TEKS

4.1
2A.4.A, 2A.4.B,
Graph Quadratic Functions
in Standard Form
2A.6.B, 2A.8.A

Before You graphed linear functions.

Now You will graph quadratic functions.
Why? So you can model sports revenue, as in Example 5.

Key Vocabulary A quadratic function is a function that can be written in the standard form
• quadratic function y 5 ax 2 1 bx 1 c where a Þ 0. The graph of a quadratic function is a parabola.
• parabola
• vertex
KEY CONCEPT For Your Notebook
• axis of symmetry
• minimum value Parent Function for Quadratic Functions
• maximum value
The parent function for the family of all quadratic functions is f (x) 5 x 2. The
graph of f (x) 5 x 2 is the parabola shown below.
y The axis of symmetry
divides the parabola into
mirror images and passes
The lowest or highest through the vertex.
point on a parabola is
y 5 x2
the vertex. The vertex 1
for f (x) 5 x 2 is (0, 0).
1 x

For f (x) 5 x 2, and for any quadratic function g(x) 5 ax 2 1 bx 1 c where b 5 0,

the vertex lies on the y-axis and the axis of symmetry is x 5 0.

EXAMPLE 1 Graph a function of the form y 5 ax 2

Graph y 5 2x 2 . Compare the graph with the graph of y 5 x 2 .

Solution
STEP 1 Make a table of values for y 5 2x 2.

SKETCH A GRAPH y
x 22 21 0 1 2
Choose values of x on
both sides of the axis of y 8 2 0 2 8 y 5 x2
symmetry x 5 0.
y 5 2x 2
STEP 2 Plot the points from the table.
3
STEP 3 Draw a smooth curve through the points.
STEP 4 Compare the graphs of y 5 2x 2 and y 5 x 2 .
Both open up and have the same vertex and 1 x
axis of symmetry. The graph of y 5 2x 2 is
narrower than the graph of y 5 x 2.

236 Chapter 4 Quadratic Functions and Factoring

 EXAMPLE 2 Graph a function of the form y 5 ax 2 1 c
1 x 2 1 3. Compare the graph with the graph of y 5 x 2 .
Graph y 5 2}
2
Solution
STEP 1 1 x 2 1 3.
Make a table of values for y 5 2}
2
SKETCH A GRAPH y
x 24 22 0 2 4
Choose values of x that y 5 x2
are multiples of 2 so y 25 1 3 1 25 1
that the values of y will
be integers. 1 x
STEP 2 Plot the points from the table.
STEP 3 Draw a smooth curve through the points. y 5 2 12 x 2 1 3
1 x 2 1 3 and
STEP 4 Compare the graphs of y 5 2}
2
y 5 x 2 . Both graphs have the same axis of
1 x 2 1 3 opens down and is
symmetry. However, the graph of y 5 2}
2
wider than the graph of y 5 x 2. Also, its vertex is 3 units higher.

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Examples 1 and 2

Graph the function. Compare the graph with the graph of y 5 x 2 .

1. y 5 24x 2 2. y 5 2x 2 2 5 1 x2 1 2
3. f (x) 5 }
4

GRAPHING ANY QUADRATIC FUNCTION You can use the following properties to
graph any quadratic function y 5 ax 2 1 bx 1 c, including a function where b Þ 0.

KEY CONCEPT For Your Notebook

Properties of the Graph of y 5 ax 2 1 bx 1 c
y 5 ax 2 1 bx 1 c, a > 0 y 5 ax 2 1 bx 1 c , a < 0
y y
b
x 5 2 2a
(0, c)
x (0, c) x
b
x52 2a

Characteristics of the graph of y 5 ax 2 1 bx 1 c:

• The graph opens up if a > 0 and opens down if a < 0.
• The graph is narrower than the graph of y 5 x 2 if ⏐a⏐ > 1 and wider if ⏐a⏐ < 1.

• The axis of symmetry is x 5 2}b and the vertex has x-coordinate 2 b .

}
2a 2a
• The y-intercept is c. So, the point (0, c) is on the parabola.

4.1 Graph Quadratic Functions in Standard Form 237

 EXAMPLE 3 Graph a function of the form y 5 ax 2 1 bx 1 c
Graph y 5 2x 2 2 8x 1 6.

