Structure Some Part Sujan Trip Part 2

PSC: Subjective
2/20/22 © All Copyright reserved by Sujan Tripathi 1

1.1 Reinforce Concrete of Structures
Difference between working stress and limit state philosophy,
design of beam and slab, analysis of beams and slabs in bending,
shear, deflection, bond and end anchorage, Design of axially
loaded columns, Isolated and combined footings, introduction to
prestressed concrete, PSC-Probable questions
Steel and Timber Structures

T E N TS 1.2
C ON Standard and Built-up sections, Design of riveted, bolted and
welded connections, Design of simple elements, such as ties,
struts, axially loaded and eccentric columns, column bases.,
design principles of timber beams and columns, PSC-Probable
questions
1.3 Requirements of earthquake resistant building

PSC-Probable questions
1.4 Mandatory Rule of Thumb in Building Design

PSC-Probable questions
1.5 Structural Design of Bridge

Various Type of Bridges, Selection and type of bridges and
economic span length, Types of loads, forces, and stresses, Live
load, impact load, wind load, longitudinal forces, lateral forces/
loads, centrifugal force; Width of roadway and footway; General
design requirements, solid slab bridges, deck girder bridges, BM in
slab supported on four edges, Distribution of live loads on
longitudinal beams,; Method of distribution coefficients,
Courbon’s method, Design of T-Beam, Balanced Cantilever
bridge, Design of Box culvert, PSC-Probable Questions
2/20/22 2
© All Copyright reserved by Sujan Tripathi
02 Reinforced concrete of structure
1. Difference between WSM
and LSM
4. Design of axially loaded
columns
0
Difference between working stress and

limit state philosophy, design of beam 2. Design of beam and slab 5. Isolated and combined
and slab, analysis of beams and slabs in
bending, shear, deflection, bond and end 3. Analysis of beams and slabs footings
anchorage, Design of axially loaded
columns, Isolated and combined footings, in bending, shear, deflection, 6. Introduction to prestressed
introduction to prestressed concrete, PSC-
Probable questions bond and end anchorage concrete
2/20/22 © All Copyright reserved by Sujan Tripathi 7. PSC-MCQ 3
Difference Between WSM and LSM
Working Stress Method Limit State Method

1. Early 1900-1960 1. Early 1975 to till date
2. Based on working loads 2. Based on both working stress and
ultimate load.
3. Stress distribution is linear upto col 3. Stress distribution in concrete is n
lapse stage of structure. onlinear, some part is rectangular
and some part is parabolic. Howe
ver, in steel, stress is only at the l
evel of steel.
4. Basis of this method is that the per 4. Based on the acceptable limit for
missible stress for concrete and stee the safety and serviceability requi
l are not exceeded anywhere in the rement before failure occures.
structure, when it is subjected to w
orst combination of working loads.

5. Concrete is elastic, that means ben 5. Concrete is not elastic.
ding stress variation in concrete is
linear, varies between zero at N.A.
and maximum at outer fiber.
6. Factor of safety is only applied on 6. Factor of safety is applied for stresses in steel
the stress, but not for load. and concrete both. Also, considered the factor
of safety of load, called load factor.
7. Degree of uncertainities associated 7. Degree of uncertainities associated with both s

with stress are only considered. tresses and load are used.
8. Difficult to account shrinkage and 8. Able to accounts shrinkage and creep effects.
creep effect by using WSM Also provides the criteria to check the excessi
ve deflection and minimum cracking.

9. Tensile strength of concrete is ignored. 9. Tensile strength of concrete is ignored.
10. Factor of safety for steel =1.78 10. Partial safety factors used.
Factor of safety for concrete=3 For steel = 1.15
For concrete = 1.5
11. Ultimate load carrying capacity cannot 11. Ultimate load carrying capacity can be
be predicted. predicted.
12. 𝜇𝑅 > 𝐿 12. 𝜇𝑅 > ∑$!"# 𝜆! 𝐿!
• 𝜇 = inverse of FOS (𝜇 < 1) • 𝜆! = 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
• 𝑅 = resistance of the member • ∑= Combination of various loads
• 𝐿 = Working load on member • 𝑖 = 𝑇𝑦𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠
13. Cannot fulfill the serviceability criteria. 13. Can fulfill limit state of collapse and al
2/20/22 soTripathi
© All Copyright reserved by Sujan limit state of serviceability 6
Working stress method Limit state method
14. Able to produce safer, searvic

14. Produces uneconomical design s
eable and economical design
olution.
solution.
15. Demands relatively more materi 15. Demands relatively less mate
al for same level of safety rials and slimer sections.

RC Section in Bending
☞ Based on failure mode of section, there are three type of RC section in bending.
☞ They are:
a. Balanced Section
b. Under Reinforced Section
c. Over Reinforced Section

Balanced sections: (Critical or economic section)
☞ A balanced sections is that in which stress in concrete and steel reach

their permissible value at the same time.
☞ The percentage of steel corresponding to this section is called as balan

ced steel and the neutral axis is called as critical neutral axis 𝑛! .
𝒎. 𝝈𝒄𝒃𝒄 𝒏𝒄
=
𝝈𝒔𝒕 𝒅 − 𝒏𝒄
☞ For a balanced sections, moment of resistance is calculated as under:
𝝈𝒄𝒃𝒄 𝒏𝒄
𝑴𝑩 = 𝒃. 𝒏𝒄 𝒅 − = 𝑹𝒃𝒅𝟐
𝟐 𝟑

Under Reinforced section:

☞ In an under reinforced section, the percentage of steel provided is less than t
hat provided in balanced section.
☞ Actual neutral axis will shift upwards, (𝒏𝒄 > 𝒏 ) as shown in Fig. 2.6(c).
☞ In under reinforced section, the stress in steel first reaches its permissible val
ue, while the concrete is under stressed.
☞ Moment of resistance of URS section is calculated as

𝒏
𝑴𝒓 = 𝝈𝒔𝒕 . 𝑨𝒔𝒕 𝐝 −
𝟑

☞ Features of URS:
a. Steel is fully stressed while concrete not (i.e., stress in steel is 𝝈𝒔𝒕 (permissible) b
ut stress in concrete is less than 𝝈𝒄𝒃𝒄 )
b. Actual NA lies above the critical neutral axis (𝐧 < 𝒏𝒄 ).
c. Percentage of steel is less than balanced section hence the section is economical.
d. Ductile section.
☞ In URS, failure is ductile because steel fails first, and sufficient warning is
given before collapse.
☞ Due to ductile failure and economy, the URS are preferred by designers.

Over Reinforced Section:

☞ In an ORS, percentage of steel provided is greater than balanced section.
☞ Actual NA shift downward, 𝒏 > 𝒏𝒄 Fig. 2.6(d).
☞ In URS, stress in concrete reaches its permissible value while steel is not full
y stressed.
☞ Concrete is brittle and it fails by crushing suddenly.
☞ As steel is not fully utilized, the ORS is uneconomical (steel is much costlier t
han concrete).

☞ Features of ORS:
a. Concrete is fully stressed while steel is not (i.e., stress in concrete is at
its permissible value 𝝈𝒄𝒃𝒄 but stress in steel is less than 𝝈𝒔𝒕 ).
b. Actual NA is below the critical neutral axis i.e., (𝐧 > 𝒏𝒄 ).
c. Percentage of steel is more than the balanced section, so the section

is uneconomical.
d. Brittle section.
e. MoR of ORS is calculated as
𝒏
𝑴𝒓 = 𝝈𝒄𝒃𝒄 . 𝒃. 𝒏 𝐝 −
𝟑

Design of RC Beam and Slab Section
Singly Reinforced Section:
• The section in which the reinforcing

steel bars are placed near the top or
bottom of the beam or slab where they
are most effective in resistance the
tensile stresses.
• In case of SSB, bar placed at bottom

and in case of cantilever beam
reinforcing bars are placed at top.

RC Section based on location of reinforcement
☞ Based on function of bars used on a section, there are two type of RC sections:
a. Singly Reinforced Section
b. Doubly Reinforced Section
𝐶# 𝐶-
𝐶# + 𝐶$
𝑪𝟏 = 𝑻𝟏
𝐹𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑇# + 𝑇$
A)+ 𝑇# A)+ 𝑇- = 𝐶-
= + +
A)*- = A)+
A)* A)* A)*#
Singly Reinforced Section
2/20/22 Doubly
© All Copyright reserved Reinforced
by Sujan Tripathi Section 15
Design of RC Beam and Slab Section
Double Reinforced Rectangular Section:

☞ It is a section reinforcement is provided in both compression and tension
regions to contribute to the strength of the section.
☞ Reasons of using steel in compression region are as follows:
• When depth of the section is restricted and the strength available from a SRS
is inadequate.
• At a section of continuous beam or slab, where BM changes sign.
• In the designed section of Circular beam in plan.
• If the members are in stress reversal condition.

☞ Minimum and maximum amounts of tension reinforcement in DRS beam are
the same as in SRS beam.
☞ 𝑨𝒎𝒂𝒙 ≯ 𝟒% 𝒐𝒇 𝒈𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝒄𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒍 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒃𝒆𝒂𝒎

Design of Beam
Nominal covers for different structural members:
i. Nominal cover in beam : 𝑪𝒄,𝒎𝒊𝒏 ≮ 𝟐𝟓 𝒎𝒎

ii. Nominal cover in slab :
• 𝑪𝒄,𝒎𝒊𝒏 ≮ 𝒏𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 − 𝟓 𝒎𝒎
• For mild exposure condition, 𝑪𝒄,𝒎𝒊𝒏 ≮ 𝟐𝟎 − 𝟓 𝒎𝒎 = 𝟏𝟓𝒎𝒎
iii. Nominal cover in column:
• For a longitudinal reinforcement bar in a column, the nominal cover shall not
be less than 40 mm or diameter of such bar.
• For columns having minimum dimensions of 200 mm or under whose reinfor
cement bars do not exceed 12 mm, a nominal cover of 25 mm may be used.

