Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Clause
Clause
Independent clause
Noun clause
Adverbial clause
Principal clause
Coordinate clause
Non-finite clause
Independent Clause
Independent Clauses could stand by themselves as discrete sentences,
except that when they do stand by themselves, separated from other
clauses, they're normally referred to simply as sentences, not clauses. The
ability to recognize a clause and to know when a clause is capable of
acting as an independent unit is essential to correct writing and is
especially helpful in avoiding sentence fragments and run-on
sentences..
1.subject
อนุประโยคที่ไม่การส่วนเติมเต็ม อนุประโยคที่ให้ใจความครบถ้วนสมบูณณ์โดยไม่
ต้องมี Dependence Clause อยู่ในประโยค รูปแบบประโยคคล้ายกับ Simple
Tense
ยกตัวอย่างเช่น
ยกตัวอย่างเช่น
Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz; however, it was hard to
concentrate because of the noise.
จิมเรียนอยู่ที่สวีทช้อปเพื่อทดสอบทางเคมี ถึงอย่างไรมันก็เป็นเรื่องยากทีจ
่ ะมี
สมาธิเพราะว่ามีเสียงรบกวน
ประโยคนีม
้ ี 2 Clauses
Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz (Clause ที่ 1 คือ Dependent Clause)
however, it was hard to concentrate because of the noise.(Clause ที่ 2 คือ Independent
Clause)
ข้อควรจํา
Clauses thus connected are usually nicely balanced in length and import.
• Ramonita thought about joining the church choir, but she never talked to her
friends about it.
• Although Ramonita often thought about joining the choir, she never talked to
her friends about it.
• Ramonita never talked to her friends about joining the choir, because she
was afraid they would make fun of her.
• Yasmin is Ramonita's sister. Yasmin told Ramonita to join the choir no matter
what her friends said.
Joining these with the use of a relative clause:
Yasmin, [who is] Ramonita's sister, told Ramonita to join the choir. . . .
• Ramonita has such a beautiful voice; many couples have asked her to sing at
their wedding.
• Ramonita's voice has a clear, angelic quality; furthermore, she clearly enjoys
using it.
Common errors combining independent clauses
when you combine independent clauses without proper punctuation, you
get a run-on sentence. For ex.,”jim reads the newspaper he understands
what’s happening in town” is a run-on sentence.
When two independent clause are joined only by a comma (such as “Jim
reads the newspaper, he understands what’s happening in town”), it
creates a grammatical error called a comma splice. Avoid these common
mistake by combining independent clauses correctly.
It functions on its own to make a meaningful sentence and looks much like
a regular sentence.
In a sentence two independent clauses can be connected by
the coordinators: and, but, so, or, nor, for*, yet*.
Example:
o He is a wise man.
o I like him.
o Can you do it?
o Do it please. (Subject you is hidden)
o I read the whole story.
o I want to buy a phone, but I don’t have enough money. (Two independent
clauses)
o He went to London and visited the Lords. (Subject of the second clause is
‘he,' so “he visited the Lords” is an independent clause.)
o Alex smiles whenever he sees her. (One independent clause)
Dependent Clauses
Dependent Clauses cannot stand by themselves and make good
sense.
อนุประโยคที่ต้องการส่วนเติมเต็ม หากอยู่เดี่ยวๆจะทําให้ประโยคไม่สมบูรณ์ให้
ใจความที่ไม่ครบถ้วนจําเป็นต้องพึ่ง independent clause จึงจะเป็นประโยคที่
สมบูรณ์ โดยปกติ จะมีคําเหล่านี้อยู่ด้วย although, since, if, when, and because.
Example:
o When I was dating Daina, I had an accident.
o I know the man who stole the watch.
o He bought a car which was too expensive.
o I know that he cannot do it.
o He does not know where he was born.
o If you don’t eat, I won’t go.
o He is a very talented player though he is out of form.
ยกตัวอย่าง
When Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz
When Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz, it was very noisy.
ตอนที่จม
ิ เรียนทีส
่ วีทช้อปเพื่อแบบทดสอบเคมีของเขา มันเสียงดังมากit was very
noisy.เป็นส่วนขยายที่ทําให้ประโยคใจความของประโยคครบถ้วน
ข้อควรจํา
Examples:
o I’m looking for the red book that went missing last week.
o Finn is asking for the shoes which used to belong to his dad.
o You there, who is sitting quietly at the corner, come here and lead the
class out.
Ex. “which many people adore” contains the subject people and the verb
adore, yet it is not a complete sentence by itself. Instead, its job is to
provide more information to describe the noun chocolate in the sentence,
“Chocolate,which many people adore,is fattening”
Essential
For cases where the sentence wouldn’t hold the same meaning without the
clause, the adj clause is called an essential clause.
Ex. I don’t like children who eat ice cream with their hands.
