Report Title

Detergent Industry

Student Name: Onel Israel Badro

Class: Second stage

Course Title: Industrial Chemistry
Department: Chemical and Petrochemical
Engineering Department

College of Engineering
Salahuddin University-Erbil
Academic Year 2019-2020

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 ABSTRACT

Any substance which has cleaning action in water is called a detergent.

Also, detergent are chemicals that are effective surface and coming instead
of soap in many of the uses and areas, in the home and even the factory is
preferred in some uses because of its specification is better than soap in
hand uses this. The chemical composition is different for the installation of
soap, but the same mechanism by the soap, not adversely affected by hard
minerals in the water. Have emerged detergents this first appeared in
Germany during the First World War because of the substantial shortfall in
the fatty materials necessary for the soap industry at that time. And then
spread in all countries. At the beginning of the second half of the twentieth
century past sales exceeded sales of detergents, soap world where replaced
in the field of laundry and household cleaning and industrial with the
exception of templates (parallel) soaps are still used to clean the body,
which began shampoo replaced by now. There are many types of
detergents, each type of cleaning detergent its own, but often divided
detergents mainly to:

❖ General detergent laundry or detergents for all purposes.

❖ cleaners Uses easy.

❖ Detergents harsh surfaces.

❖ Detergent dish washer’s mechanism.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract 2

Table of Contents 3

Introduction 4

Background & review 6

Methods 7

Theory & Design 11

Conclusion 12

Reference 13

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 INTRODUCTION

Detergent is borrowed from the Latin verb “detergere” which

is a compound of the “away from” and tergere “to wipe”. In
the English language, it was used as an adjective detergent in
the 17th century. Detergents are also called soap-less soaps
because they act like a soap in having the cleansing
properties, they do not contain the usual soaps like sodium
stearate. Detergents the sodium salts of long chain benzene sulphuric acids
which has cleansing properties in water. Also, they are primarily
surfactants, which could be produced easily from petrochemicals.
Surfactants lower the surface tension of water, essentially making it wetter'
so that it is less likely to stick to itself and more likely to interact with oil
and grease. Two basic examples of well-known detergents of the
sulphonate group or the sulphate group are:

(Fig.2)

Most detergents have soap in their mixture of ingredients. A general area of

the chemical industry that manufactures most of the surfactants, soaps, and
detergents is called detergent Cleaning Compounds. In the early 1930s both

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the alcohol sulphates and the alkyl aryl sulphonates Were the main cleaning
materials. The alkyl portion of the sulphonate was from a kerosene fraction
hence referred to as keryl benzene sulphonate. At the end of the Second
World War alkyl aryl sulphonates dominated in general cleaning materials
while the alcohol sulphates found wide application in the shampoo field.
The use of alkyl benzene sulphonate grew rapidly because of their ease of
manufacture. The existing keryl benzene was quickly replaced by an alkyl
benzene made from propylene tetramer coupled to benzene (PT benzene).
In a short span of time, more than half the detergents used throughout the
world were based on PT benzene. The rapid rise in synthetic detergents saw
the decline of soap consumption to a constant level.

Detergents are commonly available as powders or concentrated solutions.

Detergents, like soaps, work because they are amphiphilic: partly
hydrophilic (polar) and partly hydrophobic (non-polar). Their dual nature
facilitates the mixture of hydrophobic compounds like oil and grease with
water. Because air is not hydrophilic, detergents are also foaming agents to
varying degrees.

Some important things about detergent are:

❖ Detergents are the Sodium salts of long chain benzene sulphonic

acids.

❖ Detergents can be use in both in hard as well as soft water.

❖ Detergents have a strong cleansing action.

❖ Less water and effort are required.

❖ Detergents are non-biodegradable.