Design of Rectangular Section for Bending
☞ The design problem is generally consisting of:
1. Determination dimensions (cross-sectional) of a beam (𝒃𝐱𝑫), and
2. Determination of the area of steel (𝑨𝒔𝒕 ) for a known moment or load.
☞ The basic requirement for safety at the limit of collapse (flexure) is that
the factored moment 𝑴𝒖 because of loads should not exceed
the ultimate moment of resistance 𝑴𝒖,𝒍𝒊𝒎 of the section and the failure
should be ductile.
☞ Therefore, 𝑴𝒖,𝒎𝒂𝒙 ≤ 𝐌𝒖,𝒍𝒊𝒎
☞ Taking equality, 𝑴𝒖,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑴𝒖,𝒍𝒊𝒎

Design of Rectangular Section for Bending
☞ 𝑴𝐮,𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝒇𝒄𝒌. 𝒃. 𝒙𝒖 𝒅 − 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐𝒙𝒖
𝒙𝒖,𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒙𝐮,𝒎𝒂𝒙
☞ 𝑴𝐮,𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝒇𝒄𝒌. 𝐛. 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐 𝒃𝒅𝟐
𝒅 𝒅
Types of steel reinforcement
Concrete
☞ 𝑴𝒖,𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝑹𝒖𝒃𝒅𝟐 grade Fe250 Fe415 Fe500
𝑅! = 0.148𝑓"# 𝑅! = 0.138𝑓"# 𝑅! = 0.148𝑓"#
𝒙𝐮,𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒙𝐮,𝒎𝒂𝒙
☞ 𝑹𝒖 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝒇𝒄𝒌. 𝐛. 𝒅
𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐 𝒅
M15 2.23 2.07 1.99
M20 2.98 2.76 2.66
M25 3.72 3.45 3.32
M30 4.47 4.14 3.99
M35 5.21 4.83 4.65
M40 5.96 5.52 5.32

Design of Beam
Fixing Dimensions of the Section:

𝒅 𝒅
☞ 𝒃 is may be suitably fixed as 𝑡𝑜 or 230 mm or 300 mm etc.
𝟐 𝟑
☞ The effective depth of the section is obtained as:

𝑴𝒖
𝒅𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 =
𝑹𝒖. 𝒃
☞ 𝒅𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 is a minimum depth required for a balanced section.
☞ It is desirable to adopt a value of 𝒅 which is larger than 𝒅𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 , in order to obtain

an under-reinforced section.
☞ Overall depth of the beam should be expressed in rounded figures.
☞ Having fixed the rounded off value of 𝑫, correct value of effective depth 𝒅 can be obt
ained as follows :
∅
𝒅 = 𝑫 − 𝑪𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓 − ∅; −
𝟐
☞ ∅; = diameter of shear stirrups and ∅ is the diameter of main tensile bars.
Design of Beam
Area of Tension Steel:
☞ Determining area of tension steel:
• Now, the dimensions of the beam are fixed, and the required area
of tension steel (𝑨𝒔𝒕 ) can be calculated by equating ultimate mom
ent of resistance of section (𝑴𝒖,𝒍𝒊𝒎) to the factored moment, 𝑴𝒖.
• Therefore,
𝑴𝒖 = 𝑴𝒖,𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝑴𝒖,𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕 𝒇𝒚 . 𝑨𝒔𝒕 (𝒅 − 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐𝒙𝒖)

Design of Beam
☞ The above formula is applicable for balanced section.
☞ However, if under reinforced section are designed then 𝐴45 is calculated
from the following eqn.
𝒇𝒚 .𝑨𝒔𝒕
𝑴𝒖,𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕 𝒇𝒚 . 𝑨𝒔𝒕 . 𝒅(𝟏 − ) [∵ 𝑪𝒍. 𝑮. 𝒍. (𝒃) 𝒐𝒇 𝑰𝑺 𝟒𝟓𝟔]
𝒃𝒅𝒇𝒄𝒌
☞ This will give a quadratic equation in terms of 𝑨𝒔𝒕 which can be solved easily, a
nd the smaller value of root is applicable as solution among two values.

General Design Requirements for Beam (as per IS456-2000
Longitudinal Reinforcement:
1. Minimum nominal cover, 𝑪𝐦𝐢𝐧 ≮ 𝟐𝟓𝒎𝒎 or (∅)𝐦𝒂𝒙 of main bar which is greater.
2. Diameter, (∅𝒍 )𝒎𝒊𝒏 ≮ 𝟏𝟐𝒎𝒎
𝟎.𝟖𝟓𝐛𝐝
3. For main reinforcement,(𝐀 𝐬𝒕 )𝐦𝐢𝐧 ≮
𝐟𝐲
4. (𝐀𝐬𝐭 )𝐦𝐚𝐱 ≯ 𝟔% 𝐨𝐟 𝐀𝐠 . (without overlapping the bar in section)
5. (ALM )NOP ≯ 4% of AQ = 0.04 ∗ 𝐵. 𝐷 (with overlapping the bar in section)

6. Minimum Number of bar, (𝑵𝒍 )𝒎𝒊𝒏 ≮ 4 for rectangular and 6 for circular section
7. Minimum spacing of longitudinal bar (𝑺𝒍 )𝒎𝒊𝒏 ≮ greater of following:
i. Diameter of the bars, if all diameters are same.
ii. Diameter of the larger bar, if the diameter are unequal.
iii. Nominal maximum size of coarse aggregate + 5 mm.
8. Maximum spacing of longitudinal bar (𝑺𝒍 )𝒎𝒂𝒙 ≯ 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎
Transverse Reinforcement of RCC Beam(as per IS456-2000
Minimum diameter of the lateral ties should be greater among:

∅𝒍𝒍
i. (∅𝒕 )𝐦𝐢𝐧 ≮ . (∅TT is the largest diameter of longitudinal bar)
𝟒
ii. 𝟓 𝐦𝐦 , whichever is greater
Maximum pitch of the lateral ties should be greater among:

• 𝑺𝐦𝐚𝐱 ≯ 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝒅 𝐨𝐫 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎, whichever is lesser. (vertical stirrups)
• 𝐒𝐦𝐚𝐱 ≯ 𝒅 𝐨𝐫 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎, whichever is lesser. (inclined stirrups)
Spacing is calculated as following relation:

𝟎.𝟒V𝑺𝒗
• (𝐀 𝒔𝒗 )𝐦𝐢𝐧 ≥ , whichever is lesser. (𝒇𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝒇𝒚 )
𝒇𝒔
𝑺𝒗 𝒇𝒔𝒗 𝑨𝒔𝒗
• Spacing is calculate by using the relation as, =
𝒅 𝑽𝒖𝒔
• 𝒇𝒚 ≯ 𝟒𝟏𝟓 𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐
• 𝑺𝒎𝒊𝒏 ≮ 𝟕𝟓𝒎𝒎, mostly used as100mm.
Design of Beam: Example
Q.1. A rectangular beam is 20cm wide and 40cm deep upto the centre of
reinforcement. Find the reinforcement required in it has to resist a moment of
40kNm. Assume M20 mix and Fe415 grade steel.
1. Factored BM = 1.5*40 = 60 kNm
2. d = 400mm, b = 200mm
3. 𝐀 𝐬𝐭 can find by equating BM with MOR w.r.t. tension steel, i.e.
𝒇 𝑨𝒔𝒕
4. 𝑴𝒖,𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕 𝒇𝒚. 𝑨𝒔𝒕 . (𝒅 − 𝒇𝒚 )
𝒄𝒌 .𝒃
𝟒𝟏𝟓∗𝑨𝒔𝒕
• 𝟔𝟎 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟔 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕 ∗ 𝟒𝟏𝟓 ∗ 𝑨𝒔𝒕 (𝟒𝟎𝟎 − 𝟐𝟎∗𝟐𝟎𝟎
)
• 𝑨𝒔𝒕 𝟐 − 𝟑𝟖𝟓𝟓𝑨𝒔𝒕 + 𝟏. 𝟔 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟔 = 𝟎
2/20/22• 𝑨𝒔𝒕 = 𝟒𝟕𝟑 𝒎𝒎𝟐 © All Copyright reserved by Sujan Tripathi 25

Design of Beam: Example
5. Depth of NA: Check weather the section is under reinforced section

or not?
• Find neutral axis depth, 𝒙.
<.=> ?? .@@A
• 𝒙=
<.AB?BC .C
<.=>∗EFG∗@@A
• 𝒙= = 118.6𝑚𝑚
<.AB∗H<∗H<<
N
• Limiting depth of NA = 𝑥I,JKL = 0.48𝑑, for 𝑓M = 415
JJH
• 𝑥I,JKL = 0.48 ∗ 400 = 192𝑚𝑚 > 118.6 𝑚𝑚, 𝑠𝑜 𝑈𝑅𝑆, OK.

• 𝑈𝑠𝑒 2 − 16𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1 − 12𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑖𝑎 𝑏𝑎𝑟
• 𝐴)* = 515 𝑚𝑚- > 473 𝑚𝑚- , OK

Shear Stirrups
Modes of Shear Failure:
☞ Fundamentally, three modes of failure occurs:

a. Flexural shear failure in which cracks are mainly vertical in the middle third o
f the beam span. It occurs due to maximum bending moment and minimum shea
r. Angle of failure plane with horizontal is 900.
b. Diagonal tension shear failure, where the strength of the beam in diagonal tension
is lower than its strength in flexure. It occurs due to maximum shear and minimu
m bending moment. Angle of failure plane with horizontal is 450.
c. Diagonal compression shear failure occurs due to excessive shear force and mi
nimum bending moment near to support. In this failure concrete is in crushing.

