Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ingles Tecnico Iimmm
Ingles Tecnico Iimmm
COMPUTACIÓN E
INFORMÁTICA
FASCÍCULO DE APRENDIZAJE
INGLÉS TÉCNICO II
CÓDIGO: 89001777
Profesional Técnico
INGLÉS TÉCNICO II
ÍNDICE
CONTENIDO PÁGINA
UNITS OF STORAGE
The smallest unit of measurement used to quantify computer data is: bit abbreviated with
a lowercase "b" bytes are abbreviated with a capital "B." It is important not to confuse
these two terms, since any measurement in bytes contains eight times as many bits. For
example, a small text file that is 4 KB in size contains 4,000 bytes, or 32,000 bits.
A word is a fixed sized group of bits that are handled together by the system;
Bit per second is abbreviated bps or bit/sec. It is a common measure of data speed for
computer modems and transmission carriers. As the term implies, the speed in bps is
equal to the number of bits transmitted or received each second.
Pixel is actually short for "Picture Element." These small little dots are what make up the
images on computer displays, whether they are flat-screen (LCD) or tube (CRT) monitors.
The screen is divided up into a matrix of thousands or even millions of pixels.
The screen resolution tells you how many pixels your
screen can display horizontally and vertically. It's written
in the form 1024 x 768. In this example, the screen can
show 1,024 pixels horizontally, and 768 vertically:
EXERCISES
……………………………………..
…………………………………….
Depth: ………………..
Width: ……………….
Word formation: In a sentence or text you have to change the form of a word, from a
noun to an adjective, or from a verb to a noun. Example:
Sing (v) / Singer (n.) Singing (adj.) lesson
Hard Drives originally invented by an IBM engineer in 1956, the hard drive has become
the most common mass storage device in the …………………… (compute) world. Just
about every modern computer system has a hard drive installed. Modern hard drives
typically come in two: internal hard drives and external hard drives. Internal hard drives are
built to be installed in a computer case. Many have exposed circuitry and lack of
………………….. (protect) from the environment. External hard drives have
…………………… (enclose) that allow them to be handled without fear of damage. They’re
designed to be portable, allowing you to take them from computer to computer.
Optical Discs are …………………….. (remove) mass storage devices that are read by a
laser sensor. The first optical discs used for computer storage were ……………………
(write) compact discs, or CD-Rs, and ……………………… (rewrite) compact discs, or CD-
RWs. They are largely the same as the CDs used for music, but they can be written on by
a low-cost drive in the computer. CD-RWs are distinguished from CD-Rs by the fact that
CD-RWs allow the user to delete files and write on the disc again. The typical CD-R or CD-
RW can hold up to 700 megabytes of data. CDs were followed by various versions of
DVDs. The …………………. (digit) versatile/video disc, or DVD, is an optical disc format
with a 4.7 gigabyte capacity.
USB flash drives became popular as a way to store and transport large files. They consist
of a small circuit board, flash memory chips, a plastic enclosure and a USB
……………………. (connect). With their small size, large capacity and improved
……………………. (rely), USB flash drives have all but replaced floppy disks and optical
discs as the dominant portable mass storage device.
Solid-state drives, also known as SSDs, are mass storage devices intended to replace
the hard drive. An SSD is similar to a normal hard drive, as it uses the same connections
and interface, but instead of a ……………………. (spin) magnetic disk, it uses solid state
memory. SSDs have extremely fast read and write times because they don’t rely on
moving parts to physical “seek” for data. Solid-state drives have improved reliability as
there are no mechanical parts to fail or wear out.
Where does the expression 'The Cloud' come from? When designing computer networks,
engineers often connect computers to each other with lines. Such lines represent cables
and connections. Switches and servers are also often connected to each other in this way.
When networks are connected to one another, engineers often use an abbreviation or
representation of a network - a drawing of a cloud.
1. TRUE OR FALSE:
Online storage is a remote storing of your data. ( )
Cloud comes from the idea of protection. ( )
Google Drive gives more free storage than Mozy. ( )
READING 3: ONLINE STORAGE: Fill in the gaps using the words from the list.
Online storage lets you store data, such as word documents, videos or audio files in a
secure s…………., accessible through the Internet, “the cloud”. Instead of keeping files on
a computer at the office or at home, you can access your files while on the go -- just log in
to any computer or m…………………. connected to the internet. Many sites offer this
service for free such as Windows Live Skydrive and ADrive with limited data storage, while
others offer it as a monthly s……………….. with a larger capacity for storage such as
Mozy.com or Box.net.
Each online storage provider offers different features when you sign up for an
a…………………... Aside from the amount of storage space, others like Dropbox and
Box.net offer syncing files on your desktop so you can easily u…………. the content of
your online storage account by dropping files in a particular folder on your computer. You
can also share these files to others you invite -- a handy f……………………...when
working with others on a project.
Online storage is an alternative to keeping a …………………disk of important files or extra
storage for your computer when it's running low on space. One main advantage for having
online storage is its …………………….since you can access it anytime, anywhere. If you're
planning to go on a business meeting outside the country, you either have the choice of
carrying around documents in your laptop or………………………, or have it handy in your
online storage account. In this case, with online storage, you won't need to worry about the
loss of important documents when your laptop crashes or a flash disk is lost.
When choosing the right ………………………………for online storage purposes, you
should consider what kind of data you plan on storing, how much storage you need and
the purpose for storing it online. If using it for work, check out the reviews for
…………………………. and up time as well as features available for file sharing with other
co-workers. If choosing between paid and free providers, keep in mind, some offering free
services provide it as a …………………….. for their paid services. Although these free
accounts may offer limited storage space this can be a good and reliable choice if you only
need a limited amount of space.
Most computers today come with a word processing program which allows the user to
write text documents like letters, business correspondence, and even books.
BASIC TERMS:
plus other qualities, such as size, pitch, and spacing. For instance, within the Times
Roman family, there are many fonts to choose from, including different :
Sizes:
EXERCISE
Cloud computing is the term used to describe technology that will replace how we currently use
our computers and software applications.
______________________
The concept of cloud computing is that any device (computer invention) connected
to the internet can utilize a network of computing resources.
____________________
This would include infrastructure, applications and storage for far less than what it would cost
to use your own hardware, software and resources.
_________________
Additionally, it allows users to have access to applications that they would not have otherwise.
Access is as simple as using an interface application or just a web browser from any location.
_______________________
Format: Formatting involves specifying the font, alignment, margins, and other properties.
The format is the layout of a document. The format determines how the document will
appear on the screen and how it will look when printed.
Alignment: The alignment refers to the way lines of text are arranged relative to the edges
of a block of text. There is also an alignment option called justified. In text that is justified
both the right and left sides of the text will appear to line up.
Tab: The tab function in a word processor works much like the tab function on a
typewriter. Tab stops can be set in the ruler at the top of the page. When the tab key is
pressed, the cursor will move to the next tab location. This allows the user to indent
paragraphs and lists.
Margins: Margins are the blank space to the left and right sides and at the top and bottom
of a page. The size of the margins can be increased or decreased.
Header/Footer: The header often includes information like names and titles. The footer
consists of one or more lines of text that appear at the bottom of every page of a
document. The footer often includes the page number.
Line Spacing: Line Spacing refers to the number of blank spaces between lines of type.
The most common line spaces are single-spaced and double-spaced.
Table: A collection of data arranged in rows and columns. Tables are commonly used in
word processing programs. They are also used in spreadsheets and database programs.
Spell/Grammar Check.
Word processing programs contain a spell check program which can verify the correct
spelling of words in a document.
Indent: An indent is one or more spaces that are used to move the text to the right of the
left margin.
Ruler: In a word processor, you can use the ruler to set the indent, margin and tab
markers and this can allow complex formatting options. Never use the space bar and
return key to align text.
Template: Templates establish the initial document setting and formats. A word
processing program like Microsoft Word uses the “normal” template as the basis for all
documents. A user can modify the “normal” document, and/or may create other templates
to use.
Bullets & Numbering: A word processing program can automatically add bullets and/or
numbers to the text.
A pre-formatted blank document – just type your text into the fields ( )
1. Word count.
CONVERSATION
A: Like this?
B: Yes. From the insert menu, select Picture. As you can see,
this displays a drop down menu with different options: Clip Art, From File, From Scanner,
Chart, etc., Select From File and you’ll get a dialog box.
B: OK. Now you navigate your hard drive’s contents and find the picture that you want to
insert.
B: OK, good. Now click insert and the photograph will be inserted into your document.
B: Yes. Finally, right-click with the mouse and select Format Picture to adjust the size and
other properties.
A: Brilliant, thanks!
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6. To change normal text to italic, first you must the text you want to ________format.
a. Choose b. Take c. Select
7. An extra note at the bottom of the page (usually in a smaller font size) is called a .
a. Bottom note b. Foot c. Footnote
III. MATCH THE WORDS WITH THE PUNCTUATION MARKS AND SYMBOLS.
! 1. full stop
@ 2. comma
, 3. exclamation mark
& 4. question mark
. 5. single quotes
= 6. double quotes
‘Hello’ 7. dollar sign
‹ 8. percentage sign
* 9. ampersand
“Hello” 10. asterisk
_ 11. hash
- 12. brackets
?
13. left bracket
/
14. square brackets
( )
15. underscore
$
16. hyphen
\
17. plus sign
[ ]
% 18. equals sign
( 19. colon
# 20. semicolon
: 21. "at" sign
+ 22. forward slash
23. backward slash
; 24. arrow
relevant than rating provided by Internet Provider. Internet provider rates speed to the
router/modem. This app provides a rating to the device (giving you wi- fi rating).
CONVERSATION
Two friends are talking about how to move text by using the 'Cut and
Paste'
A: Do you know how I can move this paragraph? I want to put it at the end of this page.
B: Mmm.. I think so. (I).................................... you use the mouse to select the text that
you want to move ... and then you choose the Cut (2)..............................from the Edit
menu ...
A: Like this?
В: Yes. The selected text disappears and goes onto the Clipboard. And
(3).................................... you find where you want the text to appear and you click to
position the (4) .................................... point in this place.
В: Yes, if that's where you want it. (5).................................... choose Paste from the
(6).................................... menu, or hold down Command and press V
(7).................................... check that the text has appeared in the right place.
В: You can choose Undo from the Edit menu which will reverse your last editing
command.
В: That's OK.
A spreadsheet is a table of values arranged in rows and columns. Each value can have a
predefined relationship to the other values.
(Source: techystallions.pbworks.com)
AutoFill – A feature that allows you to quickly apply the contents of one cell to another cell
or range of cells selected.
AutoSum – A function that automatically identifies and adds ranges of cells in your
worksheet.
Cell Address – The name of the cell is determined by the name of the row and the column
intersecting, such as A8.
Cell Grid – The lines on your worksheet that separate the columns and rows.
Formula Bar – A command line above the worksheet where text, numbers, and formulas
are entered into a worksheet.
Function – A drop-down menu item and a button on the standard toolbar that allows you
to select a formula that you wish to apply to data in your worksheet.
Headings – The identifying letters and numbers for columns and rows. Columns are
identified with letters, rows with numbers.
Label – The identifying name that reflects the information contained in a column or row in
a worksheet, such as name or date.
Sheet Tabs – Tabs you see at the bottom of your workbook file, labeled Sheet 1, Sheet 2,
and so on. You can rename the tabs. They represent worksheets within the workbook.
Workbook – An Excel file that contains individual worksheets. Also called a spreadsheet
file.
Worksheet – A “page” within an Excel workbook that contains columns, rows, and cells.
Exercises
I. Leo is lost! Put the words into the correct cells on the spreadsheet to get some clues.
Solve the clues and you will find out where Leo is.
C8 A11 A9 B9 B4
50smaller And has starts areas called Clues to
A1 C16 A3 A6 B3
Dear Friends Leo I am lost! The name of the I don’t know
B8 B10 C7 A8 C6
Into is Is Afro-american It is split letters
B16 B6 A13 C10 C4
love Place has 3 PLEASE HELP Red, white and blue Release me
A4 C9 A10 B7 B11
Solve these States The flag The leader And stripes on it
C3
Where I am
QUESTION: In which country is Leo? _____________________
Symbols used for calculations in Excel: Mostly, the symbols that you need to use in Excel
are the same as the mathematical symbols used in books or on calculators. One that is
different is the symbol used for multiplication. In Excel, you use the * sign (i.e. an asterisk)
instead of x.
Arithmetic
Meaning Example Comparison
operator Meaning Example
operator
Subtraction 3–1
– (minus sign) > (greater than
Negation –1 Greater than A1>B1
sign)
/ (forward
Division 3/3 >= (greater than Greater than or
slash) A1>=B1
or equal to sign) equal to
% (percent
Percent 20% <= (less than or Less than or
sign) A1<=B1
equal to sign) equal to
3^2
^ (caret) Exponentiation Calculate
( ) parentheses expression (3+5)
inside first
EXERCISES:
I. Work in pairs and one person read the formulas and the other one transcribe on a
piece of paper what he/she listen to.
5 = 2+3
5≠4
5>4
4<5
2 * (3+5) = 16
16 + 199 = 215
II. Fill in the blank with the correct word from the chart below.
1. The vertical divisions in a spreadsheet. They are named with an alphabetical letter:
………
2. The horizontal divisions in a spreadsheet. They are named with a number:
………………….
3. The term for a number in a spreadsheet. They can be added, subtracted, multiplied or
divided:…………………….
4. The term given to the words entered on a spreadsheet. They usually name a column or
a row:………………
5. A graphic or visual representation of the data displayed in a spreadsheet:
………………….
6. These are used to organize information using rows and columns of cells that you can fill
with data: …………………….
7. The name of the intersection of a row and column (ex. B3, A1): ………………………
8. A program that can be used to perform calculations, analyze and present data. It
includes tools for organizing, managing, sorting and retrieving data and making charts
and graphs: ……………
9. A built-in formula included in most spreadsheet programs that makes it easy to perform
common calculations: …………………….
10. A mathematical statement which must always begin with an “=” sign and include a cell
reference for calculations: ……………………..
11. Arrange data in ascending or descending order: …………………
12. The ability to change the font, style, size, color, and alignment of text; arrange the
shape, size, type and general makeup of a cell or document. : …………………….
13. The rectangular boxes in a spreadsheet: …………………………………
14. The bar at the top of a spreadsheet used to enter data or a formula:
………………………….
15. Setting up cells so writing is at top, bottom, center, left or right side of the cell:
………………..
16. The cell you are currently working in. It has a blue outline indicating that you can
make: …….
INVOICE. The invoice is a bill to another business that lists the total amount due along
with a breakdown of the items purchased. When it's time to generate invoices to send to
your customers, you can make the process simpler by using templates in Microsoft Excel.
PROJECT: Create an invoice about Computer service with the following instructions:
Source: www.freeinvoicetemplates.org
SESSION 7:
PRESENTATION SOFTWARE – POWER POINT.
Background: The
underlying color or
design of a slide.
Blank Presentation:
Let’s you create a show
from scratch.
Multimedia: Combined use of more than one media, text, image, sound, etc.
Notes Page: Allows user to create notes to be used with the presentation of each
slide.
Placeholders: Empty boxes that appear on a new slide that reserve a space for
information.
Slide layout: Predefined slide format that determines the position of objects on the
slide.
Slide View: View that displays a single slide and allows the user to insert clip, change
backgrounds, edit transitions, etc.
EXERCISES
NEW POWERPOINT DOCUMENT: When you first open Power Point you will see what’s
called the Normal view.
1. The slide pane is the big area in the middle. This is the area you will work in to create
your slides.
2. On each slide, you will see various boxes with the dotted borders which are called
placeholders. This is where you type the text. Placeholders can be customized to
different sizes and can contain pictures, charts, and other non-text items.
3. On the left of the screen are thumbnail versions of the slides in your presentation; the
slide you’re working will be highlighted.
4. The bottom area is the notes pane, this is where you type speakers notes that you can
refer to when you present. You can also print speaker notes to use when presenting a
slide show.
3. You can include moving pictures in your presentation. These are called .
III. LISTENING: Search this video on YouTube and complete the missing words.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VUqIDs5MZxM
Recently though, other companies have begun to develop other presentation programs,
which have certain advantages over PowerPoint. Here are three:
- If you use the free version, your presentations are public. So you shouldn’t put any
personal information or material you don’t want to share.
- The non-linear format can be confusing or dizzying for some people.
- If you want to present offline, you can download your presentation, but then you cannot
make any more changes to it.
Whichever software you choose, remember to think about your audience when you are
creating your slides. Ask yourself what will help them to best understand your message.
POWER POINT
KEYNOTE
Most graphics programs have the ability to import and export one or more graphics file
formats, including those formats written for a particular computer graphics program.
Examples of such programs include GIMP, Adobe Photoshop, Pizap, Microsoft
Publisher, Picasa, etc.
Look at carefully to these images and write if they are: Vector or Raster.
Crop tool – type tool – paintbrush, pencil - eraser - move tool – paint bucket -
Zoom – Color pitcher (eyedropper) - Marquee tool - color tool and palette.
Linear extrusion. A 3D technique that allows you to form 2D shapes into 3D shapes
along a linear path.
Radial extrusion. A 3D technique that allows you to form 2D shapes into 3D shapes
along a circular path.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YP31r70_QNM
5. Why don’t magazine editors feel they’re deceiving the reader? ______________
6. In the photographer’s opinion how many pictures in an entire magazine are actually
retouched? ______________________________________.
10. Finally, mainly by looking at the images, name some of the changes he can make in
the reporter’s image:_________________________
The most important program on any computer is the Operating System or OS. The OS is
a large program made up of many smaller programs that control how the CPU
communicates with other hardware components. In other words, operating systems make
computers user friendly.
GUI – (Graphical User Interface), a GUI operating system contains graphics and icons
and is commonly navigated by using a computer mouse. Examples of GUI operating
systems are: System 7.x , Windows 98 and Windows CE.
Multi-user - A multi-user operating system allows for multiple users to use the same
computer at the same time and different times. See the multi-user definition for a complete
definition. Examples of operating systems that would fall into this category are: Linux ,
UNIX and Windows 2000.
Multiprocessing - An operating system capable of supporting and utilizing more than one
computer processor. Examples of operating systems that would fall into this category are:
Linux, UNIX and Windows XP.
Multithreading - Operating systems that allow different parts of a software program to run
concurrently. Examples of operating systems that would fall into this category are: Linux,
UNIX and Windows 2000.
EXERCISES:
I. Answer the questions:
1. What is an Operating System?
2. What are the 3 most common operating systems for personal computers?
3. Define graphical user interface, or GUI.
4. What is the most popular operating system in the world and what is the latest
version?
5. What operating system do the MAC users use?
II. Complete the ideas with the words in the chart below.
Cross
Down
1. System errors. These are moderately dangerous types of errors among those that can
pop up on your PC. System errors are caused by malfunctioning hardware components,
corrupted operating system modules, etc.
2. Runtime errors. Runtime errors are caused by corrupted or malfunctioning system files
or software executables. Most runtime errors cause the application that caused it to
shut down. However, more serious runtime errors may cause the system to become
unstable or unresponsive, leaving you with no choice but to reach for the Reset button.
3. Stop errors. Stop errors are caused by corrupted hardware, especially malfunctioning
RAM modules and bad sectors on hard disks. Stop errors can be difficult to resolve at
times.
4. Device Manager Errors. These are usually caused by corrupted driver files or
malfunctioning hardware components. In case of the former cause, the problem is
usually solved simply by reinstalling or updating the drivers. However, the latter cause
can often be solved only by replacing hardware components.
5. POST code errors. POST code errors are caused by malfunctioning hardware
components, and are characterized by short beep sounds from the tiny internal speaker
of your motherboard. POST code errors occur when you press the power button to turn
on your PC.
6. Application errors. These can be caused at any point of time. As the name suggests,
these are caused by applications while those are running. These are usually caused by
glitches in the program code itself. These are usually resolved by updating the program
to its latest version.
7. Browser Status Codes. These are caused by problems faced by browsers when trying
to access a website. These can be caused by misplaced web pages in the server of the
website itself, or due to connection problems. For instance, a 404 error would indicate
that the browser is trying to access a webpage that does not exist in the specified
location.
EXERCISES
Read the problems with the operating system and try to identify what type of error i.
(3) Caused at any point of time. These are caused by applications while those are
running.
Error: _________________________
(6) Caused by corrupted hardware, especially malfunctioning RAM modules and bad
sectors on hard disks.
Error: _________________________
Windows 1.0: The very first version of Windows, Windows 1.0, _______ (be) a basic
interface that _________ (use) "gadgets," like the calendar and calculator, but it
_________ (gain) little popularity. ____________ (release) in 1985, the system _______
(have) basic functionality and introduced the first version of MS Paint and a primitive word
processor.
PASSIVE VOICE.
In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the
thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence. You can use the
passive form if you think that the thing receiving the action is more important or should be
emphasized. You can also use the passive form if you do not know who is doing the action
or if you do not want to mention who is doing the
action.
Adapted from: A Brief History of the Windows Operating System (2012) http://windows-operating-
system-reviews.toptenreviews.com/a-brief-history-of-the-windows-operating-system.html
(Source: www.senati.edu.pe)
Tech Support: "No, no, that sounds about right. Tell me, Is it a new or rebuilt computer?
Customer: It`s new I bought it at Las Malvinas Plaza. Don’t you see?
Tech Support: It is a little strange. This machine is new but it has a lot of problems with
the Operating System. Check the option: Windows Update
Customer: Many advertisements pop up on the screen. And then suddenly the program
that is open, start to go down.
Tech Support: Sir, I think first we need to wipe your hard disk out because the machine
has many viruses.
PHRASAL VERBS
The world of technology is fast-changing. It is natural that the language of computers
would also change and be informal. Not only is the language of technology full of phrasal
verbs, it is also full of new nouns.
turn off
end a session on the
I’m tired, so I’m going to shutdown
shut down computer by closing an
the computer for day.
application or removing power
power down
PROJECT: Write a technical report with error message described and their solutions
according to this template.
(Source: http://www.freereportttemplates.org)
Local Area Networks (LAN): Generally called LANs, is privately-owned networks within a
single building or campus of up to a few KM in size. They are widely used to connect
personal computers and workstation in company offices and factories to share resources
(e.g., printers) and exchange information.
A metropolitan area network, or MAN is basically a bigger version of a LAN and normally
uses similar technology. It might cover a group of nearby corporate offices or a city and might
be either private or public. A MAN can support both data and voice, and might even be
related to the local cable television network.
Wide Area Networks (WAN): Spans a large geographical area, often a country or continent.
It contains of machines intended for running user (i.e., application) programs. We will follow
traditional usage and call these machines hosts. The term end system is sometimes also
used in the literature. The hosts are connected by a communication subnet, or just subnet for
short. The job of the subnet is to carry messages from host to host, just as the telephone
system carries words from speaker to listener. By separating the pure communication
aspects of the network (the subnet) from the application aspects (the hosts), the complete
network design is greatly simplified.
TYPE OF TOPOLOGY: There are 3 topologies to choose from that are in use today.
- Bus: This is a network that uses a single network cable from one end of the network to
the other. The network devices are connected in line.
If the network cable breaks anywhere, then the whole network is down
- Ring: All devices are connected to one another in a continuous loop, or ring.
- Star: All data flows through a central hub or switch, a common connection point for the
devices in the network.
TYPE OF ARCHITECTURE:
- Client – server network: A computer acts as a server and stores and distributes
information to the other nodes, or clients.
- Peer – to – peer network: All the computers have the same capabilities. They share files
and peripherals without requiring a separate server computer.
NETWORK HARDWARE
5. N…………………………. are still used in most networks, rather than using only wireless,
because they can carry much more data per second, and are more secure (less open to
hacking).
7. B……………. is a network device that typically links together two different parts of a LAN.
Network quiz
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WORDSEARCH
P E E C B A U V S H P G Y I
Y M N R G A T E W A Y X R O
F A B T E N R E H T E E J L
Y N L M P D V G T G V G L P
W T C H D B G A F I M A H I
T S R P F G R H E I W P N P
M O D K O O I C W E A T T R
A H N O U S S Q R K E P O O
Z Y N T M N E I L R K M D T
M T E C A A F S F L U O E O
S R J R X E I A I L K D Y C
D D T B F T C N B S O E G O
Y Y A L H E J S Z E D M F L
U S L E N C R Y P T I O N U
• ___________________________________________________________
• ___________________________________________________________
• ___________________________________________________________
• ___________________________________________________________
• ___________________________________________________________
1. Everyone in the company has a computer, but the business manager has the only printer.
These computers are not connected by any form of networking. When agents need to print
a document, they must first copy the file to a pen drive, then carry it to the business
manager's computer, where they are finally able to print it. Similarly, when staff members
want to share data, the only means available is to copy the data on one computer to a pen
drive and insert it in another computer. Your task is to design a network for this company.
Which network topology would be most appropriate in this situation?
a) Bus topology b) Star topology c) Ring topology
2. What kind of networking you will use in a house where there are five computers?
a) LAN b) WAN c) MAN
3. What kind of networking you will use in a company that has two branches: one in Miraflores
and the other one in Los Olivos?
a) LAN b) WAN c) MAN
4. Your boss is angry because there isn’t connection. You tell him that you are going to spend
a lot of time trying to find in which of the ten computers the connection cause the problem
and is bringing the network down.
a) Bus topology b) Star topology c) Ring topology
5. The most important network component in a BUS topology is:
a) Switch b) Router c) Firewall
6. Complete the explanation of these networkings. Example
7. Describe this networking connection using the expressions that are underlined in the
example.
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SESSION 18:
TECHNICAL READING: HISTORY OF COMPUTER
I. Read this text and complete the blank space with simple past.
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before
now. The exact time is not important. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific
expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far,
already, yet, etc.
1. ________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________
4. ________________________________________________
We use the Past Simple tense to talk about a definite finished time in the past. For example:
when, yesterday, last week, when I was at school, then, after etc.
Exercises
II. In this exercises you have to identify simple present or present perfect.
Since computers were first introduced to the public in the early 1980's,
technology______________________ (change) a great deal. The first computers
_______________(be) simple machines designed for basic tasks and functions. They
________________(have, not) much memory and they ____________(be, not) very
powerful. Early computers were often very expensive and customers
often__________________ (pay) thousands of soles for machines which actually
_______________________(do) very little. Most computers _____________ (be)
separate, individual machines used mostly as expensive typewriters or for playing games.
Times____________________(change).Computers_________________(become) powerful
machines with very practical applications. Programmers ________ (create) a large selection
of useful programs which do everything from teaching foreign languages to bookkeeping. We
are still playing video games, but today's games_________________________ (become)
faster, more exciting interactive adventures. Many computer users
____________________(get, also) on the Internet and________________________ (begin)
communicating with other computer users around the world. We _____________(start) to
create international communities online. In short, the simple, individual machines of the
CONVERSATION
A: Oh, Carlos! Come on! … playing the guitar? It is a waste of time. We haven’t started the
English project yet. It is for Monday.
C: Don’t worry. Have you ever listened that Bill Gates is a good guitar player?
C: Oh! Alejandro. Know what? I need to relax. So I’m going back to my music. Thanks for
phoning. Bye!
MOBILE PHONES
The term “cellular” comes from the fact that the phone
calls are made through base stations, communications
towers or antennas, which divide the coverage area into
cells. As you move from cell to cell, the calls are transferred to different base stations
belonging to the same or a different telephone company. This capability of mobile phones is
called roaming. The phone is said to be out of range when it cannot communicate with a base
station.
The first cell phone that was for sale was in Japan. They made it in 1979. Cell phones
became available for sale in the U.S. in 1983. At first, cell phone calls were hard to make.
Only a few people in one place could talk at the same time. They were big and heavy. Many
times the calls would end, and the call was lost.
Third Generation (3G) offers a high speed data transfer capability. Some of these phones are
called smart phones and combine PDA capabilities with the usual functions of a digital phone.
The new communications standard, UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System)
enables the multimedia transmissions.
