Advanced Electrical Machine

Design
Brushless Motor Fundamentals and
Motor Design Possibilities

Instructor: Dr. Tanveer Yazdan

Date: (14.03.2021)

Dr. Tanveer Yazdan The University of Lahore, Pakistan

 Contents of Today’s Lecture

 BRUSHLESS MOTORS WITH FRACTIONAL-SLOT

 MOTOR DESIGN POSSIBILITIES

 Classification based on Drive Type

 Classification based on Rotor Type

 Classification based on Structure

Dr. Tanveer Yazdan The University of Lahore, Pakistan 2

Brushless Motor Fundamentals and Motor Design Possibilities

MAGNETIC CIRCUITS AND BRUSHLESS MOTORS

Fundamental Concepts
In brushless motor design, mutual torque and back EMF are the two
fundamental parameters to be determined

(BLv law) (BLi law)

It is more convenient to compute flux linkage, and then employ Faraday's law to
obtain the back EMF which can be used to give the torque

Electrical and Mechanical position

electrical position mechanical position

𝑁𝑚
𝑁𝑝 =
2
𝑁𝑚 is the number of magnet poles

Dr. Tanveer Yazdan The University of Lahore, Pakistan 3

Brushless Motor Fundamentals and Motor Design Possibilities

MAGNETIC CIRCUITS AND BRUSHLESS MOTORS

Design Variations: Fractional-Pitch Coils
 Fractional-Pitch Coils
 Full-Pitch magnets

𝛼𝑐 = 𝜃𝑐 /𝜃𝑝

𝜋
𝜃𝑒 =
3
2𝜋
The flux linkage remains at the
𝜃𝑒 =
3
maximum until 𝜃𝑒 = 180 °𝐸
Full-pitch Full-pitch
Fractional- Fractional
pitch pitch

Flux linkage EMF

Dr. Tanveer Yazdan The University of Lahore, Pakistan 4
Brushless Motor Fundamentals and Motor Design Possibilities

MAGNETIC CIRCUITS AND BRUSHLESS MOTORS

Design Variations: Fractional-Pitch Magnets
 Full-Pitch Coils
Full-pitch Fractional-
 Fractional-Pitch magnets
magnet pitch magnet

Flux linkage

Full-pitch
magnet
Fractional-
pitch magnet

A motor having
fractional pitch magnets.
EMF
Dr. Tanveer Yazdan The University of Lahore, Pakistan 5
Brushless Motor Fundamentals and Motor Design Possibilities

MAGNETIC CIRCUITS AND BRUSHLESS MOTORS

Design Variations: Fractional-Slot
For 12 slot, 4 poles, 3-phase Brushless Motor,
Slots per pole per phase integer

 Fractional pitch windings characterizes the windings; the Fractional Slot motor
characterizes the slots that contain windings.
 In an integral slot motor, the back EMFs of all coils making up a phase
winding are in-phase with each other

 In a fractional slot motor, the back EMF of coils making up a phase winding
are not all in-phase with each other

In fractional slot motor, connecting all

coils in series does not produce
amplitude-scaled version of back EMF

Integral slot motor

𝑁𝑠𝑝𝑝 = 1
Dr. Tanveer Yazdan The University of Lahore, Pakistan 6
Brushless Motor Fundamentals and Motor Design Possibilities

MAGNETIC CIRCUITS AND BRUSHLESS MOTORS

Design Variations: Fractional-Slot
Angular slot pitch 𝜃𝑠
Fractional slot motor: 𝑁𝑠𝑝𝑝 = 1.25 is 360°𝑀/𝑁𝑺 = 24°𝑀 𝑜𝑟 48°𝐸

Coils per phase

Coil pitch = three slots

15 slot, 4 poles, 3-phase Brushless Motor
Dr. Tanveer Yazdan The University of Lahore, Pakistan 7
Brushless Motor Fundamentals and Motor Design Possibilities

MAGNETIC CIRCUITS AND BRUSHLESS MOTORS

Design Variations: Fractional-Slot
𝜃𝑠
Not possible to use full pitch coils ≠ 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟
𝜃𝑝

If a coil spans three slots, the angular coil pitch will be 3 ∗ 48 °𝐸 𝑜𝑟 144°𝐸.
coil span <(𝜃𝑝 =180 ºE)
If a coil spans four slots, the coil pitch will be 4 ∗ 48 °𝐸 𝑜𝑟 192°𝐸.

A three slot coil span is less than 𝜃𝑝 =180 ºE, and a four slot coil span
coil span > (𝜃𝑝 =180 ºE)

Dr. Tanveer Yazdan The University of Lahore, Pakistan 8

Brushless Motor Fundamentals and Motor Design Possibilities

MAGNETIC CIRCUITS AND BRUSHLESS MOTORS

Design Variations: Fractional-Slot

The center of coil 𝑪𝒃 , is offset 4

slots from the center of coil 𝑪𝒂
𝜽𝒂𝒃 = 4 ∗ 48 °𝐸 𝑜𝑟 192°𝐸

𝜽𝒂𝒄 = 7 ∗ 48 °𝐸 𝑜𝑟 336°𝐸

𝜽𝒂𝒅 = 8 ∗ 48 °𝐸 𝑜𝑟 384°𝐸

𝜽𝒂𝒆 = 11 ∗ 48 °𝐸 𝑜𝑟 528°𝐸

Furthermore, coils 𝑪𝒃 and 𝑪𝒆 are

wound in the opposite direction
Flux linkage and back EMF of coil 𝑪𝒂
Dr. Tanveer Yazdan The University of Lahore, Pakistan 9
Brushless Motor Fundamentals and Motor Design Possibilities

Dr. Tanveer Yazdan The University of Lahore, Pakistan 10

Brushless Motor Fundamentals and Motor Design Possibilities

MAGNETIC CIRCUITS AND BRUSHLESS MOTORS

Design Variations: Fractional-Slot
Five coils are connected in series the net winding back EMF is

EMFs are shifted by 0, ±12°E, and ±24°E

Dr. Tanveer Yazdan The University of Lahore, Pakistan 11

Brushless Motor Fundamentals and Motor Design Possibilities

MAGNETIC CIRCUITS AND BRUSHLESS MOTORS

Design Variations: Fractional-Slot

looks very sinusoidal due to

the inherent leakage flux
Sum of coil back EMFs to get net winding back EMF
Dr. Tanveer Yazdan The University of Lahore, Pakistan 12
Brushless Motor Fundamentals and Motor Design Possibilities

DESIGN POSSIBILITIES OF BRUSHLESS MOTORS

Classification of Motors

Dr. Tanveer Yazdan The University of Lahore, Pakistan 13

 The End.

Dr. Tanveer Yazdan The University of Lahore, Pakistan 43