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International organization
An international organization, also known as an
intergovernmental organization or an international
institution, is an organization that is established by a treaty, or is
an instrument governed by international law and possessing its
own legal personality, such as the United Nations, the World
Health Organization, Save the Children International, and
NATO.[2][3] International organizations are composed of primarily
member states, but may also include other entities, such as other
international organizations, firms, and nongovernmental The offices of the United Nations in
organizations.[4] Additionally, entities (including states) may hold Geneva (Switzerland), which is the
observer status.[5] An alternative definition is that an international city that hosts the highest number
organization is a stable set of norms and rules meant to govern the of international organizations in the
behavior of states and other actors in the international world.[1]
system.[6][7][4]

Notable examples include the United Nations (UN), Organization for Security and Co-operation in
Europe (OSCE), Bank for International Settlements (BIS), Council of Europe (COE), International
Labour Organization (ILO) and International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL).[8]

Terminology
International Organizations are sometimes referred to as intergovernmental organizations
(IGOs), to clarify the distinction from international non-governmental organizations (INGOs), which
are non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that operate internationally. These include international
nonprofit organizations such as the World Organization of the Scout Movement, International
Committee of the Red Cross and Médecins Sans Frontières, as well as lobby groups that represent the
interests of multinational corporations.

IGOs are established by a treaty that acts as a charter creating the group. Treaties are formed when
lawful representatives (governments) of several states go through a ratification process, providing the
IGO with an international legal personality. Intergovernmental organizations are an important aspect
of public international law.

In 1935, Pitman B. Potter defined international organization as "an association or union of nations
established or recognized by them for the purpose of realizing a common end". He distinguished
between bilateral and multilateral organizations on one end and customary or conventional
organizations on the other end.[9]

Intergovernmental organizations in a legal sense should be distinguished from simple groupings or

coalitions of states, such as the G7 or the Quartet. Such groups or associations have not been founded
by a constituent document and exist only as task groups. Intergovernmental organizations must also
be distinguished from treaties. Many treaties (such as the North American Free Trade Agreement, or
the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade before the establishment of the World Trade
Organization) do not establish an independent secretariat and instead rely on the parties for their
administration, for example by setting up a joint committee. Other treaties have established an
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administrative apparatus which was not deemed to have been granted binding legal authority.[10] The
broader concept wherein relations among three or more states are organized according to certain
principles they hold in common is multilateralism.[11]

Types and purpose

Intergovernmental organizations differ in function, membership, and membership criteria. They have
various goals and scopes, often outlined in the treaty or charter. Some IGOs developed to fulfill a need
for a neutral forum for debate or negotiation to resolve disputes. Others developed to carry out
mutual interests with unified aims to preserve peace through conflict resolution and better
international relations, promote international cooperation on matters such as environmental
protection, to promote human rights, to promote social development (education, health care), to
render humanitarian aid, and to economic development. Some are more general in scope (the United
Nations) while others may have subject-specific missions (such as INTERPOL or the International
Telecommunication Union and other standards organizations). Common types include:

Worldwide or global organizations — generally open to nations worldwide as long as certain

criteria are met: This category includes the United Nations (UN) and its specialized agencies, the
World Health Organization, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the World Bank, and
the International Monetary Fund (IMF). It also includes globally operating intergovernmental
organizations that are not an agency of the UN, including for example: the Hague Conference on
Private International Law, a globally operating intergovernmental organization based in The
Hague that pursues the progressive unification of private international law; the International
Criminal Court that adjudicates crimes defined under the Rome Statute; and the CGIAR (formerly
the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research), a global partnership that unites
intergovernmental organizations engaged in research for a food-secured future.
Cultural, linguistic, ethnic, religious, or historical organizations — open to members based on
some cultural, linguistic, ethnic, religious, or historical link. Examples include the Commonwealth
of Nations, Arab League, Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, Community of
Portuguese Language Countries, Organization of Turkic States, International Organization of
Turkic Culture, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, and Commonwealth of Independent States
(CIS).
Economic organizations — based on macro-economic policy goals: Some are dedicated to free
trade and reduction of trade barriers, e.g. World Trade Organization, International Monetary Fund.
Others are focused on international development. International cartels, such as OPEC, also exist.
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) was founded as an
economic-policy-focused organization. An example of a recently formed economic IGO is the
Bank of the South.
Educational organizations — centered around tertiary-level study. EUCLID University was
chartered as a university and umbrella organization dedicated to sustainable development in
signatory countries; United Nations University researches pressing global problems that are the
concern of the United Nations, its Peoples and Member States.
Health and Population Organizations — based on common perceived health and population
goals. These are formed to address those challenges collectively, for example the
intergovernmental partnership for population and development Partners in Population and
Development.
Regional organizations — open to members from a particular continent or other specific region of
the world. This category includes the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States
(CLACS), Council of Europe (CoE), European Union (EU), Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU),
Energy Community, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Economic Community of West
African States (ECOWAS), Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, African Union
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(AU), Organization of American States (OAS), Association of Caribbean States (ACS), Association
of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), Islamic Development Bank, Union of South American
Nations, Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD), Pacific Islands Forum, South Asian Association for
Regional Cooperation[12] Asian-African Legal Consultative Organization (AALCO) and the
Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS).

Regional organizations

In regional organizations like the European Union, African Union, NATO, and ASEAN, there are
restrictions on membership due to factors such as geography or political regimes. To enter the
European Union (EU), the states require different criteria; member states need to be European,
liberal-democratic political system, and be a capitalist economy.[13]

The oldest regional organization is the Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine, created in
1815 by the Congress of Vienna.

