon that is bonded to concrete either directly or through grouting
Structural Steel ASTM A36
ASTM A514 High Yield Strength Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel Plate, Suitable for Welding
TRUE True or False, bar larger than 36mm in diameter shall not be bundled in beams
40 mm Minimum concrete cover for a Prestressed concrete for beams and columns for primary reinforcement
Poisson’s Ratio In a material under tension or compression, the absolute value of the ratio transverse strain to the corresponding
longitudinal strain
Slenderness Ratio In column, the ratio of its effective length to its least radius of gyration
Torsion A quantity which measures the resistance of the mass to being revolved about a line
Flat slab A type of concrete floor which has no beam
Shear The tendency for one part of a beam to move vertically with respect to an adjacent part
Deformation A change in shape of a material when subjected to the action of force
Yielding Stress The maximum value of tension, compression, or shear respectively the material sustain without failure
Stress -It means that by which a body develops internal resistance to stress
-Intensity of force per unit area
Allowable Stress The greatest stress which a material is capable of developing without permanent deformation remaining upon the complete
release of stress
Tie / Stirrup Loop of reinforcing bar or wire enclosing longitudinal reinforcement
Stiffness Ration The measure of stiffness of a material
Punching Shear The failure in a base when a heavily loaded column strikes hole through it
Deflection The deformation of a structural member as a result of loads acting on it
6 inches Nominal thickness of a timber
Equilibrium The sum of forces in the orthogonal directions and the sum of all moments about any points are zero
2 years The complete records of tests conducted (slump, compression test, etc.) shall be preserved and made available for inspection
during the progress of construction and after completion of the project for a period of not less than ___
Not less than 1”x4” Wood board should have a thickness specification
 Run The distance from the first to the last riser of a stair flight
Portable Hand router A high-speed rotary shaping hand power tool used to make smooth cutting and curving on solid wood
Knots Wood defects are: heart shake, cup shake, star shake and ___
Smoothed and planed lumber Dressed lumber is referred to ___
Live load It refers to the occupancy load which is either partially or fully in place or may not be present at all
Cross cut saw The other kind of handsaw other than rip cut saw
Effective Length The distance between inflection points in the column when it breaks
Volume The amount of space measured in cubic units
Contraction Joint An expansion joint of adjacent parts of a structure to permit expected movements between them
Total Run The total of all tread widths in a stair
Bond stress The force adhesion per unit area of contact between two bonded surfaces
Purlin A structural member spanning from truss to truss or supporting a rafter
Size of dead load deflection Size of camber for a 25 meters steel truss
Shear connector A connector such as a welded strut, spiral bar, or short length of channel which resists horizontal shear between elements
Shear Stress (Shearing Stress) The force per unit area of cross section which tend to produce shear
Hook’s Law The law that relates the linear relationship between stresses and strain
4 x diameter of bolt Minimum spacing of bolts in timber connection measured from center of bolts parallel for parallel to grain loading is equal to
___

4 x diameter of bolt According to the provision of the NSCP on timber connection and fastening the loaded edge distance for perpendicular to grain
loading shall be at least