Shear Stirrups
Types of shear reinforcement:
☞ Vertical stirrups
☞ Inclined stirrups
☞ Bent-up bars along with stirrups

IS Code Provision for Shear Design of RC Beam:
1. Shear Strength of RC Beam
2. Minimum Shear Reinforcement
3. Minimum Spacing between Stirrups
4. Maximum Spacing between Stirrups

Shear Stirrups
Shear Stirrups of RC Beam:
☞ Steel bars vertically placed around the tensile reinforcement at suit

able spacing along the length of the beam.
☞ Free ends of the stirrups are anchored in the compression zone of t

he beam to the anchor bars (hanger bar) or the compressive reinfor
cement.
☞ Depending upon the magnitude of the shear force to be resisted the

vertical stirrups may be one legged, two legged, four legged and so
on as shown in Fig. 5.5.
☞ Need to use closely spaced stirrups for better prevention of the dia
gonal cracks.
☞ Spacing of stirrups near the supports is less as compared to spacin

g near the mid-span since shear force is maximum at the supports.
Design Step for Shear
Procedure for the shear design of RC Beam:
1. Compute ultimate shear force, 𝑽𝒖, due to design load.
𝑽𝒖
2. Calculate nominal shear stress, 𝝉𝒗 = ,
𝒃𝒅
3. where b = width of beam and d = depth of beam.
𝑨𝒔𝒕
4. Find percent of longitudinal steel, 𝒑% = 𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐛𝐝
5. Choose the grade of concrete
6. Find the shear stress in concrete including with longitudinal reinforcement,

𝝉𝒄 , for the above percentage of steel as per IS:456:2000 (Table-19)
7. Find max. shear strength of concrete only, 𝛕𝒄,𝒎𝒂𝒙, as per IS456:2000(Table20)

7. If 𝛕𝐯 < 𝛕𝐜 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝛕𝐯 > 𝛕𝐜,𝐦𝐚𝐱 .
☞ Concrete is crushed, no need to design shear reinforcement.
☞ However, 𝝉𝒗 can be reduced upto or below than 𝝉𝒄,𝒎𝒂𝒙 , by revising the section
, if section increment is allowed.
8. If 𝛕𝐯 < 𝛕𝐜 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝛕𝐯 < 𝛕𝐜,𝐦𝐚𝐱 .
☞ Shear reinforcement is not required, concrete is able to resist ultimate shear.
☞ However, nominal shear stirrups need to provide as recommended by code. i.e.

(𝐀 𝐬𝐯 )𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝟎. 𝟒
≥
𝐛. 𝑺𝐯 𝝈𝒔𝐯
☞ 𝛔𝐬𝐯 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝛔𝐲
☞ (𝐒𝐬𝐯 )𝐦𝐚𝐱 ≯ 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝐝 𝐨𝐫 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝐦𝐦 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐫𝐫𝐮𝐩𝐬
☞ (𝐒𝐬𝐯 )𝐦𝐚𝐱 ≯ 𝐝 𝐨𝐫 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝐦𝐦 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐝 𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐫𝐫𝐮𝐩𝐬

Procedure for the shear design of RC Beam:
9. If 𝛕𝐯 > 𝛕𝐜 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝛕𝐯 < 𝛕𝐜,𝐦𝐚𝐱.

☞ Cannot resist the shear force by concrete only.
☞ Need to design the shear stirrups to prevent the ”diagonal tension shear failure”.
☞ To design the shear stirrups:

i. Choose the type of shear reinforcement, usually, vertical stirrups.
ii. Select the grade and diameter of reinforcement used as shear stirrups.
iii. Fix the number of legs for shear stirrups and
iv. Find the area of shear stirrups, 𝑨𝒔𝒗

iv. Find the remaining shear that cannot resist by concrete, i.e.
𝐕𝐮𝐬 = 𝛕𝐯 − 𝛕𝐜 ∗ 𝐛𝐝
iv. Calculate the spacing, SY using following relation:
𝟎. 𝟖𝟕. 𝛔𝐲 . 𝐀 𝐬𝐯. 𝐝
𝐒𝐯 =
𝐕𝐮𝐬
iv. (𝐒𝐬𝐯 )𝐦𝐚𝐱 ≯ 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝐝 𝐨𝐫 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝐦𝐦 for vertical stirrups
v. 𝛔𝐲 ≯ 𝟒𝟏𝟓 𝐍⁄𝐦𝐦𝟐
vi. (∅𝐭 )𝐦𝐚𝐱 ≯ 𝟏𝟐 𝐦𝐦 and
∅𝐥
vii. (∅𝐭 )𝐦𝐢𝐧 ≮ 𝐨𝐫 𝟓 𝐦𝐦 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐬 𝐠𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫.
𝟒
Design for Shear in Beam: Example
A reinforced cement concrete beam 300mm wide and 500mm effective depth is subjected
to a shear force of 40KN at the ends. The beam is provided with 6 bars of 20mm diameter
of which 3 bars are cranked at 45 degrees. Design the shear reinforcement for M20 grade
concrete.
☞ Width of beam = b = 300 mm
☞ Shear force = 𝑉` = 40 kN
☞ Effective depth = d =500 mm
a.#b
☞ Area of steel, 𝐴)* = 3 𝑥 𝑥 20 𝑥 20 = 942.47 𝑚𝑚2
b
☞ To design the shear stirrups:
𝐕𝐮
i. 𝛕𝐯 = 𝐛𝐝
= 𝟒𝟎 𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎/(𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝐱 𝟓𝟎𝟎) = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟔𝐍/𝐦𝐦𝟐
P'( ST$.TU V #WW
ii. Percentage of steel: 𝑥100 = == 0.63%
QR XWW×ZWW
iii. As per IS: 456: 2000

iv. τc = 0.48 + (0.56-0.48)/(0.75-0.5) (0.63 – 0.5) = 0.52 N/mm2
v. Therefore, τd < τc , No shear reinforcement required.
Design for Shear in Beam: Example
vi. Provide minimum shear reinforcement;
vii. As per IS : 456 : 2000: Asv/bsv = 0.4/(0.87 fy)
viii. Assuming 6mm diameter, 2 – legged stirrups
ix. Asv = (2 x 3.14 x 6 x 6)/4 = 56.54 mm2
x. Sv = (0.87fy.Asv)/0.4b
xi. Sv = (0.87 x 250 x 56.54)/(0.4×300) = 102.47mm say 100mm
xii. As per IS:456, Maximum spacing = 0.75d= 0.75 x 500= 375mm
xiii. Provide 6mm diameter, 2-legged stirrups@100mm c/c.
xiv. Maximum spacing = 0.75d= 0.75 x 230 = 172mm
xv. Provide 6mm diameter 2-legged stirrups @ 100mmc/c

Shear Stirrups
Inclined Stirrups:
☞ Inclined stirrups are also provided generally at 45º for resisting

diagonal tension as shown in Fig. 5.7. They are provided throug
hout the length of the beam.

Shear Stirrups
Bent up Bars along with Vertical Stirrups:
☞ Some of the longitudinal bars in a beam can be bent up near the supports where they ar
e not required to resist bending moment (BM is very less near the supports).
☞ These bent up bars resist diagonal tension. Equal number of bars are to be bent on both
sides to maintain symmetry.
☞ The bars can be bent up at more than one point uniformly along the length of the beam.
☞ These bars are usually bent at 45º as shown in Fig. 5.6.

Design of RC Beam

Design of RC Beam

Design of RC Beam

01 Design of Slab
1. Design of RC Footing
2. Design of RC Column
0
Types of Footing, Basic function of

footing, Design of RC Slabs, Design of
RC Beam, PSCQ
3. Design of RC Slab
4. Design of RC Beam
5. PSCQ
2/20/22 41
Difference between one-way and two-way slab
Types of slab:
1. One-way slabs
2. Two-way slabs
3. Flat slabs supported directly on the

column without beams
4. Circular & non-rectangular slabs
5. Grid or waffle slabs

1. One-way slab: 𝒍𝒚
𝒍𝒙 ) (Longe
er span r span)
rt
(Sho
☞ Slab supported only on two opposite sides by rigid supports carry
the load by flexure in the direction perpendicular to the supports.
☞ Plane surface of uniformly loaded slab deforms into a curved surf
ace, in which curvature (bending moment) develops only in one dir
ection such slabs are called a one-way slab.
☞ One-way slab acts as shallow beam with a large width.
☞ Slab supported on all four sides also behaves as one-way slabs, if:
𝒍𝒚
> 𝟐, or 𝒍𝒚 > 𝟐𝒍𝒙
𝒍𝒙

1. Two-way slab:
☞ Any rectangular slabs, supported on adjacent three or fo

ur edges, which carry the load by flexure in two direction
s are called two-way slabs. n)
spa
(L o r
𝒍𝒚 nge rt e 𝒍 𝒙
☞ If ≤ 𝟐, or 𝒍𝒚 ≤ 𝟐𝒍𝒙 , then the slab is called two-way slab. r sp
an) (S
ho
𝒍𝒙 𝒍𝒚

SN One-way Slab Two-way Slab

1 If L/b the ratio is greater than 2 , t If L/b the ratio is less than or equal to
hen it is considered a one-way slab. 2, then it is considered a two-way slab.
2 In a one-way slab, the main reinforc In a two-way slab, the main reinforcem
ement is provided in a short span a ent is provided in both directions.
nd distribution reinforcement is pr
ovided in a long span.
3 In a one-way slab, the crank is prov In a two-way slab, the crank is provide
ided in two directions. d in four directions.