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 BACKGROUND & REVIEW

Petrochemicals are the utilized as a raw material for the manufacturing of

detergents. A detergent raw material is a formulated product which is
specially designed to promote the cleaning action. Each man or woman
component in the components has its personal specific features within the
washing procedure but it can also produce synergistic effect with other
components. Some components are added to aid or improve efficiency of
the production process while others are added to improve the appearance of
the product. The major components can be categorized into:

• Surfactants

• Builders

• Bleaching agents

Surfactant: Primarily surfactants which could be produced easily from

petrochemicals. Surfactants lower the surface tension of water. Surfactants
is a compound with a water soluble and oil insoluble (hydrophilic) portion
on one side and an oil-soluble and water-insoluble (hydrophobic) portion
on the opposite side. The surfactant exhibits surface activity by lowering
the surface tension of liquids. A surfactant can be placed into:

• Anionic

• Cationic

• Nonionic

• Amphoteric

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 METHODS

Anionic these include alkylbenzene suphonates, fatty alcohol sulphates and

alkyl ether sulphates. This is by far the most important type of surfactant.
Anionic surfactants possess a negative charge on their hydrophilic end.
This charge helps the surfactant molecules to interact with both the fibers
and soil particles, lifting and suspending soils in bubble like arrangements
called micelles.

❖ Linear alkyl benzene sulphonate (LAS): is a leading detergent

surfactant. It has good foaming ability and its foam can be readily
stabilized. Its foam can be boosted or controlled by foam inhibitors.
LAS is however sensitive to water hardness.

❖ Fatty alcohol sulphates (ROSO3H): These are the most important

class of fat-derived surfactants in terms of tonnage produced. They
are readily biodegradeable. They are employed in heavy and light
duty detergents as well as in toilet soaps. They are chemically stable
on the alkaline side and are easily hydrolysed on the acid side. They
can be converted to the ammonium or sodium salts.

❖ Alkyl ether sulphates: are obtained by ethoxylation of natural and

synthetic alcohols. The optimal carbon chain length is C12-C14 with
about 2 moles ethylene oxide. They are highly foaming and have low
sensitivity to water hardness. They also have high solubility and good
storage stability at low temperatures in liquid formulations.

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Nonionic surfactants are also found in many cleaning products, including
carpet products. Nonionics have no charge on their hydrophilic end, which
helps make them superior oily soil emulsifiers. Some nonionics are high
foamers like anionics, while others do not generate much foam. Because of
their lower foam profile and strong emulsifying potential, these surfactants
are the preferred choice when formulating extraction cleaners and pre
sprays. The most widely used nonionic detergents include

Alkyl polyglycol ethers (AEO): Ethylene oxide reacts with any compound
having reactive hydrogen atoms. This reaction is called ethoxylation. The
polyglycol ethers of straight chain alcohols. presently becoming the most
important surfactants because of their improved biodegradability, replacing
the older polyglycol ethers based on nonylphenol polyethylene glycol.
Most of these non-ionics are viscous liquids or soft pastes. The temperature
at which dilute aqueous solutions clouds up because of insolubility of the
surfactant is referred to as the cloud point.

Alkylolamides of fatty acids: These surfactants have the structure

RCONCH2 CHOH)2 (diethanolethamide) and monoethanolamide.
Monoethanelamides are usually incorporated into laundry detergents while
diethanolamides are used in light duty and dishwashing detergents as well
as in shampoos. Their major function is in foam boosting and soil
suspension.

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Cationic Since the surfactant molecules bears a positive charge, their
adsorption reduces the negative zeta-potential of solids present in aqueous
solutions. Cationics have positively charged ends, which makes them ideal
in antistatic formulas like fabric softeners. Also, cationic surfactants have
antimicrobial characteristics, and they are found in hard-surface
disinfectants and cleaners. Formulas containing cationic surfactants cannot
be mixed with those containing oppositely charged anionic surfactants. The
molecules would interact with each other, producing a gooey mess that
drops out of solution. When reading the ingredients list, look for the word’s
chloride or bromide (as in alkylbenzene ammonium chloride) to identify
cationics.

Quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC): are among the most widely

used cationic detergents. having a single long aliphalic chain possess
bacteriological properties. Quaternary ammonium compounds such as
dialkyldimethyl ammonium chloride possessing two aliphatic chains are
used as textile softeners for both household and industrial use.