2.5 NSCP specifies spacing between rows of bolts for perpendicular to grain loading shall be at least ___ times bolt diameter for
L/d ratio of 2
12 mm Minimum diameter of bolts to be used in timber connections and fastening in accordance with NSCP specifications
50 Simple solid timber columns have slenderness ratio not exceeding ___
11 diameters Nails and spikes for which the wire gauges or lengths not set forth in the NSCP specifications shall have a required penetration
of not less than __
1/6 depth of member Notches in sawn lumber bending members in accordance with the NSCP specifications shall not exceed
Middle third span Notches in sawn lumber shall not be located in the
¼ the depth Notches in the top and bottom of joist shall not exceed
.60 of specified yield strength Allowable stresses for tension in structural steel in terms of gross area
.50 of specified minimum tensile strength Allowable tensile stress of structural steel based on effective area
0.45 Fy Allowable stress for tension on pin connected members based on net area
0.40 Fy Allowable shear stress on structural steel on the cross sectional area effective in resisting shear
100% For structures carrying live loads which induce impact, the assumed live load shall be increased sufficiently to provide for
same, for supports of elevators the increase shall be
200 The slenderness ratio of compression members shall not exceed ___
240 The slenderness ratio main members in tension shall not exceed ___
40 mm Concrete cover for pipes, conduits, and fittings shall not be less than ___ for concrete exposed to earth or weather
20 mm Concrete cover for pipes, conduits, and fittings shall not be less than ___ for concrete not exposed to earth or weather
7 days Curing of concrete (other than high-early strength) shall be maintained above 10 C and in moist condition for at least the first
___ days after placement
7 days If concrete in structure will dry under service conditions, cores shall be air-dried for ___ days before test and shall be tested
dry.
3 days Cutting for high early strength concrete shall be maintained above 10 C and in moist condition for at least the ___days after
placement
25 mm The minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in layer shall be db (diameter of bar) but not less than ___
180 deg. Bend +4db extension but not less than 60 mm at Standard hooks used in reinforced concrete beam shall mean
the end of bar
90 deg. Bend + 6db extension at free end Standard hooks for stirrups and tie hooks 16mm bar and smaller
90 deg. Bend + 12db extension at free end Standard hooks for stirrups and thie hooks 20-25 mm bar
-12 mm Allowable tolerance on minimum concrete cover for depth greater than 200 mm
+-50 mm Allowable tolerance for longitudinal location of bends and ends of reinforcement
40 db Individual bars with a bundle terminated within the span of flexural members shall terminate at different points with a stagger
of at least
3 db Clear distance between pre-tensioning tendons at each end of member shall not be less than ___ for strands
4 db Clear distance between pre-tensioning tendons at each of member shall to be less than ___ for wire
75 mm Minimum concrete cover provided for reinforcement of cast in place against permanently exposed earth or weather using bars
larger than 36 mm

NOMINAL MAXIMUM SIZE OF COARSE AGGREGATE SHALL NOT BE LARGER THAN: -high-early strength concrete shall be maintained above 10°C and in a moist condition for at least the
  first 3 days
-  1/5 the narrowest dimension between side forms  
-   1/3 the depth of slabs  
-  ¾ the minimum clear spacing between individual reinforcing bars or wires, bundles of bars, or CONDUITS AND PIPES EMBEDDED IN CONCRETE
prestressing tendons or ducts  
  -they (including their fittings) shall not displace more than 4% of the area of cross section when
  embedded within a column
DEFORMED REINFORCEMENTS - they shall not be larger in outside dimension than 1/3 the overall thickness of slab, wall or beam in
ASTM A 184 – Fabricated Deformed Steel Bar Mats which they are embedded
ASTM A 185 – Steel Welded Wire Fabric, Plain -they shall be spaced not closer than 3 diameters or widths on center
ASTM A 496 – Steel Wire, Deformed -conduits, pipes and sleeves may be considered as replacing structurally in compression the
ASTM A 497 – Steel Welded Wire Fabric, Deformed displaced concrete, provided:
ASTM A 615M – Deformed and Plain-Billet Steel Bars o      they are of uncoated or galvanized iron or steel not thinner than standard Schedule 40 steel pipe
ASTM A 616M – Rail-Steel Deformed and Plain Bars othey have a nominal inside diameter not over 50mm and are spaced not less than 3 diameters on
ASTM A 617M – Axle-Steel Deformed and Plain Bars centers
ASTM A 706M – Low-Alloy Steel Deformed Bars -                 concrete cover shall not be less than 40mm for concrete exposed to earth or weather, or
ASTM A 767M – Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Steel Bars less than 20mm for concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground
ASTM A 775M – Epoxy-Coated Reinforcing Steel Bars - reinforcement with an area not less than 0.002 times the area of concrete section shall be provided
ASTM A 884M – Epoxy-Coated Steel Wire and Welded Wire Fabric normal to the piping
ASTM A 934M – Epoxy-Coated Prefabricated Steel Reinforcing Bars  
   