4 The one-way slab is supported by The two-way slab is supported by the be
a beam on two opposite sides onl am on all four sides.
y.
5 In a one-way slab, the load is carri In a two-way slab, the load is carried in bo
ed in one direction perpendicular th directions.
to the supporting beam.
6 The deflected shape of the one-wa Whereas the deflected shape of the two-w
y slab is cylindrical. ay slab is a dish or saucer-like shape.
7 Chajja and Varandha are practic Whereas two-way slabs are used in constr
al examples of one-way slab. uctive floors of the Multistorey building.
8 While designing a one-way slab we While designing a two-way slab we pro

provide less steel hence the depth vide more steel hence the depth of the sl
of the slab increases, as a result, th ab decreases, as a result, the thickness o
e thickness of the one-way slab is f the two-way slab is less as compared t
more as compared to the two-way s o the one-wy slab is less as compared to
lab. the one-way slab.
9 The one-way slab is economical up Whereas the two-way slab is ecnomical

to a span of 3.6 meters. for the panel sizes up to 6m x 6m.


10 In one-way slab quantity of steel i In a two-way slab quantity of steel is
s less. more as compared to the one-way slab.
11 In a one-way slab, bending is uni- In a two-way slab, bending is in bi-dir
directional i.e. in a short span. ectional.
☞ In practice, the choice of one-way and two-way mainly depend upon:

1. Economy
2. Buildability
3. Loading condition and
4. Length of the span

Design of Slab
Reinforced Concrete Slab Design Guidelines:
1. Effective span of slab:
☞ Effective span of slab shall be lesser of the following two:
• 𝑙[\\ = clear span + d (effective depth)
• 𝑙eff = Center to center distance between the support
2. Depth of slab:
☞ The depth of slab is governed by bending moment and deflection criterion.
☞ Deflection criteria is used to control the excessive deflection:
𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒏 𝒍
∆𝒎𝒂𝒙 = = (𝑟𝑒𝑓. 𝑐𝑙. 23.2)
𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝟐𝟓𝟎

Design of Slab
☞ The trail depth can be obtained using:

𝒍
𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒉, 𝒅 =
𝜶. 𝜷. 𝜸𝒎 . 𝜹. 𝝀
• 𝑙 = 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛,
• 𝛼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡,
• 𝛽 = 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛,
• 𝛾] = 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡,
• 𝛿 = 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡,
• 𝜆 = 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
☞ According to cl.24.1, IS456 (P-39), provision of deflection criteria fo

r beam (cl.23.2, P-37) can also be used in case of one-way slab.
☞ However, for slab spanning in two direction, the shorter of the two
spans should be used of calculating the span to effective depth ratio.
Design of Slab
☞ According to cl.23.2.1, p-37, the vertical deflection limits may generally

be assumed to be satisfied provided that the span to depth ratios are not g
reater than the values obtained as below:
• Basic value of span to effective depth ratios for spans up to 10m:
𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒏 (𝒍) 𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒏(T) )

Support condition of members For beam 𝐝
, For slab 𝐝
Cantilever 7
Simply supported 20
Continuous 26
• For obtaining modification factor, the percentage of steel for slab can
be assumed from 0.2 to 0.5%.
Design of Slab
☞ According to cl.24.1, note no.2,IS 456 (P-39),For two-way slab of shorter spa
n ≤ 𝟑. 𝟓𝒎 with mild steel reinforcement, the shorter span (𝒍𝒙) to overall dept
h (𝑫) ratio given below may generally be assumed to satisfy vertical deflection
limit for loading class ≥ 𝟑 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐 .

𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛(𝑙L )
𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ (𝐷)
Support conditio
n of members For deformed bar
mild steel
(≥ Fe415)
(Fe250)
(the value given for mild steel should multiplied by 0.8)
Simply supported 35 28
Continuous 40 32
Design of Slab
☞ Detailing Requirements of Reinforced Concrete Slab as per IS456: 2000
a) Nominal Cover:
• For Mild exposure – 20 mm
• For Moderate exposure – 30 mm
• However, if diameter of bar less than12 mm, or cover may be reduced by 5 mm.
• Thus, for main reinforcement up to 12 mm diameter bar and for mild exposure, the
nominal cover is 15 mm.
a) Min reinforcement: The minimum amount of reinforcement in either direction in slab
• For Fe-250 steel (mild steel): (𝑨𝒔𝒕 )𝒎𝒊𝒏 ≮ 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓% 𝒐𝒇𝐀 𝒈 (𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎)
• For Fe-415, Fe-500, and Fe-550 steel (Deformed bar):(𝐀 𝐬𝐭 )𝐦𝐢𝐧 ≮ 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐% 𝐨𝐟𝐀 𝐠

Design of Slab
c) Spacing of bars:
• The maximum spacing of bars shall not exceed
• Main Steel: 𝑺𝒎𝒂𝒙 ≯ 𝟑𝒅 𝒐𝒓 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎 whichever is smaller
• Distribution steel: 𝑺𝒎𝒂𝒙 ≯ 𝟓𝒅 𝒐𝒓 𝟒𝟓𝟎𝒎𝒎 whichever is smaller
• Where, ‘𝒅’ is the effective depth of slab.
Note: The minimum clear spacing of bars, 𝑺𝒎𝒊𝒏 ≮ 𝟕𝟓𝒎𝒎 (Preferably 100 mm) thoug
h code do not recommend any value.
d) Maximum diameter of bar : The maximum diameter of bar in slab:
𝑫
• ∅𝒎𝒂𝒙 ≯ , where 𝑫 is the overall thickness of slab.
𝟖
e) Minimum overall depth of slab: 𝑫𝒎𝒊𝒏 ≮ 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎

Design Steps for One-way Slab
a) Find design constants based on given grade of concrete and steel, by assuming bal
anced section.
b) Assume effective span: centre to centre distance between supports and, find effectiv
e depth of slab based on deflection criteria.
𝒍𝒙
• For cantilever beam: 𝒅 = 𝟕
𝒍𝒙
• For simply supported beam: 𝒅 =
𝟐𝟎
𝒍𝒙
• For continuous beam: 𝒅 =
𝟐𝟔
c) Consider, 1m strip width of slab along longer span, and find DL and LL.
d) Find total ultimate load.
e) Find maximum bending moment 𝑴𝒎𝒂𝒙 .

f) Find Moment of resistance, 𝑴𝒖,𝒍𝒊𝒎 : To find the depth corresponding to bending mom
ent:
𝑴𝒖,𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝒇𝒄𝒌 𝒃. 𝒙𝒖 𝒅 − 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐𝒙𝒖
𝒙𝒖,𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒙𝒖,𝒎𝒂𝒙
• Considering balanced section, 𝑴𝒖,𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝒇𝒄𝒌 𝒃. 𝒅𝟐 . 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐
𝒅 𝒅
• For Fe250 : 𝑴𝒖,𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟖𝒇𝒄𝒌 𝒃. 𝒅𝟐
• For Fe415 : 𝑴𝒖,𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟖𝒇𝒄𝒌 𝒃. 𝒅𝟐
• For Fe550 : 𝑴𝒖,𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟑𝒇𝒄𝒌 𝒃. 𝒅𝟐
• Find the depth and check with the previous depth of slab taken based on deflection cr
iteria.
• Adopt , 𝒅 whichever is greater

g) To find the area of main reinforcement:

𝑴𝒖,𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝒇𝒚 . 𝑨𝒔𝒕 . 𝒅 − 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐𝒙𝒖
𝒇𝒚 . 𝑨𝒔𝒕
𝑴𝒖,𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝒇𝒚 . 𝑨𝒔𝒕 . 𝒅. 𝟏 −
𝒇𝒄𝒌 . 𝒃𝒅
• Check for minimum reinforcement: 𝑨𝒔𝒕 ≮ 𝑨𝒔𝒕,𝒎𝒊𝒏
• Assume suitable diameter of bar (must be less than 12mm),
• Find spacing of the main bar based on the maximum/minimum spacing criteria.
• Main bars are provided along shorter direction
• Find distribution bar: minimum reinforcement is provided without cranking t

he bar, and provided along the longitudinal direction.

h) Determine the development length 𝑳𝒅 to provide at the face of wall.
i) Check for shear
j) Prepare detailing of reinforcement.

