“Pump is a machine that imparts energy to the liquid”.

Why Pumps are Required?

• To move liquid from one point to another at same
or higher elevation (Main function).
• To increase pressure of the liquid.
Pumps can be mainly divided into two main
categories:

◦ Centrifugal Pumps
◦ Positive Displacement Pumps.
This machine consists of an
IMPELLER rotating within a case
(diffuser)

Liquid directed into the

center of the rotating
impeller is picked up by
the impeller’s vanes and
accelerated to a higher velocity by
the rotation of the impeller and
discharged by centrifugal force into
the case (diffuser).
◦ Single Stage Centrifugal Pump.

◦ Multi Stage Centrifugal Pump.

◦ Propeller Pump

◦ Turbine Pump (Vertical Multistage)

6
Foot mounted single stage overhung pumps shall be
designated pump type OH1.
Centerline-mounted single-stage overhung pumps
shall be designated pump type OH2. They have a
single bearing housing to absorb all forces imposed
upon the pump shaft and maintain rotor position
during operation. The pumps are mounted on a
baseplate and are flexibly coupled to their drivers.
Vertical in-line single-stage overhung pumps with
separate bearing brackets shall be designated pump
type OH3. They have a bearing housing integral with
the pump to absorb all rotor loads. The driver is
mounted on a support integral to the pump. The
pumps and their drivers are flexibly coupled.
Rigidly-coupled vertical in-line single-stage
overhung pumps shall be designated pump type OH4.
Rigidly-coupled pumps have their shaft rigidly
coupled to the driver shaft.
Close-coupled vertical in-line single-stage overhung
pumps shall be designated pump type OH5. Close-
coupled pumps have their impellers mounted directly
on the driver shaft.
High-speed integral gear-driven single-stage overhung pumps
shall be designated pump type OH6. These pumps have a speed
increasing gearbox integral with the pump. The impeller is
mounted directly to the gearbox output shaft. There is no
coupling between the gearbox and pump; however, the gearbox
is flexibly coupled to its driver. The pumps may be oriented
vertically or horizontally.
Axially-split one- and two-stage between-bearings
pumps shall be designated pump type BB1.
Radially-split one- and two-stage between-bearings
pumps shall be designated pump type BB2.
Axially-split multistage between-bearings pumps
shall be designated pump type BB3.
Single-casing radially-split multistage between-bearings
pumps shall be designated pump type BB4. These pumps
are also called ring-section pumps, segmental-ring
pumps or tie-rod pumps. These pumps have a potential
leakage path between each segment.
Double-casing radially-split multistage between-
bearings pumps shall be designated pump type BB5.
Wet pit, vertically-
suspended, single-casing
diffuser pumps with
discharge through the
column shall be
designated pump type
VS1.
Wet pit, vertically-
suspended, single-
casing volute pumps
with discharge through
the column are
designated pump type
VS2.
Wet pit, vertically-
suspended, single-
casing axial flow
pumps with discharge
through the column are
designated Type VS3.
Vertically-suspended,
single-casing volute
line-shaft driven sump
pumps are designated
pump type VS4.
Vertically-suspended
cantilever sump pumps
are designated as pump
type VS5.
Double-casing diffuser
vertically-suspended
pumps shall be
designated pump type
VS6.
Double-casing volute
vertically-suspended
pumps shall be
designated pump type
VS7.
Depends upon
◦ Impeller dia
◦ No.of impellers
◦ size of the impeller eye
◦ shaft speed
 Capacity: The flow rate with which liquid is moved or pushed
by the pump to the desired point in the process.

 Head: is a measurement of the height of a liquid column that

the pump could create from the kinetic energy imparted to
the liquid.

 Static Suction Head (Hs): Head resulting from elevation of the

liquid relative to the pump center line.

 Static Discharge Head (Hd): It is the vertical distance in feet

between the pump centerline and the point of free discharge
or the surface of the liquid in the discharge tank.

