Here on earth there are several things happened caused by formation of landform such as

subduction zone, divergent margin and collision margin .There are some of the key terms which l
want to define which are subductive zone and landform.

Landform are the features formed on earth surface due to gravitational forces. Subduction is
where sediment oceanic and mantle lethosphere return to and reequilibrate with earth mantle.

Subduction zone both plates crumpling upwards mountain , one sink under the other and recycle
back in the mantle. According to Hofmann ( 1997 ), subduction zone defines as descending limbs
of mantle convention cells. They are dominant physical and chemical of earth's interior . It might
be not familiar to people . It also recycle into deep layer of the mantle called Asthenosphere.
According to White et al ( 1970 ), subduction zone sometimes used in terchangeably with
convergent ( destructive plate margin or Island arch ) .

The earth's crust is not continuous but divided into pieces. The tectonic plates move around
relative to each other in fluid. Some plates move side ways past each other, pull apart from each
other and others come together. This latter are convergent plates. The tectonic plate made crust,
outer layer of the earth and thin upper layer of the crust. These layers called lethosphere.

Subduction creates earthquake , volcanic mountain ranges and deep oceanic tranches and lsland
arcs. Island are found at ocean oceanic convergent zone . As the force of the plates increase , the
rock material is forced upwards creating fold mountain. According to Stern ( 2002 ) the lowering of
liquids temperature in mantle wadge under volcanic archs due to water exsolved by underlying
subducted slab. This is the main factor for the genesis of magma in plate tectonic models.

At collision margin plates of similar density are forced towards each other. Neither plates
descends into mantle because of similar plates . The plates crump into one another and fold
mountains . Earthquake and fold mountain are found there, Himalayan is an example of collision .
The lndonesian plates collides with with the Eurasian plate and has done so for million of years.
India has collide into Earasia creating huge fold mountain rich in marine fossil. There are high
levels of seismicity include events in Gujarat a ( 2001 ), Karshair (2005) , and Sichuan ( 2008 ).

Island archs these are curved arch landform that result in ocean to oceanic convergence or
seward extension of continental plate or region. Subduction of one plate under the other creates
a new chain land and that errupts above surface. Examples of of lsland formed are Alaska or
Tonga. This is according to Waugh. The movement of these tectonics plates is likely caused by
convention in molten rocks in earth's mantle below the crust. Earthquakes and volcanos are the
short term results of this tectonic movement. The long term results of plate tectonic is the
movement of entire continents . There are forces that drive plate tectonics which are convection
in the mantle ( heat driven ) , ridge push ( gravitational forces at the spreading ridges ) and slub
pull ( gravitational forces in subduction zone) .

In divergent margin, cars can move relative to each other and this is divergent direction like
passing a car going the other way. Plates can pull apart from each other and known as
divergent boundary. Divergent boundary is a fault were two plates move away from each other.
As plates pull apart several things happen like volcanic activities. Volcano is common in those
areas since mantle is easily moves to the surface through thin fructured rocks as it separates.
Volcanic eruption are the signs of divergent boundary. This happens all along the mid oceanic
ridges were magma is constantly streaming to the surface creating a new ocean floor as plates
separate.

If a continent happens a place where a divergent boundary occurs then the continent will began
to be torn apart. As the sides of the plates separates creating a rift valley . An example of a rift
valley is African rift valley in East Africa. The ocean will separate East Africa from the rest making
a large lsland. The underseas types o f divergent boundaries called mid oceanic ridges may form
under water mountain ridges like Mid Atlantic Ridge and hydrothermal vents such as found off
the Zazca plate near Galapagos lsland.

In some locations, an upwelling plume of magma rises from the center of the earth . It can erupt
as volcano on the surface and called chot spots. Most hot spots are found in the interior of
tectonic plates like the hot spot that creates the Hawaiian lsland or. volcanic features of Yellowstone
National Park. Mid Atlantic Ridge and hot spot volcanism create dramatic landscape of volcanic
features and deep deep tranches.

The importance of plate movements are helping reveal how the plates one fit together . Fossils
tells us when and where plants an animals once existed . Some life erode on diverging plates
become lsolated and involved in new species . It also formed the continents we live because we
can't live under water . Several repetition of this process is what built the continents. These
processes are very important to life on earth and trapped our atmospheric carbon dioxide into
rocks and stabilized our climate , making earth habitate. On the other hand the formation of these
landforms causes a lot of harmful to human beings and animals.

References

Ernst. , W. G. ( 2006 ) .Preservation of altrahigh

pressure subduction

Complex.

Ernst, W. G, Maruyama, S. Wallis, S (1997).

O'Brien, P. J. ( 2001) . "Subduction followed by

Collision.

Toussaint , G., Burov. E., Avouac, J, - (2004)

Tectonic evolution of

continental collision.

Song, S. G. (2014). Continental orogenesis

From ocean subduction

Continent collision.

Kashmir. (2005).

Sichuan . (2008).