Design of Slab: Examples
Design a slab with the following details:
☞ Adopt M20 grade concrete and Fe500 grade steel
☞ For M20 grade concrete, fck= 20 N/mm2
☞ For Fe500 grade steel, fy= 500 N/mm2
☞ Centre-to-centre distance of longer span, ly= 4850 mm
☞ Centre-to-centre distance of longer span, lx= 3150 mm

Continuous two-way slab with one
edge discontinuous (Slab 1)
☞ Boundary conditions is one short end discontinuous

Step 1: Check type of slab

☞ Centre-to-centre distance of longer span, ly= 4850 mm
☞ Centre-to-centre distance of longer span, lx= 3150 mm
☞ ly/ lx= 1.54 < 2, slab is designed as a two-way slab.
Step 2: Preliminary dimensioning
☞ Thickness of the slab=lx/32= 98.4 mm
☞ Provide a thickness of D=120 mm
☞ Adopt a clear cover of 20 mm and 8 mm diameter bars
☞ Effective depth=dprovided=120-20-4= 96 mm
Step 3: Load calculation
☞ Dead load of slab=25 x 0.1 = 2.5 kN/m2
☞ Floor finish=1 kN/m2
☞ Live load=3 kN/m2
☞ Total load = 6.5 kN/m2, Factored load, Wu = 1.5 x 6.5 = 9.75 kN/m2
Step 4: Moment Calculation

☞ For continuous slabs, the support ends possess negative moments, and middle strip i
s subjected to a positive moment.
☞ Negative and positive moments are determined along the short span (lx) and long spa
n (ly) of the slab.
☞ Moments are calculated using the BM coefficients given by IS:456-2000.
☞ Based on the edge conditions, the coefficients vary.
☞ Once the coefficients are determined, the moments are calculated by the formula below,
as per IS:456-2000, Annex D-1.1.
𝑴𝒖,𝒙 = 𝜶𝒙 . 𝝎𝒖 . 𝒍𝟐𝒙 and 𝑴𝒖,𝒚 = 𝜶𝒚 . 𝝎𝒖 . 𝒍𝟐𝒙
☞ The edge condition given for this slab is one short end discontinuous.
☞ As per Annex D, Table 26 of IS 456: 2000, ly/ lx= 1.54

Step 6: Reinforcement Calculation
☞ As per IS 456:2000; Annex G:
☞ The area of reinforcement is calculated using the relation:
𝒇𝒚 . 𝑨𝒔𝒕
𝑴𝒖,𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝒇𝒚 . 𝑨𝒔𝒕 . 𝒅. 𝟏 −
𝒇𝒄𝒌. 𝒃𝒅
☞ Spacing of the selected bars is computed using the relation:
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒃𝒂𝒓

𝑺𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒏𝒈 = 𝐒 = x 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂
☞ As per IS 456:2000 clause 26.5.2.1

𝑨𝒔𝒕,𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐% 𝒐𝒇𝑨𝒈 = 0.0012 x 1000 x 120 = 144 mm2
☞ As per IS 456:2000 clause 26.3.3 (b)

☞ Maximum spacing, 𝑺𝒎𝒂𝒙 = (3d or 300 mm) whichever is less
= (3 x 96=288 mm or 300 mm) = 280 mm
6.1. Reinforcement Along Shorter direction

☞ At supports:
• 𝑴𝒖 −𝒗𝒆 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟕 𝒌𝑵𝒎
𝟓𝟎𝟎.𝑨𝒔𝒕
• 𝟔. 𝟔𝟕 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟔 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕 ∗ 𝟓𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝑨𝒔𝒕 ∗ 𝟗𝟔 ∗ (𝟏 − )
𝟐𝟓 ∗𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎∗𝟗𝟔
• 𝑨𝒔𝒕, 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 = 𝟏𝟔𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝟐 > 𝑨𝒔𝒕,𝒎𝒊𝒏

• Assume, 8mm dia bars.
6.1. Reinforcement Along Shorter direction, contn..

• Assume, 8mm dia bars.
𝝅.𝟖𝟐
• 𝑺𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒏𝒈 = 𝐒 = x 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟑𝟎𝟒. 𝟒𝟖𝒎𝒎 > 𝑺𝒎𝒂𝒙 .
𝟒∗𝟏𝟔𝟓
• So, provide spacing equals to 𝑺𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 280 mm.

• 𝑨𝒔𝒕, 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒅 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝟐
• 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝟖𝒎𝒎 𝒅𝒊𝒂 𝒃𝒂𝒓@𝟐𝟖𝟎𝒎𝒎 𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒆 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒏𝒈
☞ At mid span:
• 𝑴𝒖 +𝒗𝒆 = 𝟓. 𝟎𝟑 𝒌𝑵𝒎
• 𝟓. 𝟎𝟑 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟔 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕 ∗ 𝟓𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝑨𝒔𝒕 ∗ 𝟗𝟔 ∗ (𝟏 − )
𝟐𝟓 ∗𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎∗𝟗𝟔
• 𝑨𝒔𝒕, 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 = 𝟏𝟔𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝟐 > 𝑨𝒔𝒕,𝒎𝒊𝒏

• Assume, 8mm dia bars. Spacing = 312 mm
• Provide 8 mm dia bars @280 mm c/c spacing
6.2. Longer direction ☞ At mid span:

• 𝑴𝒖 +𝒗𝒆 = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟏 𝒌𝑵𝒎
☞ At supports:
• 𝟐. 𝟕𝟏 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟔 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕 ∗ 𝟓𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝑨𝒔𝒕 ∗ 𝟗𝟔 ∗ (𝟏 −
• 𝑴𝒖 −𝒗𝒆 = 𝟑. 𝟓𝟖 𝒌𝑵𝒎 𝟓𝟎𝟎.𝑨𝒔𝒕
)
𝟐𝟓 ∗𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎∗𝟗𝟔
• 𝟑. 𝟓𝟖 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟔 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕 ∗ 𝟓𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝑨𝒔𝒕 ∗ 𝟗𝟔 ∗ (𝟏 −
• 𝑨𝒔𝒕, 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 = 𝟔𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟐 < 𝑨𝒔𝒕,𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝟐𝟓 ∗𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎∗𝟗𝟔
)
• Hence provide 𝑨𝒔𝒕, 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 = 𝟏𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝒎𝟐
• 𝑨𝒔𝒕, 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 = 𝟏𝟏𝟑 𝒎𝒎𝟐 < 𝑨𝒔𝒕,𝒎𝒊𝒏
• Assume, 8mm dia bars. Spacing = 418
• Hence provide 𝑨𝒔𝒕, 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 = 𝟏𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝒎𝟐 mm > maximum spacing.
• Assume 8 mm dia bars. • Hence, Provide 8mm dia bars @225 m
• Spacing = 349 mm > maximum spacing, mc/c spacing
• Provide 8mm dia bars @ 280 mm c/c spacing

Step 7: Check for shear stress

☞ According to IS 456:2000 Cl 40.1, 40.2.3 and 40.2.3.1
☞ Considering unit width of the slab
𝒘𝒍 𝟗.𝟕𝟓 𝒙 𝟑.𝟏𝟓
☞ 𝑽𝒖 = 𝟐
= 𝟐
= 15.4 kN
As per IS 456:2000, Table 19

𝑵
☞ τv = (15.4 x 1000) / ( 1000 x 96)=0.234 𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝟏𝟎𝟎∗𝑨𝒔 𝟏𝟎𝟎∗𝟏𝟔𝟓
☞ 𝒑𝒕 = = = 0.226
𝒃∗𝒅 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎∗𝟗𝟔
𝑵
☞ 𝝉𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝟑
𝒎𝒎𝟐

Step 8: Check for deflection

☞ Assuming 1 m width
☞ According to IS 456:2000, Cl 23.2.1
𝟎.𝟓𝟖∗𝒇𝒚∗𝑨𝒔𝒕, 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝟎.𝟓𝟖∗𝟓𝟎𝟎∗𝟏𝟔𝟓.𝟒
• fl = = = 𝟐𝟔𝟔. 𝟓
𝑨𝒔𝒕, 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝟏𝟖𝟎
☞ As per IS 456:2000, fig 4

☞ Modification factor = 1.5
☞ As per IS 456:2000, clause 23.2.1
𝑨𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒏
☞ ( 𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒉
) 𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒅= 𝟐𝟒. 𝟓
☞ Considering modification factor = 1.5

𝑨𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒏
☞ ( ) 𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒅= 𝟏. 𝟓 ∗ 𝟐𝟒. 𝟓 = 𝟑𝟔. 𝟕𝟓𝒎𝒎
𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒉
𝑨𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒏 𝟑𝟏𝟓𝟎
☞ ( ) 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒅= = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟖𝒎𝒎
𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒉 𝟗𝟔
𝑨𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒏 𝑨𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒏
☞ ( 𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒉
) 𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒅 > ( 𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒉
) 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒅. Hence, safe for deflection.
☞ Step 9: Detailing of Two-Way Slab Design
Figure: Detailing of a Two-way Continuous Slab

Detailing
of
Two-way slab

01 Design of Columns
1. Compression members
2. Types of Columns
0
Compression members, Types of

columns, General steps for column design,
General requirements for column design,
Example of Column design, PSCQ 3. General Steps for Column Design
4. General requirements for column design
5. Examples
2/20/22 71
Types of Columns
Compression Member:
• Structural elements that are subjected to the axial compressive force as a
major force, are called compression members.
Compression Members • It has the capacity to resist

axial compressive force,
SF as well as BM.
Strut Column
• It has capacity to resist only

Pedestal Column 𝜆eff ≤ 3
axial compressive force.
• Mostly used as inclined mem Short Column 3 < 𝜆eff ≤ 12

ber and short in length.
Long Column 12 < 𝜆eff ≤ 60
q455
• 𝜆[\\ = : It is the ratio of effective length to the least lateral dimension.
r

Various Types of Column
Types of Columns
Based on Shape Based on Loading Based on Slenderness Ratio
Square Axially Loaded Column Pedestal Column
Rectangular Eccentrically Loaded Short Column

Column
Y Long Column
Circular
X X
Y Y
Pentagonal Y
Uniaxially Loaded
X X X X
Y
T-Shape
Y Y
X X
Axially Loaded Bi-axially Loaded
L-Shape etc.
Y
Various types of column
Types of Reinforcement
Longitudinal Reinforcement Transverse Reinforcements (Ties)
Lateral Ties
Helical or Spiral Ties

