Q1. Sampling techniques ..

ALL

1. Simple Random Sampling:

Each person or item in a group has an equal chance of being chosen.
2. Stratified Sampling:
The group is divided into smaller, similar parts, and a random selection is made from each part
based on its size.
3. Systematic Sampling:
Choosing every "nth" person or item from a list or sequence.
4. Cluster Sampling:
Dividing the group into smaller clusters or groups, then selecting entire clusters at random.
5. Multi-Stage Sampling:
Using a combination of different sampling methods, such as selecting groups first and then
individuals within those groups.
6. Convenience Sampling:
Choosing individuals who are easily accessible or readily available, which may introduce bias.
7. Quota Sampling:
Selecting individuals based on pre-set quotas to match specific characteristics of the population.
8. Purposive Sampling:
Selecting individuals based on specific criteria or the researcher's judgment.
9. Snowball Sampling:
Beginning with a small group and then asking those individuals to refer others who fit the
criteria.
10. Randomized Response Sampling:
Protecting privacy by giving respondents randomized choices when answering sensitive
questions.
Q2. Inductive and deductive approach in details

Inductive and Deductive Approach:

Inductive and deductive approaches are two fundamental methods of reasoning used in research and
analysis.

1. Inductive Approach:
In the inductive approach, researchers gather specific observations and data to develop broader
theories or generalizations. It involves moving from specific instances to broader conclusions,
often involving qualitative research methods and data analysis.

Example: Let's say you have observed that every time you eat peanuts, you develop an allergic
reaction. Then, you observe the same pattern with your friend, who also develops an allergic
reaction after eating peanuts. You can induce a general principle or conclusion that "peanuts
cause allergic reactions." This conclusion is based on specific instances or observations, and you
have generalized it to apply to all cases.

2. Deductive Approach:
In the deductive approach, researchers start with general theories or hypotheses and then collect
data to test or confirm them. It involves moving from general principles to specific observations,
often utilizing quantitative research methods and statistical analysis.

For example, if you know that "all mammals have hair" and "a cat is a mammal," you can use
deductive reasoning to conclude that "a cat has hair." The deduction is made by applying the
general premise to a specific case.

Q3. Questionnaire design (how to create questionnaire)

Questionnaire Design:

Designing a questionnaire involves creating a structured set of questions to collect data from
respondents.
Here are some key steps to consider when creating a questionnaire:

1. Define research objectives and research questions.

2. Determine the target population and sampling technique.
3. Select appropriate question types (e.g., multiple-choice, Likert scale, open-ended).
4. Develop clear and concise questions to avoid ambiguity and bias.
5. Organize the questionnaire in a logical and coherent manner.
6. Pilot test the questionnaire to identify any issues or improvements needed.
7. Administer the questionnaire to the target population and collect responses
Q4. Qualitative and quantitative research, Codes, Thematic analysis

Qualitative research:
It is a research method that focuses on understanding and interpreting people's experiences, beliefs, and
behaviors.

Types of Qualitative Research:

1. Interviews:
Conducting one-on-one or group interviews to gather detailed information and insights from
participants.
2. Observations:
Systematically observing and recording behaviors, interactions, and contexts in natural or
controlled settings.
3. Focus Groups:
Engaging a small group of participants in a guided discussion to explore their perspectives and
experiences.
4. Case Studies:
Conducting an in-depth analysis of a particular individual, group, or organization to gain insights
into specific phenomena.

Quantitative research
It is a research method that focuses on gathering and analyzing numerical data to understand patterns,
relationships, and trends.

Types of quantitative research:

1. Survey research:
Involves collecting data through questionnaires or interviews to gather information from a sample
population.
2. Descriptive research:
Aims to describe and summarize characteristics or phenomena without manipulating variables.
3. Experimental research:
Involves manipulating variables to determine cause-and-effect relationships.
4. Correlational research:
Examines the relationship between two or more variables without manipulating them.
5. Causal-comparative research:
Compares groups that already exist to determine if a cause-effect relationship exists.
Codes:
In research, codes are labels or tags assigned to segments of data (e.g., interview transcripts) to categorize
and organize information based on specific themes or concepts. Codes help researchers identify patterns,
extract relevant data, and facilitate the analysis process.

Thematic analysis:
It is a method used in qualitative research to identify, analyze, and report patterns or themes within a
dataset. It involves systematically organizing and interpreting qualitative data to identify recurring
patterns, topics, or concepts that emerge from the data. Thematic analysis helps researchers gain insights
and understand the underlying meaning or experiences expressed by participants.

• Sampling techniques ..ALL (DONE)

• Inductive and deductive approach in details (DONE)

• multiple and sample linear regression analysis and other analysis ( From Slides)

• Qualitative and quantitative research, Codes, Thematic analysis (DONE)

• Questionnaire design (how to create questionnaire) (DONE)

• Categorical or continuous and other variable ( From Slides)

Identify variables from the passage

Continuous

And hypothesis wala btaya tha baqi topics group p hai