By Mrs.

Manasi mam
Asst.Prof.in Chemistry,KJSSC

M.Sc.II, Sem-III, Paper-IV,

Module III: Paints, Pesticides, and Detergents

 Detergents:
A water-soluble cleansing agent which combines with impurities and dirt to make them more
soluble, and differs from soap in not forming a scum with the salts in hard water.

What is detergent?

 A detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with cleaning properties in dilute

solutions.

 These substances are usually alkylbenzenesulfonates.

 These are similar to soap but are more soluble in hard water, because the
polar sulfonate (of detergents) is less likely than the polar carboxylate (of soap) to bind to
calcium and other ions found in hard water.

 Surfactants are compounds that lower the surface tension between two liquids, between
a gas and a liquid, or between a liquid and a solid.
 By Mrs.Manasi mam
Asst.Prof.in Chemistry,KJSSC

Diagram of a micelle of oil in aqueous suspension, or emulsion of oil in water.

In this example, the surfactant molecules' :

 oil-soluble tails project into the oil (blue),

 while the water-soluble ends remain in contact with the water phase (red).

Examples of Surfactant:

 Sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES), is a detergent and surfactant found in many personal
care products (soaps, shampoos, toothpastes, etc.).

It is an inexpensive and effective foamer.

 Sodium lauryl sulfate (also known as sodium dodecyl sulfate or SDS) and

 Ammonium lauryl sulfate (ALS) are commonly used alternatives to SLES in consumer
products

 SLES Formula: CH3(CH2)10CH2(OCH2CH2)nOSO3Na

Classification:

 Anionic detergents

 Cationic detergents

 Non-ionic and zwitterionic detergents

 By Mrs.Manasi mam
Asst.Prof.in Chemistry,KJSSC

1. Anionic detergents:

 Typical anionic detergents are alkylbenzenesulfonates. The alkylbenzene portion of

these anions is lipophilic and the sulfonate is hydrophilic.

 Some with branched alkyl groups and those with linear alkyl groups.

 Example: Bile acids, such as deoxycholic acid (DOC), are anionic detergents produced
by the liver to aid in digestion and absorption of fats and oils.

Three kinds of anionic detergents: a branched sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, linear sodium

dodecylbenzenesulfonate, and a soap.(SLES), is an anionic detergent.

2. Cationic detergents:

 A type of detergent in which the active part of the molecule is a positive ion
(cation). Cationic detergents are usually quaternary ammonium salts and often also have
bactericidal properties.

 These are similar to the anionic ones, with a hydrophilic component, but, instead of the
anionic sulfonate group, the cationic surfactants have quaternary ammonium as the polar
end. The ammonium sulfate center is positively charged.
 By Mrs.Manasi mam
Asst.Prof.in Chemistry,KJSSC

3. Non-ionic detergents:

 Non-ionic detergents are characterized by their uncharged, hydrophilic headgroups.

 They ability to break lipid-lipid and lipid-protein interactions.

 Typical non-ionic detergents are based on polyoxyethylene or a glycoside.

 Common examples of the former include Tween, Triton, and the Brij series.

 Polysorbates are a class of emulsifiers.

 Used to solubilize essential oils into water-based products.

 Common brand names for polysorbates include Scattics, Alkest, Canarcel, and Tween.

Example:

Polyethylene glycol stearate

 It is the ester of stearic acid and ethylene glycol.

 It is used as an ingredient in many types of personal care products and cosmetics

including shampoos, hair conditioners, and skin lotions.

 Dish washer.
 By Mrs.Manasi mam
Asst.Prof.in Chemistry,KJSSC
 By Mrs.Manasi mam
Asst.Prof.in Chemistry,KJSSC

General scheme of analysis:

Quantitative method of analysis:

Active ingredient and Equivalent combined SO3 analysis:

 Sulfur trioxide is the chemical compound with the formula SO3, with a relatively narrow
liquid range.

 In the gaseous form, this species is a significant pollutant, being the primary agent in acid
rain.
 By Mrs.Manasi mam
Asst.Prof.in Chemistry,KJSSC

 It is prepared on an industrial scale as a precursor to sulfuric acid.

Identification of Alkylbenzene Sulfonate Surfactants:

 Leaching from an Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber as Novel Inhibitors of Calcineurin

Activity:

 Calcineurin (CN) is a Ca2þ/calmodulin (CaM) dependent serine/threonine protein

phosphatase and plays important role in several cellular functions in both higher and
lower eukaryotes. Here we report inhibition of CN by linear alkylbenzene sulfonate.

 A raw material used to make anionic and non-ionic surfactants, and has been found to
damage the DNA of sperm, lymphocyte, and MCF-7 breast-cancer cells.

Materials.:

 Silica gel 60 for column chromatography (0.06– 0.20 mm) and for thin-layer plates (TLC,
0.25 mm, 20 20 cm) .

 A Quick Start Bradford Protein assay kit.

 Sodium linear dodecylbenzene sulfonate .

 sodium p-octylbenzene sulfonate, and SDS

 .DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow

 Sodium benzene sulfonate,

 p-nitrophenylphosphate (pNPP), and

 p-nitrophenol (pNP)

 A CN phosphatase assay kit,

 By Mrs.Manasi mam
Asst.Prof.in Chemistry,KJSSC

MS & NMR :

Difference between Soap & Detergent:

Disadvantages of Detergents:

 Detergents are not biodegradable.

 They pollute water and soil.
------------------------------------------- Best of Luck ------------------------------------------