Longitudinal Reinforcement to RCC Column Design (as per IS456-2000)
Cover:
• Nominal cover for a longitudinal reinforcement bar in a column should not be less than
maximum of the following:
i. 40 mm
ii. Maximum diameter of the longitudinal bar
Eccentricity: (cl. 39.3)
☞ Eccentricity to conform whether the column is perfectly axially loaded or not?
a) If 𝒆𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 ≯ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 ∗ 𝑫, column is assumed as perfectly axially loaded column.
Else, effect of minimum eccentricity is needed to consider in design as given in (b).
b) Minimum eccentricity to design an eccentric column should not be less than maximum of f
ollowing:
𝐮𝐋 𝐃
i. 𝐞𝐦𝐢𝐧 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎 + 𝟑𝟎
ii. 𝐞𝐦𝐢𝐧 ≮ 𝟐𝟎𝐦𝐦
𝐿s = unsupported length of column in mm, 𝐷 = Least lateral dimension in mm
☞ 𝑒u!$ considered for accidental eccentricity due to end conditions, variation in materials etc
.2/20/22 © All Copyright reserved by Sujan Tripathi 75
Longitudinal Reinforcement to RCC Column Design (as per IS456-2000
Requirement of Longitudinal Reinforcement for RCC Column Design:
i. (Aà )bcd ≮ 0.8% of Ae. (Ae is the gross cross-sectional area = B x D)
ii. (Aà )bfg ≯ 6% of Ae. (without overlapping the bar in section)
Or, (Aà )bfg ≯ 4% of Ae. (with overlapping the bar in section)
iii. Minimum number of bar ≮ 4 for rectangular and
≮ 6 for circular section
iv. Minimum diameter of longitudinal bar (∅h )bcd≮ 12 mm
v. Maximum spacing of longitudinal bar (Sh )bfg ≯ 300 mm

Transverse Reinforcement to RCC Column Design (as per IS456-2000
Minimum diameter of the lateral ties should be greater among:

∅vv
i. (∅Ž )••‘ ≮
’
. (∅““ is the largest diameter of longitudinal bar)
ii. 6 mm
Maximum pitch of the lateral ties should be greater among:

𝑝•”• ≯ 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔:
i. D. (𝐷 is the Least Lateral Dimension)
ii. 16 ∅–—
iii. 48 ∅˜
iv. 300 mm

Design of Axially Loaded Column
If eccentricity is less than 5% of D, the column is perfectly axially loaded

column. For this case, design will be carried out as below:
1. Calculate the 𝑷𝒍𝒖
2. From cl. 39.3 of IS code 456:2000 𝑷𝒖 = 𝒇𝒄𝒄 . 𝑨𝒄 + 𝒇𝒔𝒄 . 𝑨𝒔𝒄

𝑷𝒖 = 𝟎. 𝟒 𝒇𝒄𝒌. 𝑨𝒄 + 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕 𝒇𝒚 . 𝑨𝒔𝒄
3. Equate, 𝑷𝒖 = 𝑷𝒍𝒖
4. Find area of longitudinal bar 𝑨𝒔𝒄 & distribute as per codal requirements.
5. Find diameter of lateral ties & provide pitch as per codal requirements.

Example: Column Design
Design a short column square in section to carry an axial load of 1000 KN using M20
mix and Fe415 steel.
☞ Solutions:
a. Given data:
• Axial load = 1000 KN
• Grade of concrete = M20
• Grade of steel = Fe415
☞ Factored axial load (𝑷𝒍𝒖 ) = 1.5 x 1000 KN =1500 KN
☞ Assume 1% steel of total section and eccentricity of 5% of lateral dimension.
☞ From clause 39.3 of IS code 456:2000

𝑷𝒖 = 𝟎. 𝟒 𝒇𝒄𝒌. 𝑨𝒄 + 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕 𝒇𝒚 . 𝑨𝒔𝒄
☞ Equate, 𝐏𝐮 = 𝐏𝐮𝐥
☞ 1500 x 1000 = 0.4 x 20 x (𝐀 𝒈 − 𝟏%𝒐𝒇𝐀 𝐠 ) + 0.67 𝑓y . (𝟏%𝒐𝒇𝑨𝒈 )

• 1500 x 1000 = 0.4 x 20 x 0.99 x 𝐴z + 0.67 x 415 x 0.01𝐴z )
• 10.7005 x 𝐴z = 1500 x 1000
• 𝐴z = 140180.36 mm2
• Since the column has square section:

• Length = 𝑨𝒈 = 140180.36 = 374.41 𝑚𝑚
• Provide, 380𝑚𝑚 x 380 𝑚𝑚 square column
• Here, Area of steel, 𝐴)+ = 1% 𝑜𝑓 380 𝑥 380 = 1444 𝑚𝑚2
• If 4 nos of longitudinal bars of diameter ∅T is provided, then,

𝝅
• 𝐀 𝐬𝐜 = 𝟒𝐱 𝐱 ∅𝐥 𝟐
𝟒
|
• 1444 = 4x b x ∅T 2
• ∅T = 21.44 𝑚𝑚, thus, provide 4 nos. of 22mm diameter bars as longitudinal bar.
Design of lateral ties:
∅..
• Diameter of tie, (∅* )N}~ = or 6mm, whichever is greater.
b
• (∅* )N}~ = 5.5𝑚𝑚 or 6𝑚𝑚, whichever is greater
• (∅* )N}~ = 6𝑚𝑚
☞ 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔:
a. Least lateral dimension = 380 mm
b. 16 ∅LT = 16 𝑥 22 = 352𝑚𝑚
c. 300 mm
• Thus, provide 6mm diameter of lateral ties at a spacing of 300mm center to center.

Design summary:
• Size of column: 380 mm x 380 mm
• Longitudinal reinforcement : 4 nos. of 22mm diameter
• Transverse reinforcement : 6 mm diameter lateral ties at a spacing of 300mm c/c.
• The design detail is illustrated in figure below:

Design of RC Footing
• Provided depth of foundation must be able:

☞ To secure safe bearing capacity
☞ To penetrate below the zone where seasonal weather changes are likely to
cause significant movement due to swelling and shrinkage of soils.
☞ To penetrate below the zone which may be affects by frost.
• Types of foundation:
☞ Shallow foundation:
• Strip foundation/continuous wall footing
• Spread/Isolated foundation
• Combined foundation: Strap/cantilever footing is a type of combined footing
• Mat/raft foundation
☞ Deep foundation:
• Pile foundation, well foundation
☞ Shallow foundation.
• Shallow foundation is used in the places where soil hard stratum are
found at a shallow depth from the ground surface.
• Depth of the foundation is less as compared to the breadth.
• Shallow foundations are the best selection, if SBC is exceptionally high.
• A shallow foundation is suitable when formed soil is in 2-3m depth.

• Isolated foundation:
☞ A stepped footing is provided below each
column of the structure.
☞ The dimensions of the steps are generally

determined by design,
☞ generally, each step projecting 50-
75mm from the previous step.
☞ These are generally three stepped courses
provided.
☞ This is the most common types of footing

which is being used in low-cost buildings,
where the soil condition is very good.

• Combined foundation:
☞ A combined footing is that in which a single

footing is common to two columns.
☞ These are used in conditions where the clear

span between two columns are very low, which
results in overlapping of stepped courses
if isolated column footings are provided.
☞ Two types of combined footing:

• Rectangular footing(used when the loads on
the two columns are same) and
• Trapezoidal Footing(used when the columns
carry unequal loads).
Cantilever/Strap foundation:
☞ For short, Cantilever footing is the combined footing

connected by a tie beam, which is of lower width
and greater depth.
☞ This type of footing is necessary for conditions where

there is a strict restriction of space, and it is not
possible to project the footing further to it’s column face.
☞ The strap beam helps in stabilizing the columns, thus

making a uniform distribution of loads beneath the
footing.
Raft or Mat Footing:
• In places where the soil is of inferior quality and the safe

bearing capacity of the soil is lower compared to ordinary
soil, a common footing is provided beneath each column.
• When total area of individual isolated footing is greater than

50% of total plinth area, then mat foundation is
recommended.
• It is a best choice of shallow foundation if the differential

settlement is prominent due to cut-fill.
• If the water table is very low and the soil type is black cotton,
then mat footing is the best choice.

Deep Foundation:
☞ These type is used where the soil hard stratum is at very low depth and the soil is of
inferior quality.
☞ It is suitable where the hard stratum does not exceed 3m from the ground surface. As
the name indicates, the height of the deep foundations is much greater than it’s the
width.
☞ These types are used where the safe bearing capacity of a soil is very low and the
soil can not withstand heavy loading.

Pile Foundation:
☞ This is the most commonly used deep foundation for building projects.
☞ Pile foundation can be again divided into the following types:
☞ Depending upon nature of pile:
• Compaction Pile,
• Uplift pile,
• Batter pile,
• Sheet file,
• Anchor pile or fendor pile.
☞ Depending upon material:
• Concrete Pile,
• Steel Pile,
• Timber pile,
• Composite Pile etc.
☞ Depending upon load transfer:
• End Bearing pile (transfers the load by bearing)
• Friction pile (transfers the load by friction between the
pile and the surrounding soil-suitable when hard
stratum is situated at a great depth).