Solution
STEP 1 Identify the coefficients of the function. The coefficients are a 5 2,
b 5 28, and c 5 6. Because a > 0, the parabola opens up.
STEP 2 Find the vertex. Calculate the x-coordinate. y
axis of
AVOID ERRORS b 52 (28)
x 5 2} }52 symmetry
Be sure to include 2a 2(2)
the negative sign x52
Then find the y-coordinate of the vertex.
before the fraction
1
when calculating the y 5 2(2)2 2 8(2) 1 6 5 22
x-coordinate of the 1 x
vertex. So, the vertex is (2, 22). Plot this point. vertex
(2, 22)
STEP 3 Draw the axis of symmetry x 5 2.
STEP 4 Identify the y-intercept c, which is 6. Plot the
point (0, 6). Then reflect this point in the axis y
of symmetry to plot another point, (4, 6).
STEP 5 Evaluate the function for another value of x,
such as x 5 1.
y 5 2(1)2 2 8(1) 1 6 5 0 1

Plot the point (1, 0) and its reflection (3, 0) in 5 x

the axis of symmetry. (2, 22)
STEP 6 Draw a parabola through the plotted points.
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✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Example 3

Graph the function. Label the vertex and axis of symmetry.

4. y 5 x 2 2 2x 2 1 5. y 5 2x 2 1 6x 1 3 1 x 2 2 5x 1 2
6. f (x) 5 2}
3

KEY CONCEPT For Your Notebook

Minimum and Maximum Values
Words For y 5 ax 2 1 bx 1 c, the vertex’s y-coordinate is the minimum value
of the function if a > 0 and the maximum value if a < 0.
Graphs y y
maximum

x x
minimum

a is positive a is negative

238 Chapter 4 Quadratic Functions and Factoring

 EXAMPLE 4 Find the minimum or maximum value
Tell whether the function y 5 3x 2 2 18x 1 20 has a minimum value or a
maximum value. Then find the minimum or maximum value.

Solution
Because a > 0, the function has a minimum value.
To find it, calculate the coordinates of the vertex.
b 52 (218)
x 5 2} }53
2a 2(3)
y 5 3(3)2 2 18(3) 1 20 5 27
Minimum
c The minimum value is y 5 27. You can check the X=3 Y=-7

answer on a graphing calculator.

EXAMPLE 5 TAKS REASONING: Multi-Step Problem

GO-CARTS A go-cart track has about 380 racers per week
and charges each racer $35 to race. The owner estimates
that there will be 20 more racers per week for every $1
reduction in the price per racer. How can the owner of the
go-cart track maximize weekly revenue?

Solution
STEP 1 Define the variables. Let x represent the price
reduction and R(x) represent the weekly revenue.
STEP 2 Write a verbal model. Then write and simplify a quadratic function.

Revenue Price Attendance

5 p
(dollars) (dollars/racer) (racers)

R(x) 5 (35 2 x) p (380 1 20x)

INTERPRET R(x) 5 13,300 1 700x 2 380x 2 20x 2
FUNCTIONS
R(x) 5 220x 2 1 320x 1 13,300
Notice that a 5 220 < 0,
so the revenue function
has a maximum value.
STEP 3 Find the coordinates (x, R(x)) of the vertex.
b 5 2 320 5 8
x 5 2} Find x-coordinate.
}
2a 2(220)
R(8) 5 220(8)2 1 320(8) 1 13,300 5 14,580 Evaluate R(8).

c The vertex is (8, 14,580), which means the owner should reduce the price per
racer by $8 to increase the weekly revenue to $14,580.

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Examples 4 and 5

7. Find the minimum value of y 5 4x 2 1 16x 2 3.

8. WHAT IF? In Example 5, suppose each $1 reduction in the price per racer
brings in 40 more racers per week. How can weekly revenue be maximized?

4.1 Graph Quadratic Functions in Standard Form 239

 4.1 EXERCISES HOMEWORK
KEY
5 WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS
on p. WS1 for Exs. 15, 37, and 57
5 TAKS PRACTICE AND REASONING
Exs. 39, 40, 43, 53, 58, 60, 62, and 63
5 MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS
Ex. 59

SKILL PRACTICE
1. VOCABULARY Copy and complete: The graph of a quadratic function is
called a(n) ? .

2. WRITING Describe how to determine whether a quadratic function has a

minimum value or a maximum value.

