BLDC motors are a kind of synchronous motor.

This indicates the magnetic field

produced by the stator and the magnetic field produced by the rotor twirls at the same
frequency. BLDC motors do not experience the “slip” that is normally observed in
induction motors. BLDC motor is built with a permanent magnet rotor and wire wound
stator poles. (“Speed Torque Characteristics of Brushless DC motor in Either Direction on Load using
ARM controller”)

Brushless dc, PM synchronous, and PM step motors are all brushless permanent-
magnet motors.

The most common motor shape is cylindrical, containing two primary parts. The non-
moving, or stationary, part is called the stator. The moving, or rotating, part is called
the rotor.

For these motors a magnetic field travels in a radial direction across the air gap
between the rotor and stator. As a result, these motors are called radial flux motors.

These motors the magnetic field between the rotor and stator travels in the axial
direction. Thus, these motors are called axial flux motors.
All brushless PM motors are constructed with electrical windings on the stator and
permanent magnets on the rotor. This construction is one of the primary reasons for
the increasing popularity of brushless PM motors.

MOTOR OPERATION

The bar magnet in the figure is free to spin about its center but is otherwise fixed. The
iron ring so that is has two protrusions or poles on it.

if the magnet is spun slowly, it will have the tendency to come to rest in the θ = 0
position. As the magnet spins it will experience a force that will try to align the magnet
with the stator poles.

The force of attraction between a magnet and iron increases dramatically as the
physical distance between the two decreases.

Because the magnet is free to spin, this force is partly in the tangential direction, and
torque is produced.

The positions where the force or torque is zero are called detent positions.

The detent torque is approximately sinusoidal.

In a real motor its shape is a complex function of motor geometry and material
properties. The torque described here is formally called reluctance torque. In most
brushless permanent-magnet motors this torque is undesirable and is given the special
names of cogging torque or detent torque.

Considering the addition of current-carrying coils to the poles.

Current is applied to the coils, the poles become electromagnets. In particular, if the
current is applied in the proper direction, the poles become magnetized as shown. In
this situation, the force of attraction between the bar magnet and the opposite
electromagnet poles creates another type of torque, formally called mutual or
alignment torque. It is this torque that is used in brushless PM motors to do
work.

If the current is applied in the opposite direction, the bar magnet rotates in the opposite
direction. The torque mechanism is identical, and the term repulsion torque is not used.
To get the bar magnet to turn continuously, it is common to employ more than one set
of coils. The action of the rotor chasing after the electromagnet poles on the stator is
the fundamental motor action involved in brushless PM motors.

It is possible to build brushless PM motors with any even number of rotor magnet
poles and any number of phases greater than or equal to 2.
MAGNET POLE AND MOTOR PHASES

Two-and three-phase motors are the most common, with three-phase motors
dominating all others. The reason for these choices is minimize the number of power
electronic devices required to control the winding currents.

Magnet poles offer more flexibility, with two to fifty or more magnet poles. A greater
number of magnet poles usually creates a greater torque for the same current level but
having less room for each pole.

DEFINE POLES, SLOTS, TEETHS

The windings of each phase are isolated from each other and concentrated around
individual poles called salient poles. (It is more common to use magnet arcs or pieces
distributed around an iron rotor disk for the rotor)

The areas occupied by the windings are called slots and the iron areas between the
slots are called teeth.

MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT

Mechanical position and speed are the respective position and speed of the rotor output
shaft. When the rotor shaft makes one complete revolution, it traverses 360 mechanical
degrees (2π mechanical radians).

Electrical position is defined such that movement of the rotor by 360 electrical degrees
(2π electrical radians) puts the rotor back in an identical magnetic orientation.

the relationship between electrical and mechanical position is related to the number of
magnet poles on the rotor:

Nm
φ e= φ
2 mech
For radial flux motors the answer to this question is often stated as

T = kD2L

T is torque, k is a constant, D is the rotor diameter, and L is the axial rotor length.