The adj. clause gives essential information to describe which children the
speaker doesn’t like. If you got rid of that clause, the sentence would
simply say,”I don’t like children,”
Which is very different from not liking messy children who eat with their
hands!
One quick way to pick out essential clause is that an essential adj clause
does not require any additional punctuation.
Non-Essential
Ex. The kitten, which was the smallest of the litter, finally found a foster
home.
The adj clause gives extra information, but it isn’t necessary to get the gist
of the sentence about the cat finding a home.
3. Which
Which – ใช้เป็น Relative Pronoun เพื่อขยายคํานามที่เป็นสิ่งของหรือสัตว์ และ
สามารถเป็นทั้งประธานหรือกรรมในประโยคได้ ซึ่งจะมีความหมายเหมือนกับคําว่า
that แต่ดูเป็นทางการมากกว่า เพราะฉะนั้นจึงเหมาะสําหรับการเขียนเรียงความ
มากกว่า
เรามีตัวอย่างประโยคเช่น
4. That
• I can see the girl and her dog that are running in the park.
= ผมเห็นเด็กหญิงกับสุนัขของเธอที่กําลังวิ่งอยู่ในสวนสาธารณะ
VII – Relative clause ที่ต้องใช้
THAT โดยไม่สามารถใช้ WHICH ได้
1.that เมื่อวลีหรือคํานามนําหน้า relative clause มีทั้งนามทีบ
่ ง
่ บอกบุคคลและ
สิ่งของ
ตัวอย่างเช่น
• I can see a girl and her dog that are running in the park.
= ฉันเห็นเด็กผู้หญิงและสุนัขของเธอทีก่ ําลังวิ่งอยู่ในสวนสาธารณะ
ตัวอย่างเช่น
ตัวอย่างเช่น
ตัวอย่างเช่น
Examples:
o I like what I hear.
o You need to express that it’s crossing a line for you.
o He knows how things work around here.
3. Adverbial Clause
By definition, these are Dependent Clauses acting as Adverbs. It means that
these clauses have the power to modify Verbs, Adjectives and other
Adverbs.
Examples:
o Alice did the dishes till her legs gave up.
o Tina ran to the point of panting vehemently.
o I went through the book at a lightning speed.
Coordinate Clause
Two or more similarly important Independent Clauses joined
by Coordinating Conjunctions (and, or, but etc.)
in terms of Compound Sentences are called Coordinate Clauses.
Examples:
o I like taking photos and he loves posing for them.
o You prefer flying but she always wants to take a bus.
o We are going to visit Terry or he is coming over.
Non-finite Clause
They contain a Participle or an Infinitive Verb that makes the Subject and
Verb evident even though hidden.
Examples:
o He saw the boy (who was) staring out of the window.
o She is the first person (who is) to enter the office.
o Hearing the fireworks, the children jumped up.
Relative clause
Relative clauses are dependent clauses introduced by a Relative
Pronoun (that, which, whichever, who, whoever, whom, whomever,
whose, and of which).
• Giuseppe said that the plantar wart, which had been bothering him for
years, had to be removed.
(In this sentence, the clause in this color is a restrictive [essential] clause
[a noun clause — see below] and will not be set off by a comma; the
underlined relative clause [modifying "wart"] is nonrestrictive [nonessential
— it can be removed from the sentence without changing the meaning of
the sentence] and is set off by commas.)
Some relative clauses will refer to more than a single word in the
preceding text; they can modify an entire clause or even a series of
clauses.
• Charlie didn't get the job in administration, which really surprised his friends.
Charlie didn't get the job in administration, and he didn't even apply for the
Dean's position, which really surprised his friends.
• Charlie might very well take a job as headmaster, in which case the school
might as well close down.
แบ่งออกเป็น 2 ชนิด คือ
E.g:
The man who is wearing the glasses is our new English teacher.
= ผู้ชายที่กําลังสวมแว่น คือครูสอนภาษาอังกฤษคนใหม่ของเรา
E.g:
E.g 1:
E.g 2:
E.g 1:
• Bangkok, which is the capital of Thailand, has been developing rapidly in recent
years.
= กรุงเทพมหานคร ซึ่งเป็นเมืองหลวงของประเทศไทยมีการพัฒนาอย่างรวดเร็วในช่วง
ไม่กี่ปีที่ผ่านมา
E.g 2:
• เมื่ออนุประโยคตามหลังและขยายคํานามที่เฉพาะ
• เมื่ออนุประโยคตามหลังและขยายคํานามที่มาพร้อมกับคําคุณศัพท์บ่ง
บอกความเป็นเจ้าของ possessive adjective (my, his, her, their,
your, our, its)
เมื่ออนุประโยคตามหลังและขยายคํานามที่มาพร้อมกับคํานําหน้านาม this, that,
these, those,…