Minimum criteria for size of footing:
The nominal dimension of the foundation should meet following criteria:
1. Height of footing:
• According to IS-1080:1962, minimum height of the foundation should

not be less than (even if built above the hard rock strata).
(𝐡𝐟 )𝒎𝒊𝒏 ≮ 𝟎. 𝟓𝒎
• Height of footing is determined using Rankine’s Formulae:

𝟐
𝒑 𝟏 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝓
𝐡𝐟 =
𝜸𝒔 𝟏 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝓
2. Width of footing:
• The width of the foundation should not be less than 0.45 to 0.5 m.
𝒃𝐟 ≮ 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓 𝒕𝒐 𝟎. 𝟓𝒎
Steps for Axially Loaded Isolated Footing Design
Design steps:
1. Size of footing:
☞ Find the depth of footing using Rankin’s formula.
𝟐
𝒑𝒔 𝟏 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛟
𝐡𝐟 =
𝜸𝒔 𝟏 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛟
𝑷 (𝑨𝒙𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅)
☞ Approximate area of footing, 𝑨𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒙 =
𝒑𝒔 (𝑺𝒂𝒇𝒆 𝒃𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒄𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒍)
☞ Weight of footing including earth, 𝑾𝒆 = 𝜸 ∗ 𝐡𝐟 ∗ 𝑨𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒙
☞ Total weight, 𝑷𝑻 = 𝑷 + 𝑾𝒆
𝑷𝑻
☞ Calculate the actual area = 𝑨𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 = 𝒑𝒔
☞ Assume, square shape of footing.
☞ Side of square footing = 𝑎 = √𝑨
☞ Change size in decimal value into nearest grater practical size.
☞ Recalculate the provided area, 𝑨𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒅 ≥ 𝑨𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍

Design of Axially Loaded Isolated Footing
2. Design for Bending:
☞ Net (ultimate) earth pressure acting upward due to factored load:
𝟏. 𝟓 ∗ 𝑷
𝒑𝒖,𝒏𝒆𝒕 =
𝑨𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒅
☞ If 𝒑𝒖,𝒏𝒆𝒕 < 𝒔𝒂𝒇𝒆 𝒃𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒄𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 (𝑺𝑩𝑪) which is known initially, then
proceed the further design process.
☞ Otherwise, either limit the axial load or revise the area or improve the safe
bearing capacity of soil by using soil treatment.

☞ Calculate the bending moment about the critical section

which is always at the face of column, 𝑴𝒖,𝒎𝒂𝒙
☞ Calculate the limiting moment based on compressive force
to find the depth of footing.
• 𝑴𝒖,𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔 ∗ 𝒇𝒄𝒌 ∗ 𝒃 ∗ 𝒙𝒖 (𝒅 − 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐 ∗ 𝒙𝒖 )
• Equate 𝑴𝒖,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑴𝒖,𝒍𝒊𝒎 .
• Find depth of footing again, 𝒅𝒄𝒂𝒍
• If 𝒅𝒄𝒂𝒍 ≥ 𝐡𝐟 , adopt 𝒅𝒄𝒂𝒍 . Assuming 𝒅𝒄𝒂𝒍 = 𝒅.

☞ Calculate the limiting moment based on tension force to
find area of steel, 𝑨𝒔𝒕 .
• 𝑴𝒖,𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕 ∗ 𝒇𝒚 ∗ 𝑨𝒔𝒕 ∗ (𝒅 − 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐 ∗ 𝒙𝒖 )
• Equate 𝑴𝒖,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑴𝒖,𝒍𝒊𝒎 .
• Find area of steel, 𝑨𝒔𝒕 .
3. Check for One way shear:
☞ Calculate the ultimate shear force 𝑽𝒖 at the critical section for one way shear, i.e. at
the 𝒅 distance from face of the column and find the nominal one-way shear stress, 𝝉𝑽 .
𝑽𝒖
𝝉𝑽 =
𝒃∗𝒅
• 𝝉𝒄 = Permissible shear stress of concrete with longitudinal bar, from table-19,IS-456.
• If 𝝉𝑽 < 𝝉𝒄 , safe in one way shear means 𝒅 from bending is sufficient for one-way
shear.
• Otherwise, revise depth of footing and area of steel, and then proceed the design.
4. Check for two-way shear (punching shear) :
☞ Calculate the ultimate punching shear force 𝑽𝒖 at the critical section for two-way shear,
i.e., at the 𝒅/𝟐 distance from face of the column and find the nominal twoway shear
stress, 𝝉𝑽 .
𝑽𝒖
𝝉𝑽 =
𝒃𝟎 ∗ 𝒅
• 𝒃𝟎 = 𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
• Find permissible shear stress of concrete,
𝝉;𝒄 = 𝒌𝒔 ∗ 𝝉𝒄
𝝉𝒄 = 0.25 𝑓+‚
☞ Check for two-way shear: 𝝉𝑽 ≯ 𝝉;𝒄
☞ If 𝝉𝑽 < 𝝉;𝒄 , safe in 2-way shear means 𝒅 from bending 2-way shear is sufficient for 2-
way shear. Otherwise, revise depth of footing and area of steel, and then proceed the
design.
4. Check for bearing:
☞ Calculate the bearing stress due to factored axial
load in column.
𝑷𝒖
𝝉𝒃 =
𝑨𝒄
• Permissible bearing stress, 𝛕𝐛𝐫 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓𝐟𝐜𝐤
• If 𝛕𝐛 ≯ 𝛕𝐛𝐫 , then safe in bearing. Two-way shear (punching shear)

Design of Combined Footing
• Whenever two or more columns in a straight line are carried on a single

spread footing, it is called a combined footing.
Combined footings are provided only when it is absolutely necessary, as:

☞ When two columns are close together, causing overlap of adjacent isolated
footings.
☞ When soil bearing capacity is low, causing overlap of adjacent isolated

footings.
☞ Proximity of building line or existing building or sewer, adjacent to a building

column.

• Rectangular combined footing:

☞ Longitudinally, the footing acts as an upward loaded beam
spanning between columns and cantilevering beyond.
Rectangular
☞ Using statics, the shear force and bending moment
diagrams in the longitudinal direction are drawn. Moment
is checked at the faces of the column.
☞ Shear force is critical at distance 'd' from the faces of
columns or at the point of contra flexure.
☞ Two-way shear is checked under the heavier column.
☞ The footing is also subjected to transverse bending and

this bending is spread over a transverse strip near the
column.



Steps for Combined Footing Design
Design steps:
1. Locate the point of application of the column loads on the footing.
2. Proportion the footing such that the resultant of loads passes through the
center of footing.
3. Compute footing area such that the allowable soil pressure is not exceeded.
4. Calculate the SF and BM at the salient points, and hence draw SFD and BMD.
5. Fix the depth of footing from the maximum BM.
6. Calculate the transverse BM and design the transverse section for depth and
reinforcement.
7. Check for anchorage and shear.

Steps for Combined Footing Design
8. Check the footing for longitudinal share.
9. Design the reinforcement for the longitudinal moment and place
them in the appropriate positions.
10. Check the development length for longitudinal steel
11. Curtail the longitudinal bars for economy
12. Draw and detail the reinforcement.
13. Prepare the bar bending schedule.

01 Introduction to Prestressed Concrete 1. Basic concept and definition of prestress concrete
2. Advantages of prestress concrete

0
Basic Concept and Definition, Advantages,

Types of prestress concrete, Pre-tensioned
concrete, post-tensioned concrete, Losses
in prestress concrete, PSCQ 3. Pre-tensioned pre-stressed concrete
4. Post-tensioned prestress concrete
5. Losses in prestress concrete

2/20/22 106
Introduction to Prestressed Concrete
☞ Prestress is developed in concrete by placing tensioned steel wires in concrete.
☞ Tensioned steel wires used in concrete to develop prestress is called tendons.
☞ In prestress concrete, high strength concrete and high strength steel must be used.
☞ It is more economical for:
• longer span structure and
• structure which carrying the heavier loads.
☞ It is generally used for:

• Longer span beam
• Liquid storage tank

• Bridge girders
• Railway sleeper etc.

Prestressed Concrete
Types of Prestressed Concrete
Pretensioned prestress concrete Post-tensioned prestress concrete
• Tendons are tensioned before concreting. • Tendons are tensioned after concreting.
• End bearings are not provided at ends. • End bearings are necessarly provided at ends.
• Tondons cut only after hardened the concrete. • Tondons are inserted via duct and tensioned.

Pretensioned Prestress Concrete
☞ Pre-tensioning is a method of introducing prestress to the concrete structure

through the bond between concrete and tendons.
☞ Suitable for smaller size members.
☞ Made in factory.
☞ Minimum grade of concrete for pre-tensioned member is M45.
☞ Firstly, tension is applied to the Tendon before casting concrete.
☞ Then, concrete is cast. After concrete hardened, Tendons are cut. Then, the
tension in the Tendon is gradually released by transferring prestress to the
concrete member.
☞ Tensioning is possible for one girder or several girders depending on the

length of the prestressing bed.
Pretensioned Prestressed Concrete

Construction Process of Pretensioned Concrete

Advantages and disadvantages on prestressed Concrete
Advantages:
1. Members of same shape and dimensions can be manufactured in large quantities.
2. Additional members such as sheath tubes and anchorage devices are not
required.
3. Factory manufacturing is possible, making the quality of the product highly

reliable.
Disadvantages:
1. Not suitable for large members because it is difficult to arrange the prestressing
tendon in a curve.
2. A certain amount of prestress is not transferred at the end of the members, so

the design requires attention.
Post-tensioned Prestressed Concrete
☞ Post-tensioning is a method of introducing prestress to the concrete structure

by anchoring the Tendon on both sides of the concrete member.
☞ It is used for longer member.
☞ It is made either in factory or in site.
☞ Minimum grade of concrete should be greater than M35.

Post-tensioned Prestressed Concrete
☞ There are two types of Post-tensioning method, Unbonded post-tensioning and

Bonded post-tensioning.
Unbonded post-tensioning:
• The tendon of this type consists of a plastic tube, steel strands coated a grease.
• This type allows for installing tendons individually.
• This type is able to avoid installing sheaths and grouting work.
Bonded post-tensioning:
• Tendon of this type consists of a sheath(duct), strands, and grouting concrete.

• The prestressing force of this type is applied to a concrete member after the
concrete that is poured inside of the sheath is hardened.
• This type allows applying larger prestressing force to the concrete member
than the unbonded post-tensioning.
Advantages:
1. The tendons can be curved, which makes it suitable for large structures.
2. The structure itself is used as a support, so tension bands are not required.
3. Tensioning is possible at the construction site.
Disadvantages:
1. Unbonded post-tensioning tendons can be re-tensioned.
2. Unbonded PSC members have low fracture strength and wider crack
width.
3. Special tensioning method and anchoring device required.