27
 Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH): Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)
is the total head at the suction flange of the pump less the vapor
pressure converted to fluid column height of the liquid.

 Pump input or brake horsepower (BHP): is the actual horsepower

delivered to the pump shaft.

 Pump output or water horsepower (WHP): is the liquid horsepower

delivered by the pump.

 Pump Efficiency: The pump efficiency is the ratio of BHP and WHP.

 Best Efficiency Point (BEP): is the capacity at maximum impeller

diameter at which the efficiency is highest.

 Affinity Laws: are mathematical expressions that define changes in

pump capacity, head, and BHP when a change is made to pump
speed, impeller diameter, or both.

28
PROCEDURE FOR PUMPING SERVICE DESIGN

 Flow rate required by the process.

 Liquid properties critical to pump design: absolute density,
temperature, viscosity, pour point, etc. Values are required at
pumping conditions, and in some cases, at ambient conditions.
 Suction conditions available - rated suction pressure, maximum
suction pressure, NPSH available.
 Calculate the rated discharge pressure requirement of the pump.
 Determine the design pressure and temperature required for the
pump and its associated piping.
 Select pump type and driver type.
 Select materials of construction.
 Determine other installation requirements, such as control system
details, auto-start of stand-by pump, etc.
 Select shaft seal type and determine requirements for external
flushing or sealing system.
 Estimate utility requirements.
 Document the design: Calculations, studies, and design specification
text, utility requirement estimate summary, etc.

29
 Depends on
◦ Head
◦ Capacity
 Head and pressure are interchangeable terms
provided that they are expressed in their
correct units.
 The conversion of all pressure terms into
units of equivalent head simplifies most
pump calculations.

 Head in feet = (pressure in psi x 2.31) /

specific gravity
 If the suction pressure in a centrifugal pump falls below
the vapor pressure of the liquid , bubbles form just
before the inlet edge of the impeller vanes. Because of
the rapid increase in pressure within the impeller, the
bubbles then collapse. This phenomenon is called
cavitation. It can reduce pump efficiency and cause
noise, vibration, impeller wear and breakage.
 To avoid cavitation, pump manufacturers require a
positive suction pressure called net positive suction
head, NPSH, NPSH is the pressure above vapor pressure
of the liquid being pumped, as measured at the pump
suction flange on a gauge at the pump centerline.
 NPSHR for a pump will increase with flow-rate, and
considerably increase with rotating speed of the
impeller.
 To ensure reliable pump operation, NPSHa should equal
or exceed NPSHR.

33
 Impeller
Vanes

“Eye of the
Impeller” Thickness
Water of the impeller
Diameter of
Entrance
the Impeller

 Thicker the Impeller- More Water

 Larger the DIAMETER - More Pressure
 Increase the Speed - More Water and
Pressure
 Direction of Flow

 Twice the pressure

 Same amount of water
 Direction of Flow Direction of Flow

 Placing impellers in series increases the amount

of head produced
 The head produced = # of impellers x head of
one impeller
 A mapping or graphing of the pump's ability to produce head
and flow
 The pump's flow rate is plotted on the
horizontal axis ( X axis)
 Usually expressed in Gallons per Minute

Pump Flow Rate

  The head the pump produces is plotted
on the vertical axis (Y axis)
 Usually express in Feet of Water or
Meter
Head

Pump Flow Rate

 Performance Curve

 Most pump
performance
curves slope from
left to right
Head

Pump Flow Rate

 Shut-off Head
 Shut-off Head is the maximum
pressure or head the pump can
produce
 No flow is produced
Head

Pump Flow Rate

 Maximum Flow

 Maximum Flow is the

largest flow the pump can
produce
Head

 No Head is produced

Pump Flow Rate

 System Performance Curve is a mapping of
the head required to produce flow in a given
system
 A system includes all the pipe, fittings and
devices the fluid must flow through, and
represents the friction loss the fluid
experiences
 The System's flow rate in plotted on the horizontal
axis ( X axis)
 Usually expressed in Gallons per Minute

System Flow Rate

 ➢ The head the system requires is plotted on
the vertical axis (Y axis)

➢ Usually express in Feet of Water

Head

Pump Flow Rate

  The friction loss is mapped onto the graph
 The amount of friction loss varies with flow
through the system

Friction Loss
Head

Pump Flow Rate

 The point on the system curve that
intersects the pump curve is known as the
operating point.
Head

Pump Flow Rate

 Circulator 1

Circulator
2

Circulator 3
Head

Pump Flow Rate

 Changing the amount for friction loss or "Throttling
the Pump" will change the pump's performance
 Valve Barely Open
Valve Partially Open

Valve Open
Head

Pump Flow Rate

 BEP as a measure of
optimum energy
conversion, when sizing
and selecting centrifugal
pumps for a given
application the pump
efficiency at design should
be taken into
consideration.
 The B.E.P. is the area on
the curve where the change
of velocity energy into
pressure energy at a given
flow-rate is optimum; in
essence, the point where
the pump is most efficient.

52
 SUCTION PIPING
 Size
 Suction pipe is usually one or two sizes larger than that of the pump's
suction nozzle.
 A suction pipe smaller than the pump's suction nozzle should never be
used.
 Total suction-line losses can be estimated between 1 to 3 ft of liquid
head.
 Recommended Velocity
 For suction piping liquid velocities can be in the range of 2 to 8 ft/s; for
pumping viscous liquids, 0.5 to 4 ft/s.
 Straight Run
 A simplified and useful rule of thumb is to have about 1 ft of straight
run piping for each ft/s of liquid velocity in the suction line.
 Most pump manufacturers recommend a straight run often diameters of
suction piping before the pump; five diameters is the absolute
minimum.

53
 ”The suction of a
pump should be
fitted with an
eccentric reducer
positioned with the
flat side
uppermost.
 Fittings
 A critical part of suction piping design and performance is
the choice and orientation of such fittings as reducers, tees
and elbows.
 The "stream-lines" of the flowing liquid are displaced and
develop both higher velocities and higher pressures than
had existed before the fluid entered the fitting.
 Suction Head
 A vortex is a swirling and funneling action in a liquid. When
this occurs in a liquid between the liquid’s surface and the
draw-off nozzle in a vessel, air or vapor can be drawn into a
pump.
 A mechanical device known as a vortex breaker eliminates
the possibility of air or vapor entering the pump.
 Suction Lift
 When suction lift is required, the end of the suction line
usually has a foot valve and strainer to prevent liquid from
draining out of the pump and suction line when the pump
does not run.

56
 INADEQUATE SUCTION CONDITION

◦ Increase available (NPSH), we can:

 Raise the liquid level.
 Lower the pump.
 Reduce the friction losses in the suction piping.
 Use a booster pump.
 Sub cool the liquid.

◦ Reduce required (NPSH), we can use:

 Slower speeds.
 A larger impeller-eye area.
 An oversize pump.
 Inducers ahead of conventional impellers.
 Several smaller pumps in parallel.

57
 Construction of Foundation as per drawing
 Leveling of Pump with Shims plates.
 Grouting after chipping of foundation.
 Alignment and Soft Footing (max. allowable 0.001 in)
 Piping Alignment (max. allowable 0.001 in)
 Hot Alignment of Pump.
 Operation Sequence.
(close casing drains, gradually open suction valve, measure shut off
head)
 Rule 1 : PROVIDE SUFFICIENT NPSH
 Rule 2 : REDUCE THE FRICTION LOSSES
 Rule 3 : NO ELBOWS ON THE SUCTION
FLANGE
 Rule 4 : STOP AIR OR VAPOR ENTERING THE
SUCTION LINE
 Rule 5 : CORRECT PIPING ALIGNMENT
 Expansion Joints
 Isolation Valves
 Check Valves
 Reducer
 Elbow
 Strainer
 Foot Valve