  CONSTRUCTION JOINTS
PRESTRESSING TENDONS  
  - construction joints in floors shall be located within the middle third of spans of slabs, beams and
ASTM A 416M – Steel Strand, Uncoated Seven-Wire girders
ASTM A 421 – Uncoated Stress-Relieved Steel Wire - joints in girders shall be offset a minimum distance of 2 times the width of intersecting beams
ASTM A 722 – Uncoated High-Strength Steel Bar  
   
  STANDARD HOOKS
CURING  
  - 180-degree bend plus 4db extension, but not less than 60mm at free end of bar
-concrete (other than high-early strength) shall be maintained above 10°C and in a moist condition -  90-degree bend plus 12db extension at free end of bar
for at least the first 7 days after placement -  for stirrup and tie hooks:
 o 16mm diameter bar and smaller – 90-degree bend plus 6db extension at free end of bar, or MINIMUM CONCRETE COVER FOR PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
o  20 and 25mm diameter bar – 90-degree bend plus 12db extension at free end of bar, or           concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth – 75mm
o  25mm diameter bar and smaller – 135-degree bend plus 6db extension at free end of bar
            concrete exposed to earth or weather:
 
MINIMUM BEND DIAMETERS o      wall panels, slabs, joists – 25mm
  o      other members – 40mm
-  bar size of 16mm and smaller (for stirrups and ties) – 4db (inside diameter)
-  bar size of 10mm through 25mm – 6db           concrete not exposed to earth or in contact with ground:
- bar size of 28, 32 and 36mm – 8db
  o      slabs, walls, joists – 20mm
  o      beams, columns:
SPACING LIMITS FOR REINFORCEMENT
  §       primary reinforcement – 40mm
- the minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in a layer shall be db but not less than 25mm
- the minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in 2 or more layers shall not be less than 25mm §       ties, stirrups, spirals – 25mm
between layers o      shells, folded plate members:
- in spirally reinforced or tied reinforced compression members, clear distance between longitudinal
bars shall not be less than 1.5db or less than 40mm §       16mm diameter bar and smaller – 10mm
-  in walls and slabs other than concrete joist construction, primary flexural reinforcement shall not
be spaced farther apart than 3 times the wall or slab thickness, nor farther than 450mm §       other reinforcement – db but not less than 20mm
 
BUNDLED BARS
OFFSET BARS
-                 shall be limited to 4 bars in 1 bundle
          slope of inclined portion of an offset bar with axis of column shall not exceed 1 in 6
-                 shall be enclosed within stirrups or ties
          portions of bar above and below an offset shall be parallel to axis of column
-                 bars larger than 36mm diameter shall not be bundled in beams
          lateral ties or spirals, if used, shall be placed not more than 150mm from points of bend
-                 individual bars within a bundle terminated within the span of flexural members shall terminate at
different points with at least 40db stagger           offset bars shall be bent before placement in the forms

-                 where spacing limitations and minimum concrete cover are based on bar diameter db, a unit of bundled           where a column face is offset 75mm or greater, longitudinal bars shall not be offset bent.  Separate
bars shall be treated as a single bar of a diameter derived from the equivalent total area dowels, lap sliced with the longitudinal bars adjacent to the offset column faces, shall be provided

-                 minimum concrete cover shall be equal to the equivalent diameter of the bundle, but need not be  SPIRALS
greater than 50mm 
          for cast-in-place construction, size of spirals shall not be less than 10mm diameter
PRESTRESSING TENDONS AND DUCTS
          clear spacing between spirals shall not exceed 75mm or be less than 25mm
-                 center-to-center spacing of pretensioning tendons at each end of a member shall not be less than 5db
for wire, nor 4db for strands           anchorage of spiral reinforcement shall be provided by 1½ extra turns of spiral bar or wire at each end
of a spiral unit
MINIMUM CONCRETE COVER FOR CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE (NONPRESTRESSED)
          spiral reinforcement shall be lap spliced by 48db but not less than 300mm or welded
-                 concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth – 75mm
          in columns with capitals, spirals shall extend to a level at which the diameter or width of capital is 2
-                 concrete exposed to earth or weather: times that of the column
o      20mm through 36mm diameter bar – 50mm           plain bars shall conform to one of the following specifications:
o      16mm diameter bar and smaller – 40mm o      ASTM A 615M
-                 concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground: o      ASTM A 616M
o      slabs, walls, joists: o      ASTM A 617M
§       45 to 60mm diameter bars – 40mm           plain wire shall conform to:
§       36mm diameter bar and smaller – 20mm o      ASTM A 82 – Steel Wire, Plain,
o      beams, columns: TIES 
§       primary reinforcement, ties, stirrups, spirals – 40mm  10mm diameter lateral ties for longitudinal bars 32mm diameter or smaller
o      shells, folded plate members:  12mm diameter lateral ties for longitudinal bars 36 diameter and bundled bars
§       20mm diameter bar and larger – 20mm   vertical spacing of ties shall not exceed:
§       16mm diameter bar and smaller – 12mm o      16db of longitudinal bars
o      48db of tie bars
MINIMUM CONCRETE COVER FOR PRECAST CONCRETE o      least dimension of compression member
-                 concrete exposed to earth or weather:
  ties shall be arranged that no bar shall be farther than 150mm clear on each side along the tie
o      wall panels:
    ties shall be located vertically not more than ½ a tie spacing above the top of footing or slab in any story
§       45mm and 60mm diameter bars – 40mm
  where beams or brackets frame from 4 directions into a column, termination of ties not more than 75mm
§       36mm diameter bar and smaller – 20mm below reinforcement in shallowest of such beams or brackets shall be permitted

o      other members: SHRINKAGE AND TEMPERATURE REINFORCEMENT

§       45mm and 60mm diameter bars – 50mm    shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall be spaced not farther apart than 5 times the slab thickness,
or 450mm
§       20mm through 36mm diameter bar – 40mm
  spacing of prestressed tendons shall not exceed 1.80m
§       16mm diameter bar and smaller – 30mm
 T-BEAM CONSTRUCTION
 
 the flange and web shall be built integrally or otherwise effectively bonded together
-       concrete not exposed to earth or in contact with ground:
 width of slab effective as a T-beam flange on each side of the web shall not exceed:
o      slabs, walls, joists:
o      ¼ the span length of the beam,
§       45mm and 60mm diameter bars – 30mm
o      8 times the slab thickness, or
§       36mm diameter bar and smaller – 15mm
o      ½ the clear distance to the next web
o      beams, columns:
 for beams with a slab on one side only, the effective overhanging flange width shall not exceed:
§       primary reinforcement – db but not less than 15mm and need not exceed 40mm
o      1/12 the span length of the beam,
§       ties, stirrups, spirals – 10mm
o      6 times the slab thickness, or
o      shells, folded plate members:
o      ½ the clear distance to the next web
§       20mm diameter bar and larger – 15mm
 transverse reinforcement shall be spaced not farther apart than 5 times the slab thickness, nor 450mm 
§       16mm diameter bar and smaller – 10mm
 
   o      0.0015 – for other deformed bars, or
JOIST CONSTRUCTION o      0.0012 – for welded wire fabric (plain or deformed) 
-          ribs shall not be less than 100mm in width and shall have a depth of not more than 3½ times the minimum
          minimum ratio of horizontal reinforcement area to gross concrete area shall be:
width of rib
o      0.0020 – deformed bars not larger than 16mm diameter with a specified yield strength not less than
-          clear spacing between ribs shall not exceed 750mm
420 Mpa, or
-          slab thickness over permanent fillers shall not be less than 1/12 the clear distance between ribs nor less
o      0.0025 – for other deformed bars, or
than 40mm
o      0.0020 – for welded wire fabric (palin or deformed) 
-          when removable forms or fillers are used, slab thickness shall not be les than 1/12 the clear distance
between ribs, or less than 50mm           in addition to the minimum reinforcement required, not less than 2-16mm diameter bars shall be
provided around all window and door openings.  Such bars shall be extended to develop the bar
-          where conduits or pipes are embedded within the slab, slab thickness shall be at least 25mm greater than
beyond the corners of the openings but not less than 600mm
the total overall depth of the conduits or pipes at any point
NON-BEARING WALLS
 