Limitation of prestressed concrete:
• It is suitable for the members subjected to axial tension and the

crack free condition.
• It requires:
☞ higher cost,
☞ skilled manpower,
☞ large number of labour,
☞ high strength material.
• It can only used for long span and heavier load.

Loss of prestress:
Loss of prestress are limited as;
• For pre-tensioned member, 20-25% of initial prestressing force.
• For post-tensioned member, 15-20% of initial prestressing force.
Types of losses:
1. Loss due to creep in concrete (6%).
2. Loss due to creep in steel (3%)
3. Loss due to shrinkage of concrete (3%)
4. Loss due to elastic shortening of concrete (3%)
5. Loss due to slip at anchorage (5-8%)
6. Frictional loss (5-8%)

Applications of Prestressed Concrete
☞ Prestressed concrete members are used extensively for a variety of load-bearing

structures. These include:
• Bridge Structures
• Flyovers
• High rise buildings
• Commercial complexes
• Industrial structures
• Mining & mineral processing plants
• Sports complexes
• Suspended Ceilings
• Acoustics ceiling panels
• Electrified rail tracks
• Heavy traffic bridges
• Railway over bridges (ROBs)
01 Design of Timber Structures
1. Design of RC Footing
2. Design of RC Column
0
Design of RC Footing, Design of RC

Columns, Design of RC Slabs, Design of
RC Beam, PSCQ
3. Design of RC Slab
4. Design of RC Beam
5. PSCQ
2/20/22 120
Design of Timber Structures
Timber Structure:
☞ When the wood is used as structural member, then it is called as “timber

structures”
☞ Well seasoned timber having higher strength to weight ratio, and wit
hout any defects like knot, shake, cracks, warping etc, is suitable for st
ructural works.
☞ The life of timber structure is long, if it is used either in full dry conditio
n or in fully wet condition.
☞ IS-883:1979 for design of timber structure

Design steps for Timber Beam
1. Calculate the total load: Find DL and LL and calculate the total load.
2. Find effective span: 𝒍𝒆𝒇𝒇
𝛚𝒍𝟐
𝒆𝒇𝒇
3. Find maximum BM: 𝑴𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟖
4. Calculate the minimum width required according to the flexural equation:
𝑴 𝝈
=
𝑰 𝒚
𝐌 = 𝝈𝒂 . 𝐙
𝒃𝒅𝟐
• For rectangular section: 𝐌 = 𝝈𝒂 . ( )
𝟔
• 𝜎„ = 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝐼𝑆 − 883

• Find 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑.

5. Check of shear stress: Find the maximum horizontal shear stress at N.A.
𝑽. 𝑸
𝝉𝒎𝒂𝒙 =
𝑰. 𝒃
Where, 𝑑 ⁄2
𝑑 ⁄4
• V = Vertical shear at section N 𝑑
x
• τuvw = horizontal shear stress ( )
]]!
• I = Moment of Inertia of section, 𝑚𝑚4
• Q = A𝑥̅ = Statistical moment of area about the N. A. , 𝑚𝑚3 𝑏
𝟏 𝒅
𝐀 = ∗ 𝒃 ∗ 𝒅, ¹=
𝒙
𝟐 𝟒
𝒃𝒅𝟐 𝐛𝒅𝟑
𝐐= 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝐈 = ,
𝟖 𝟏𝟐
𝐛𝒅𝟐
𝐕. ( 𝟖 ) 𝟑 𝑽 𝟑
𝝉𝒎𝒂𝒙 = = . = 𝝉
𝐛𝒅𝟑 𝟐 𝐛. 𝒅 𝟐 𝒂𝒗𝒈
( ). 𝒃
𝟏𝟐
• D = Depth of beam section, 𝑚𝑚, b = Width of beam section, 𝑚𝑚
6. Maximum shear force for UDL:

𝒍 𝝎
𝑽𝒖 = 𝝎 − 𝒅 = 𝒍 − 𝟐𝒅
𝟐 𝟐
7. Maximum shear force for point load:
𝒙 𝟐
𝟏𝟎 ∗ 𝑷 ∗ 𝒍 − 𝒙
𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝒅
𝒙 𝟐
𝟗𝒍[𝟐 + ]
𝒅
Where,
• P = Concentrated load N
…
• τNOP = horizontal shear stress ( )
uu&
• 𝑙 = 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚, 𝑚𝑚
• 𝑥 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 (𝑚𝑚)

8. Check for end bearing:

☞ The bearing stress perpendicular to the grain at supports and under concentrate
d loads should not be greater than safe working stress in compression across th
e grain.
9. Check for deflection:
𝟑
☞ Calculate the load for deflection as [𝟐 ∗ 𝑫𝑳 + 𝟒 ∗ 𝑳𝑳].
☞ Find ∆𝒎𝒂𝒙 according to loading type:
𝐖𝒍𝟑
• ∆𝒎𝒂𝒙 = , for SSB with point load 𝐖 with central loading.
𝟒𝟖𝑬𝑰
𝟓𝝎𝒍𝟒
• ∆𝒎𝒂𝒙 = , for SSB with UDL loading.
𝟑𝟖𝟒𝑬𝑰
𝒍
☞ Simply supported beam supporting brittle materials, ∆𝒎𝒂𝒙 ≯
𝟑𝟔𝟎
𝒍
☞ Simply supported beam for other cases, ∆𝒎𝒂𝒙 ≯ 𝟐𝟒𝟎
𝒍
☞ For the cantilever, ∆𝒎𝒂𝒙 ≯
𝟏𝟖𝟎


X.U|
Bearing area required = = 8.35𝑐𝑚2 < 70 𝑚𝑚2, 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒
W.TZ

Design steps for Timber Column
Types of timber column:

1. Solid rectangular columns
• Short column
• Intermediate column
• Long column
2. Built-up and box column
• Short column
• Long column
3. Spaced column
• Short column
• Long column

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PSC: Subjective

2/20/22 © All Copyright reserved by Sujan Tripathi 1

Steel and Timber Structures

1.3 Requirements of earthquake resistant building

1.4 Mandatory Rule of Thumb in Building Design

1.5 Structural Design of Bridge

Difference between working stress and

Working Stress Method Limit State Method

Working Stress Method Limit State Method

7. Degree of uncertainities associated 7. Degree of uncertainities associated with both s

Working Stress Method Limit State Method

Working stress method Limit state method

14. Able to produce safer, searvic

2/20/22 © All Copyright reserved by Sujan Tripathi 7

2/20/22 © All Copyright reserved by Sujan Tripathi 8

Balanced sections: (Critical or economic section)

☞ A balanced sections is that in which stress in concrete and steel reach

☞ The percentage of steel corresponding to this section is called as balan

2/20/22 © All Copyright reserved by Sujan Tripathi 9

Under Reinforced section:

☞ Moment of resistance of URS section is calculated as

2/20/22 © All Copyright reserved by Sujan Tripathi 10

b. Actual NA lies above the critical neutral axis (𝐧 < 𝒏𝒄 ).

2/20/22 © All Copyright reserved by Sujan Tripathi 11

Over Reinforced Section:

2/20/22 © All Copyright reserved by Sujan Tripathi 12

b. Actual NA is below the critical neutral axis i.e., (𝐧 > 𝒏𝒄 ).

c. Percentage of steel is more than the balanced section, so the section

e. MoR of ORS is calculated as

2/20/22 © All Copyright reserved by Sujan Tripathi 13

Singly Reinforced Section:

• The section in which the reinforcing

• In case of SSB, bar placed at bottom

2/20/22 © All Copyright reserved by Sujan Tripathi 14

a. Singly Reinforced Section

b. Doubly Reinforced Section

Double Reinforced Rectangular Section:

☞ Reasons of using steel in compression region are as follows:

• At a section of continuous beam or slab, where BM changes sign.

• In the designed section of Circular beam in plan.

• If the members are in stress reversal condition.

☞ 𝑨𝒎𝒂𝒙 ≯ 𝟒% 𝒐𝒇 𝒈𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝒄𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒍 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒃𝒆𝒂𝒎

Nominal covers for different structural members:

i. Nominal cover in beam : 𝑪𝒄,𝒎𝒊𝒏 ≮ 𝟐𝟓 𝒎𝒎

• For mild exposure condition, 𝑪𝒄,𝒎𝒊𝒏 ≮ 𝟐𝟎 − 𝟓 𝒎𝒎 = 𝟏𝟓𝒎𝒎

iii. Nominal cover in column:

be less than 40 mm or diameter of such bar.

• For columns having minimum dimensions of 200 mm or under whose reinfor

cement bars do not exceed 12 mm, a nominal cover of 25 mm may be used.

☞ The design problem is generally consisting of:

1. Determination dimensions (cross-sectional) of a beam (𝒃𝐱𝑫), and

2. Determination of the area of steel (𝑨𝒔𝒕 ) for a known moment or load.

☞ Therefore, 𝑴𝒖,𝒎𝒂𝒙 ≤ 𝐌𝒖,𝒍𝒊𝒎

☞ Taking equality, 𝑴𝒖,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑴𝒖,𝒍𝒊𝒎

☞ 𝑴𝐮,𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝒇𝒄𝒌. 𝒃. 𝒙𝒖 𝒅 − 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐𝒙𝒖

M20 2.98 2.76 2.66

M25 3.72 3.45 3.32

M30 4.47 4.14 3.99

M35 5.21 4.83 4.65

M40 5.96 5.52 5.32

2/20/22 © All Copyright reserved by Sujan Tripathi 19

Fixing Dimensions of the Section:

☞ The effective depth of the section is obtained as: