GROUP NUMBER - 17

GROUP MEMBERS : SUBMITTED TO :

KARTIK SINGH (2019EEB1163) PROF. SAIFULLAH PAYAMI
MADHUR JAIN (2019EEB1169)
MAYANK SINGH (2019EEB1170)
 PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
Synchronous motors contains multiphase AC electromagnets on the stator of the motor that create a
magnetic field which rotates in time with the oscillations of the line current. A permanent magnet
synchronous motor, PMSM is a kind of synchronous motor in which permanent magnet is used as a
rotor to create field poles. No field winding is wound on the rotor.

CONSTRUCTION :

Construction of PMSM : (left)- standard, (right)- inside out

Source: https://en.engineering-solutions.ru/files/images/motor/pmsm/construction.jpg

A PMSM, like any other rotating electric motor, consists of a rotor and a stator. The stator is the
fixed part. The rotor is the rotating part. Mostly, the rotor is located inside the stator of the electric
motor, there are also structures with an external rotor - inside out electric motors.
The rotor consists of permanent magnets.(Materials having high coercive property are used as
permanent magnets). According to the rotor design, synchronous motors are divided into:
A. el
ectric motors with salient pole rotor;
B. el
ectric motors with non-salient pole rotor.
An electric motor with non-salient pole rotor has an equal direct and quadrature inductances L d = Lq,
whereas for an electric motor with salient pole rotor the quadrature inductance is not equal to the
direct Lq ≠ Ld. The PMSM’s are also categorised into :
A. S
urface permanent magnet synchronous motor
C. In
terior permanent magnet synchronous motor.
The stator consists of an
outer frame and a core with
windings. The most common
design are with two- and three-
phase winding.

Rotor of a surface PMSM Rotor of an interior

PMSM

WORKING PRINCIPLE :
The principle of operation of synchronous motor is based on the interaction of the rotating magnetic
field of the stator and the constant magnetic field of the rotor. The concept of the rotating magnetic
field of the stator of a synchronous motor is the same as that of a three-phase induction motor.
The magnetic field of the rotor, interacting with the synchronous alternating current of the stator
windings, according to the Ampere's Law, creates torque, forcing the rotor to rotate more.
Permanent magnets located on the rotor of the PMSM create a constant magnetic field. At a
synchronous speed of rotation of the rotor with the stator field, the rotor poles interlock with the
rotating magnetic field of the stator. In this regard, the PMSM cannot start itself when it is connected
directly to the three-phase current network.
 Rotating magnetic field of a synchronous motor
Source : https://en.engineering-
solutions.ru/ru/files/images/motor/induction/3ph_motor_rot_field_an.gif

BRUSHLESS DC MOTOR
A brushless DC motor (BLDC) is a permanent magnet synchronous motor which is driven by direct

A brushless DC motor
Source : https://www.electricaltechnology.org/wp-
content/uploads/2016/05/What-is-Brushless-DC-motor.jpg

current and it accomplishes electronically controlled commutation system instead of a mechanically

commutation system. BLDC motor employs electrical commutation with permanent magnet rotor
and a stator with a sequence of coils. In the motor shown below, permanent magnet (or field poles)
rotates and current carrying conductors are fixed.
CONSTRUCTION :
In this motor, the permanent magnets attach to the rotor. The current-carrying conductors or armature
windings are located on the stator. They use electrical commutation to convert electrical energy into
mechanical energy. The main design difference between a brushed and brushless motors is the
replacement of mechanical
commutator with an electric
switch circuit. A BLDC
Motor is a type of
synchronous motor in the sense
that the magnetic field
generated by the stator and
the rotor revolve at the same
frequency.

Brushless motor does not have any current carrying commutators. The field inside a brushless motor
is switched through an amplifier which is triggered by the commutating device like an optical
encoder. The layout of a DC brushless motor can vary depending on whether it is in “Out runner”
style or “In-runner” style.

• O
ut-runner : The field magnet is a drum rotor which rotates around the stator. This style is
preferred for applications that require high torque and where high rpm is not a requirement.

• In
-runner : The stator is a fixed drum in which the field magnet rotates. This motor is known for
producing less torque than the out runner style, but is capable of spinning at very high rpm.
WORKING PRINCIPLE :
This motor works on the principle similar to that of the brushed DC motor. The Lorentz force law
which states that whenever a current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field it experiences a
force. As a consequence of reaction force, the magnet will experience an equal and opposite force. In
the BLDC motor, the current carrying conductor is stationary  and the permanent magnet is moving.
When the stator coils get a supply from source, it becomes electromagnet and starts producing the
uniform field in the air gap. Though the source of supply is DC, switching makes to generate an AC
voltage waveform with trapezoidal shape. Due to the force of interaction between electromagnet
stator and permanent magnet rotor, the rotor continues to rotate.
With the switching of windings as High and Low signals, corresponding winding energised as North
and South poles. The permanent magnet rotor with North and South poles align with stator poles
which causes the motor to rotate.

STEPPER MOTOR
A stepper motor, also known as step motor, is a brushless dc motor that divides a full rotation into a
number of equal steps. The motor's position can then be commanded to move and hold at one of
these steps without any position sensor for feedback, as long as the motor is carefully sized to the
application in respect to torque and speed.

WORKING PRINCIPLE :
The basic working principle of the stepper motor is the following: by energising one or more of the
stator phases, a magnetic field is generated by the current flowing in the coil and the rotor aligns with
this field. By supplying different phases in sequence, the rotor can be rotated by a specific amount to
reach the desired final position. At the beginning, coil A is energised and the rotor is aligned with the

Stepper motor steps

magnetic field it produces. When coil B is energised, the rotor rotates clockwise by 60° to align with
the new magnetic field. The same happens when coil C is energised. In the pictures, the colours of
the stator teeth indicate the direction of the magnetic field generated by the stator winding.
CONSTRUCTION :
 Stepper motor construction is quite similar to DC motor. It also has a permanent magnet as Rotor.
Rotor will be in the centre and will rotate when force is applied on it. This rotor is surrounded by a
number of stator which is wound by magnetic coil all over it. Stator will be placed as close as
possible to the rotor so that magnetic fields in the stators can influence the rotor's movement. To
control the stepper motor each stator will be powered one by one alternatively. In this case the stator
will magnetise and act as an electromagnetic pole exerting repulsive force on the rotor and pushing it
to move one step. Alternative magnetising and demagnetising of stators will move the rotor step by
step and enable it to rotate with great control.

REFERENCES :
https://www.gadgetronicx.com/stepper-motor-working-construction-types-drive/
https://en.engineering-solutions.ru/motorcontrol/pmsm/
https://robu.in/brushless-dc-motor-working-principle-construction-applications/
https://www.electricaltechnology.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Construction-of-a-stepper-motor.jpg
https://www.monolithicpower.com/en/stepper-motors-basics-types-uses#:~:text=The%20basic
%20working%20principle%20of,rotor%20aligns%20with%20this%20field.&text=When%20coil%20B
%20is%20energized,with%20the%20new%20magnetic%20field