 
 
          thickness shall not be less than 100mm, or not less than 1/30 the least distance between members that
REQUIRED STRENGTH
provide lateral support
-                 dead load and live load
MINIMUM FOOTING DEPTH
o      U = 1.4D + 1.7L
 
-                 dead load, live load and wind load
          depth of footing above bottom reinforcement shall not be less than 150mm for footings on soil, or not
o      U = 0.75 (1.4D + 1.7L + 1.7W) less than 300mm for footings on piles

o      U = 0.9D + 1.3W TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT (HOOPS)

-                 dead load, live load and earthquake load           the first hoop shall be located not more than 50mm from the face of a supporting member

o      U = 1.3D + 1.1L + 1.1E           maximum spacing of the hoops shall not exceed:

o      U = 0.99D + 1.1E o      d/4

STRENGTH-REDUCTION FACTOR o      8 times the diameter of the smallest longitudinal bar
-                 flexure without axial load, 0.90 o      24 times the diameter of the hoop bars
-                 axial tension and axial tension with flexure, 0.90 o      300mm
-                 axial compression and axial compression with flexure:           where hoops are not required, stirrups shall be placed at no more than d/2 throughout the length of the
member
o      spiral reinforced, 0.75
 
o      tie reinforce, 0.70
STRUCTURAL STEEL
-                 shear and torsion, 0.85
 LIMITING SLENDERNESS RATIOS
-                 bearing on concrete, 0.70
 
-                 post-tensioned anchorage zones, 0.85
          for members whose design is based on compressive force, the slenderness ratio preferably should not
MINIMUM THICKNESS OF NONPRESTRESSED BEAMS OR ONE-WAY SLABS UNLESS exceed 200
DEFLECTIONS ARE COMPUTED (members are not supporting or attached to partitions or other
construction likely to be damaged by large deflections)           for members whose designed is based on tensile force, the slenderness ratio preferably should not
exceed 300
-                 solid one-way slabs:
 ALLOWABLE STRESSES
o      simply supported, L/20
          for tension in structural steel in terms of gross area, 0.60Fy
o      one end continuous, L/24
          for tension in structural steel based on effective net area, 0.50Fu
o      both ends continuous, L/28
          for tension on pin-connected members based on net area, 0.45Fy
o      cantilever, L/10 
          for tension on eyebars on the body area, 0.60Fy
-                 beams or ribbed one-way slabs:
          for flexural members with compact sections, Fb = 0.66Fy
o      simply supported, L/16
          for flexural members with non-compact sections, Fb = 0.60Fy
o      one end continuous, L/18.5
PIN-CONNECTED MEMBERS
o      both ends continuous, L/21
          minimum net area beyond the pinhole, parallel to the axis of the member, shall not be less than 2/3 of
o      cantilever, L/8 the net area across the pinhole

-                 for Fy other than 415Mpa, the values shall be multiplied by (0.4 + Fy/700)           width of the body of an eyebar shall not exceed 8 times its thickness

DISTANCE BETWEEN LATERAL SUPPORTS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS           pin diameter shall not be less than 7/8 times the eyebar width
-                 spacing of lateral supports for a beam shall not exceed 50 times the least width b of compression           pinhole diameter shall be no more than 0.8mm greater than the pin diameter
flange or face
SHEAR CONNECTORS
LIMITS FOR REINFORCEMENT OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS
          shear connectors shall have at least 25mm of lateral concrete cover
 -                 minimum number of longitudinal bars in compression members shall be 3 for bars
within triangular ties, 4 for bars within rectangular or circular ties, and 6 for bars enclosed by spirals           diameter of studs shall not be greater than 2½ times the thickness of the flange to which they are
welded
 SPACING LIMITS FOR SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
          minimum center-to-center spacing of stud connectors shall be 6 diameters along the longitudinal axis
-                 shall not exceed d/2 in non-prestressed members and 3/4h in prestressed members or 600mm and 4 diameters transverse to the longitudinal axis maximum center-to-center spacing of stud
connectors shall not exceed 8 times the total slab thickness
SPLICES
WELD
 