EXAMPLE 1 USING A TABLE Copy and complete the table of values for the function.
on p. 236
3. y 5 4x 2 4. y 5 23x 2
for Exs. 3–12

x 22 21 0 1 2 x 22 21 0 1 2

y ? ? ? ? ? y ? ? ? ? ?

1x2
5. y 5 } 1x2
6. y 5 2}
2 3

x 24 22 0 2 4 x 26 23 0 3 6

y ? ? ? ? ? y ? ? ? ? ?

MAKING A GRAPH Graph the function. Compare the graph with the graph of
y 5 x 2.
7. y 5 3x 2 8. y 5 5x 2 9. y 5 22x 2

10. y 5 2x 2 1x2
11. f(x) 5 } 1x2
12. g(x) 5 2}
3 4

EXAMPLE 2 13. y 5 5x 2 1 1 14. y 5 4x 2 1 1 15. f (x) 5 2x 2 1 2

on p. 237
16. g(x) 5 22x 2 2 5 3x2 2 5
17. f(x) 5 } 1x2 2 2
18. g(x) 5 2}
for Exs. 13–18 4 5

ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in analyzing the graph of
y 5 4x 2 1 24x 2 7.
19. 20.
The x-coordinate of the vertex is: The y-intercept of the
b 5 24 5 3 graph is the value of c,
x5} }
2a 2(4) which is 7.

EXAMPLE 3 MAKING A GRAPH Graph the function. Label the vertex and axis of symmetry.
on p. 238
21. y 5 x 2 1 2x 1 1 22. y 5 3x 2 2 6x 1 4 23. y 5 24x 2 1 8x 1 2
for Exs. 21–32
24. y 5 22x 2 2 6x 1 3 25. g(x) 5 2x 2 2 2x 2 1 26. f (x) 5 26x 2 2 4x 2 5

2 x 2 2 3x 1 6
27. y 5 } 3 x 2 2 4x 2 1
28. y 5 2} 3 x 2 1 2x 1 2
29. g(x) 5 2}
3 4 5
1x2 1 x 2 3
30. f (x) 5 } 8 x 2 2 4x 1 5
31. y 5 } 5x2 2 x 2 4
32. y 5 2}
2 5 3

240 Chapter 4 Quadratic Functions and Factoring

EXAMPLE 4 MINIMUMS OR MAXIMUMS Tell whether the function has a minimum value or a
on p. 239 maximum value. Then find the minimum or maximum value.
for Exs. 33–38
33. y 5 26x 2 2 1 34. y 5 9x 2 1 7 35. f (x) 5 2x 2 1 8x 1 7

36. g(x) 5 23x 2 1 18x 2 5 3 x 2 1 6x 1 4

37. f(x) 5 } 1 x 2 2 7x 1 2
38. y 5 2}
2 4

39. TAKS REASONING What is the effect on the graph of the function
y 5 x 2 1 2 when it is changed to y 5 x 2 2 3?
A The graph widens. B The graph narrows.
C The graph opens down. D The vertex moves down the y-axis.

40. TAKS REASONING Which function has the widest graph?

A y 5 2x 2 B y 5 x2 C y 5 0.5x 2 D y 5 2x 2

IDENTIFYING COEFFICIENTS In Exercises 41 and 42, identify the values of a, b,

and c for the quadratic function.
41. The path of a basketball thrown at an angle of 458 can be modeled by
y 5 20.02x 2 1 x 1 6.
42. The path of a shot put released at an angle of 358 can be modeled by
y 5 20.01x 2 1 0.7x 1 6.

358

43. TAKS REASONING Write three different quadratic functions whose graphs
have the line x 5 4 as an axis of symmetry but have different y-intercepts.

MATCHING In Exercises 44–46, match the equation with its graph.

44. y 5 0.5x 2 2 2x 45. y 5 0.5x 2 1 3 46. y 5 0.5x 2 2 2x 1 3

A. y B. y C. y
(2, 5)
(0, 0)
(0, 3) (0, 3) 1 x
21
1 1
(2, 1) (2, 22)
1 x 1 x

MAKING A GRAPH Graph the function. Label the vertex and axis of symmetry.

47. f (x) 5 0.1x 2 1 2 48. g(x) 5 20.5x 2 2 5 49. y 5 0.3x 2 1 3x 2 1

50. y 5 0.25x 2 2 1.5x 1 3 51. f(x) 5 4.2x 2 1 6x 2 1 52. g(x) 5 1.75x 2 2 2.5

53. TAKS REASONING The points (2, 3) and (24, 3) lie on the graph of a
quadratic function. Explain how these points can be used to find an equation
of the axis of symmetry. Then write an equation of the axis of symmetry.