Since cationics display behaviour opposite to that of anionics, the two are
incompatible. They are incompatible with anionic antibacterial agents like
hexachlorophene but are compatible with cationic germicides such as
mercurials. Nonionic surfactants are more tolerant of cationics than
anionics.

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Amphoteric These surfactants molecules possess both a positive and a
negative charge on their hydrophilic end, giving them a net charge of zero.
Amphoteric surfactants have little utility on their own, but work extremely
well in enhancing the cleaning effect of both anionic and nonionic
surfactants. They can serve as coupling agents, which hold the surfactants,
solvents and inorganic salt components of a formula together.

Amphoterics show the properties of anionics at high pH and those of

cationics at low pH. They are therefore compatible with either cationic or
anionic surfactants. They are used to overcome problems associated with
high electrolyte levels and corrosion. They also have other interesting
properties such as:

1. excellent foaming and lime soap dispersing properties.

2. antistatic properties

3. textile softening

They include dicarboxylic acids such as RN (CH2 COOH). Alkyl

aminopropionic acids have antistatic and hair softening properties.

Builders: These are used to support detergent action and to deal with the
problem of water hardness caused by the presence of calcium and
magnesium ions. They include alkalis, complexing agents and ion
exchangers.

Bleaching agents: Bleaches increase the reflectance of visible light at the

expense of absorption. It involves the removal or change of dyes and soil
by mechanical and/or physical means. Hydrogen peroxide is the main
bleaching agent. Sodium perborate NaBO3 is incorporated in detergents as
a source of hydrogen peroxide.

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 THEORY & DESIGN

Cleaning process thoroughly wetting the dirt and the surface of the article
being washed of the soap or detergent solution. Removing the dirt from the
surface. Maintaining the dirt in stable solution or suspension (Detergency)
In wash water soaps or detergents increase the wetting ability of the water
so that it can more easily penetrate the fabrics and reach the soil Soil
removal begins. Each molecules of the cleaning solution may be considered
a long chain. One end of the chain is hydrophilic (water loving) the other is
hydrophobic (water hating or soil loving). The soil loving ends of some of
these molecules are attracted to a soil particle away from the fabric and into
the water.
Detergent manufacture process that shown in (Fig.3) is the process of
making detergent.

(Fig.3)

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 CONCLUSION

We explained in this report that Any substance which has cleaning action
in water is called a detergent. Detergent are the Sodium salts of long chain
benzene sulphonic acids. Also are called soap less soaps because they act
like a soap in having the cleansing properties, they are used in both powder
and liquid form and solid as laundry powders detergents harsh surfaces,
Detergent dish washer’s mechanism. Petrochemicals are the utilized as a
raw material for the manufacturing of detergents. A detergent raw material
is a formulated product which is specially designed to promote the cleaning
action. Also, some components are added to aid or improve efficiency of
the production process while others are added to improve the appearance of
the product the major components are Surfactants, builders, bleaching
agents, and primarily surfactants which could be produced easily from
petrochemicals, they can be placed to Anionic, Cationic, Nonionic,
Amphoteric. And builders these are used to support detergent action and to
deal with the problem of water hardness, bleaching agents they increase the
reflectance of visible light at the expense of absorption. Most detergents
have soap in their mixture of ingredients. And I explained types of
surfactant.

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REFERENCES

[1] Industrial Chemistry by Helen Njeri NJENGA, University OF Nerobi.

[2] Eduard Smulders, Wolfgang Rybinski, Eric Sung, Wilfried Rähse, Josef
Steber, Frederike Wiebel, Anette Nordskog, "Laundry Detergents" in
Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2002, Wiley-VCH,
Weinheim.

[3] Riegel's Handbook of Industrial Chemistry by Riegel, Emil Raymond.;

Kent, James Alber,2003.

[4] Werner Dabelstein, Arno Reglitzky, Andrea Schütze, Klaus Reders

"Automotive Fuels" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
2002, Weinheim.

[5] Hand-Book Industrial Organic Chemistry, Samuel P Sadtler, 2007.

[6] IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold

Book") (1997). Online corrected version,2006.

[7] mena, Yasufumi; Kawakami, Keisuke; Shen, Jian-Ren; Kamiya, Nobuo

2011.

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