          weld access holes shall have a length from the toe of the weld preparation not less than 1½ times the
-                 lap splices shall not be used for bars larger than 36mm diameter
thickness of the material in which the hole is made 
-                 lap splices of bars in a bundle shall be based on the lap splice length required for individual bars within
          groove welds:
the bundle
o      effective area = effective length of the weld  x  effective throat thickness
-                 individual bar splices within a bundle shall not overlap
o      effective length = width of the part joined
-                 entire bundles shall not be lap spliced
o      effective throat thickness of a complete-penetration groove weld = thickness of the thinner part joined
-                 bars spliced by non-contact lap splices in flexural members shall not be spaced transversely farther
apart than 1/5 the required lap splice length, or 150mm o      minimum effective throat thickness of partial-penetration groove welds =
-                 splices shall be staggered at least 600mm §       3mm (thicker part joined to 6mm inclusive)
WALLS §       5mm (thicker part joined over 6 to 12mm)
 -                 minimum ratio of vertical reinforcement area to gross concrete area shall be:
§       6mm (thicker part joined over 12 to 20mm)
o      0.0012 – deformed bars not larger than 16mm diameter with a specified yield strength not less than
§       8mm (thicker part joined over 20 to 38mm)
420Mpa, or
 §       10mm (thicker part joined over 38 to 57mm) o      slide or end fillet welds terminating at ends or sides, respectively, of parts or members shall, wherever
practicable, be returned continuously around the corners for a distance not less than 2 times the
§       12mm (thicker part joined over 57 to 150mm) nominal size of the weld
§       16mm (thicker part joined over 150mm)           plug and slot welds:
o      effective throat thickness of a flare groove weld = o      diameter of the hole for a plug weld shall not be less than the thickness of the part containing it plus
§       flare bevel groove, 5/16R 8mm, nor greater than the minimum diameter plus 3mm or 2¼ times the thickness of the weld

§       flare V-groove, ½R  o      minimum spacing of lines of slot welds in a direction transverse to their length shall be 4 times the
width of the slot
-                 fillet welds:
o      minimum center-to-center spacing in a longitudinal direction shall be 2 times the length of the slot
o      effective area of fillet welds = effective length x effective throat thickness
o      length of the slot shall not exceed 10 times the thickness of the weld
o      effective throat thickness of a fillet weld = shortest distance from the root of the joint to the face of the
diagrammatic weld o      width of the slot shall not be less than the thickness of the part containing it plus 8mm, nor shall it be
larger than 2¼ times the thickness of the weld
o      minimum size of fillet welds =
o      thickness of plug or slot welds in material 16mm or less thick = thickness of the material
§       3mm (thicker part joined to 6mm inclusive)
o      thickness of plug or slot welds in material over 16mm thick = ½ the thickness of the material but not
§       5mm (thicker part joined over 6 to 12mm) less than 16mm
§       6mm (thicker part joined over 12 to 20mm)  FASTENERS
§       8mm (thicker part joined over 20mm)           distance between centers of standard, oversized or slotted fastener holes shall not be less than 2 2/3
times the nominal diameter of the fastener
o      maximum size of fillet welds along edges =
          maximum distance from the center of any rivet or bolt to the nearest edge of parts in contact shall be
§       not greater than the thickness of the material (material less than 6mm thick) 12 times the thickness of the connected part, but shall not exceed 150mm
§       not greater than the thickness of the material minus 1.6mm (material 6mm or more in thickness)
 CAMBER
o      minimum effective length of a fillet weld designed on the basis of strength shall not be less than 4
times its nominal size
-                 trusses of 24.4m or greater span generally shall be cambered for approximately
o      if greater than 4 times its nominal size, the size of the weld should not exceed ¼ its effective length the dead-load deflection
o      effective length of any segment of intermittent fillet welding shall not be less than 4 times the weld
size, with a minimum of 38mm -                 crane girders of 22.9m or greater span
o      in lap joints, minimum lap shall be 5 times the thickness of the thinner part joined, but not less than
25mm
generally shall be cambered for
approximately the dead-load deflection
plus ½ the live-load deflection