54. CHALLENGE For the graph of y 5 ax 2 1 bx 1 c, show that the y-coordinate of

b 2 1 c.
the vertex is 2}
4a

4.1 Graph Quadratic Functions in Standard Form 241

 PROBLEM SOLVING
EXAMPLE 5 55. ONLINE MUSIC An online music store sells about 4000 songs each day when it
on p. 239 charges $1 per song. For each $.05 increase in price, about 80 fewer songs per
for Exs. 55–58 day are sold. Use the verbal model and quadratic function to find how the
store can maximize daily revenue.

Revenue Price Sales

5 p
(dollars) (dollars/song) (songs)

R(x) 5 (1 1 0.05x) p (4000 2 80x)

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56. DIGITAL CAMERAS An electronics store sells about 70 of a new model of

digital camera per month at a price of $320 each. For each $20 decrease
in price, about 5 more cameras per month are sold. Write a function that
models the situation. Then tell how the store can maximize monthly revenue
from sales of the camera.
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57. GOLDEN GATE BRIDGE Each cable joining the two towers on the Golden Gate
Bridge can be modeled by the function
1 x 2 2 7 x 1 500
y5} }
9000 15
where x and y are measured in feet. What is the height h above the road of
a cable at its lowest point?
Y

FT
H
X
FT

58. TAKS REASONING A woodland jumping mouse hops along a parabolic

pat h given by y 5 20.2x 2 1 1.3x where x is the mouse’s horizontal position
(in feet) and y is the corresponding height (in feet). Can the mouse jump over
a fence that is 3 feet high? Explain.

59. MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS A community theater sells about

150 tickets to a play each week when it charges $20 per ticket. For each
$1 decrease in price, about 10 more tickets per week are sold. The theater
has fixed expenses of $1500 per week.
a. Writing a Model Write a verbal model and a quadratic function to
represent the theater’s weekly profit.
b. Making a Table Make a table of values for the quadratic function.
c. Drawing a Graph Use the table to graph the quadratic function. Then
use the graph to find how the theater can maximize weekly profit.

5 WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS 5 TAKS PRACTICE 5 MULTIPLE

242 on p. WS1 AND REASONING REPRESENTATIONS
 60. TAKS REASONING In 1971, astronaut Alan Shepard hit a golf ball on
the moon. The path of a golf ball hit at an angle of 458 and with a speed of
100 feet per second can be modeled by
g
y 5 2}x 2 1 x
10,000
where x is the ball’s horizontal position (in feet), y is the corresponding
height (in feet), and g is the acceleration due to gravity (in feet per second
squared).
a. Model Use the information in the diagram to write functions for the
paths of a golf ball hit on Earth and a golf ball hit on the moon.

GRAPHING b. Graphing Calculator Graph the functions from part (a) on a graphing
CALCULATOR calculator. How far does the golf ball travel on Earth? on the moon?
In part (b), use c. Interpret Compare the distances traveled by a golf ball on Earth and on
the calculator’s the moon. Your answer should include the following:
zero feature
to answer the • a calculation of the ratio of the distances traveled
questions. • a discussion of how the distances and values of g are related

61. CHALLENGE Lifeguards at a beach

*
want to rope off a rectangular
swimming section. They have P feet
of rope with buoys. In terms of P, W W
what is the maximum area that the
swimming section can have?

TAKS PRACTICE at classzone.com

M IXED R EVIEW FOR TAKS
REVIEW 62. TAKS PRACTICE Liz’s high score in a video game is 1200 points less than
Lesson 1.2; three times her friend’s high score. Let x represent her friend’s high score.
TAKS Workbook Which expression can be used to determine Liz’s high score? TAKS Obj. 2

A 1200 2 3x x 2 1200
B } x 2 1200
C } D 3x 2 1200
3 3

REVIEW 63. TAKS PRACTICE The total cost, c, of a school banquet is given by
Lesson 1.3; c 5 25n 1 1400, where n is the total number of students attending the
TAKS Workbook banquet. The total cost of the banquet was $9900. How many students
attended the banquet? TAKS Obj. 4
F 177 G 340 H 396 J 452

EXTRA PRACTICE for Lesson 4.1, p. 1013 ONLINE QUIZ at classzone.com 243