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STRUT-AND-TIE MODELLING
AS3600-2018: Section 7 on Strut-and-Tie Modelling

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AS3600 on Strut-and-Tie Modelling

Section 7

 History:
 Canadian Standard CSA (1994).
 AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications (1998).
 ACI318-2002.
 AS3600-2001: Section 12.1.2 in Design of non-flexural
members.
 AS3600-2009 & 2018: Section 7 – STM.

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1
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Concrete Struts (Cl. 7.2)

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2
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Effective strength of concrete in compression

 Concrete strength
dependent on co-existing
transverse stress and
strain conditions.
 𝑓 =
.
 s0.9f ’c  fc2max

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Concrete Struts (Cl. 7.2)

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3
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Bursting reinforcement (Cl. 7.2.4)

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Bursting reinforcement (Cl. 7.2.4)

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4
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Steel ties (Cl. 7.3)

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Nodes (Cl. 7.4)

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5
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Nodes (Cl. 7.4)

 Hydrostatic nodes: Loaded faces (i)
perpendicular to struts/ties meeting at
node; (ii) having equal in-plane
stresses. (a1:a2:a2=C1:C2:C3)
 Non-hydrostatic nodes: One or more of
the members enter the node at other
than a right angle. Although the
detailed calculations for the node design
are more complex, establishing model
geometry and nodes is much easier 
Non-hydrostatic nodes are more
commonly used.

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Additional requirements (Cl. 7.5&7.6)

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 AS3600-2018: Section 7 on Strut-and-Tie Modelling

 Tie:
T∗ ≤ st [Ast fsy+Ap(𝑝. 𝑒𝑓 + 𝑝)]
 Strut:

C* ≤ c  s 0.9 f ’c Ac
 Node:

3 ≤ c  n 0.9 f ’c

Element Limiting stress Strength reduction factor

1-CCC Node 0.65×1.0×0.9×f ’c c=0.65 (0.6 in AS3600-2009)
2-CCT Node 0.65×0.8×0.9×f ’c c=0.65 (0.6 in AS3600-2009)
3-CTT Node 0.65×0.6×0.9×f ’c c=0.65 (0.6 in AS3600-2009)
4-Strut 0.65×s×0.9×f ’c c=0.65 (0.6 in AS3600-2009)
5-Tie 0.85×[fsy & (𝑝. 𝑒𝑓 + 𝑝)≤ fpy] st=0.85 (0.8 in AS3600-2009)

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