Fourth Generation (4G) But it’s 4G that’s really allowed smartphone technology to spread its
wings. That’s because it’s much, much faster than 3G. So when you want to download a new
game or stream a TV show in HD, you can do it without buffering and lags that make the
experience not worth the wait.
EXERCISES
Out of range – coverage area – base stations – mobile phones – cellular phones –
cells - roaming
Mobiles phones, also called _____________________, or cell phones for short, need a
network of towers or antennas to transmit calls. In a cellular system, a city is divided into
smaller sections or ________________ where the ________________ usually occupy a
central position. When you are outside your service provider’s __________________ area,
your telephone may become out of ______________ unless your telephone allows
________________, for example the ability to use another service provider’s network.
IRREGULAR VERBS
NETWORK TERMINOLOGY
1. Bandwidth. The rated throughput capacity of a given network media or protocol. The
amount of data that can be transmitted in a fixed amount of time.
3. Category 5 (cat 5) cable. A type of twisted pair network wiring in which there is a
certain number of twists per foot. It is the most commonly used network cabling.
4. Coaxial Cable. A type of cable consisting of two insulating layers and two conductors
most commonly used in older networks.
5. Collision. An attempt by two devices to transmit over the network at the same time
usually resulting in the data being lost.
6. DNS (Domain Name System). An internet service that translates domain names into IP
addresses. For example www.google.com translates to 66.102.7.99.
10. Ethernet. Ethernet is the most widely installed local area network technology. It was
developed during the late 1970s through a partnership of DEC, Intel, and Xerox.
11. Fiber Optic. A cable technology that uses glass (or plastic) threads (fibers) to transmit
data. It is a very fast technology
12. Gateway. A device on a network that serves as an entrance to another network and
routes traffic.
13. Hardware (MAC) address. A unique address associated with a particular network
device.
14. Hub. A common connection point for computers and devices in a network that takes
an incoming signal and repeats it on all other ports.
15. Internet. Term used to refer to the world's largest internetwork, connecting thousands
of networks worldwide. Also known as the World Wide Web (www).
16. IP address. A 32-bit address assigned to hosts using the TCP/IP protocol. Each
computer/device on the public internet has a unique IP address. An example of an IP
address is 192.168.1.
17. LAN (Local Area Network). Computer/data network which is confined in a limited
geographical area.
18. MAC Address (Media Access Control). A unique identifier attached to most forms of
networking equipment. It is burned into the device and cannot be changed
19. Network. A group of computers and devices that can communicate with each other
and share resources.
20. Network Interface Card (NIC). A hardware device inside a computer or other network
device that enables communication with a network.
21. Packet. The unit of data sent across a network. Data is broken up into packets for
sending over a packet switching network.
22. PING (Packet Internet Groper). A command used to test connectivity to a device
over a TCP/IP network.
23. Protocol. Rules determining the format and transmission of data over a network
24. RJ-45. Standard connectors used for unshielded twisted-pair cable. Most commonly
used with Cat5 network cabling.
26. Server. A computer that handles requests for data, email, files, and other network
services from other computers (clients).
27. Subnet. A portion of a network that shares a common address component but is on a
different segment than the rest of the network.
29. WAN (wide area network). A network linking together networks located in other
geographic areas.
30. Node. Any device that is connected to a network such as computer, printer, or data
storage device.
31. Client. A node that requests and users resources available from other nodes.
32. Host. Any computer that provides services and connections to other computers on a
network.
36. Firewall. Systems prevent unauthorized access to or from a private network. Firewalls
can be implemented in both hardware and software, or a combination of both.
BIBLIOGRAFÍA
Boeckner K and Brown Charles P. “Oxford English for Computing”, New York, Oxford
University Press, 1993.
Marks, J. Check your English Vocabulary for Computers and Information Technology.
London, A & C Black Publishers Ltd, 2007.
Remacha Esteras, S. “Infotech. English for computer users” Student Book, 4th. Edition
Cambridge University Press, 2009.
Diethealth. (2016, Marzo 8) The Photoshop Effect. [Archivo de Video]. Recuperado de:
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JaDeDJynX. (2016). “The Difference Between a Vector and Raster Image” [figura].
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