Participation and involvement

There are several different reasons a state may choose membership in an intergovernmental
organization. But there are also reasons membership may be rejected.

Reasons for participation:

Economic rewards: In the case of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA),
membership in the free trade agreement benefits the parties' economies. For example, Mexican
companies are given better access to U.S. markets due to their membership. External actors can
also contribute to economic rewards and fuel the attractiveness of IGOs - notably for developing
countries. For example, external donor funding from the European Union to IGOs in the Global
South.[14]
Political influence: Smaller countries, such as Portugal and Belgium, who do not carry much
political clout on the international stage, are given a substantial increase in influence through
membership in IGOs such as the European Union. Also for countries with more influence such as
France and Germany, IGOs are beneficial as the nation increases influence in the smaller
countries' internal affairs and expanding other nations dependence on themselves, so to preserve
allegiance.
Security: Membership in an IGO such as NATO gives security benefits to member countries. This
provides an arena where political differences can be resolved.
Democracy: It has been noted that member countries experience a greater degree of democracy
and those democracies survive longer.

Reasons for rejecting membership:

Loss of sovereignty: Membership often comes with a loss of state sovereignty as treaties are
signed that require co-operation on the part of all member states.
Insufficient benefits: Often membership does not bring about substantial enough benefit to warrant
membership in the organization.

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Attractive external options: Bilateral co-operation with external actors or competing IGOs may
provide more attractive (external) policy options for member states. Thus, powerful external actors
may undermine existing IGOs.[15]

Privileges and immunities

Intergovernmental organizations are provided with privileges and immunities that are intended to
ensure their independent and effective functioning. They are specified in the treaties that give rise to
the organization (such as the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations and
the Agreement on the Privileges and Immunities of the International Criminal Court), which are
normally supplemented by further multinational agreements and national regulations (for example
the International Organizations Immunities Act in the United States). The organizations are thereby
immune from the jurisdiction of national courts. Certain privileges and immunities are also specified
in the Vienna Convention on the Representation of States in their Relations with International
Organizations of a Universal Character of 1975,.[16] which however has so far not been signed by 35
states and is thus not yet in force (status: 2022).[17]

Rather than by national jurisdiction, legal accountability is intended to be ensured by legal

mechanisms that are internal to the intergovernmental organization itself[18] and access to
administrative tribunals. In the course of many court cases where private parties tried to pursue
claims against international organizations, there has been a gradual realization that alternative means
of dispute settlement are required as states have fundamental human rights obligations to provide
plaintiffs with access to court in view of their right to a fair trial.[19][20]: 77  Otherwise, the
organizations' immunities may be put in question in national and international courts.[20]: 72  Some
organizations hold proceedings before tribunals relating to their organization to be confidential, and
in some instances have threatened disciplinary action should an employee disclose any of the relevant
information. Such confidentiality has been criticized as a lack of transparency.[21]

The immunities also extend to employment law.[22][23] In this regard, immunity from national
jurisdiction necessitates that reasonable alternative means are available to effectively protect
employees' rights;[24] in this context, a first instance Dutch court considered an estimated duration of
proceedings before the Administrative Tribunal of the International Labour Organization of 15 years
to be too long.[25] An international organization does not pay taxes, is difficult to prosecute in court
and is not obliged to provide information to any parliament.[26]

United Nations Agencies and Related organizations

The United Nations focuses on five main areas: "maintaining peace and security, protecting human
rights, delivering humanitarian aid, supporting sustainable development, and upholding international
law".[27] UN agencies, such as UN Relief and Works Agency, are generally regarded as international
organizations in their own right. Additionally, the United Nations has Specialized Agencies, which are
organizations within the United Nations System that have their member states (often nearly identical
to the UN Member States) and are governed independently by them; examples include international
organizations that predate the UN, such as the International Telecommunication Union, and the
Universal Postal Union, as well as organizations that were created after the UN such as the World
Health Organization (which was made up of regional organizations such as PAHO that predated the
UN). A few UN special agencies are very centralized in policy and decision-making, but some are
decentralized; for example, the country-based projects or missions’ directors and managers can
decide what they want to do in the fields.[28]
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The UN agencies have a variety of tasks based on their specialization and their interests. The UN
agencies provide different kinds of assistance to low-income countries and middle-income countries,
and this assistance would be a good resource for developmental projects in developing countries. The
UN has to protect any kind of human rights violation, and in the UN system, some specialized
agencies, like ILO and United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), work in the
human rights' protection fields.[29] The UN agency, ILO, is trying to end any kind of discrimination in
the work field and child labor; after that, this agency promotes fundamental labor rights and to get
safe and secure for the laborers.[30]

History
An early prominent example of an international organization is the Congress of Vienna of 1814–1815,
which was an international diplomatic conference to reconstitute the European political order after
the downfall of the French Emperor Napoleon. States then became the main decision makers who
preferred to maintain their sovereignty as of 1648 at the Westphalian treaty that closed the 30 years’
war in Europe.

The first and oldest international organization—being established employing a treaty, and creating a
permanent secretariat, with a global membership—was the International Telecommunication Union
(founded in 1865). The first general international organization—addressing a variety of issues—was
the League of Nations, founded on 10 January 1920 with a principal mission of maintaining world
peace after World War I. The United Nations followed this model after World War II. This was signed
on 26 June 1945, in San Francisco, at the conclusion of the United Nations Conference on
International Organization, and came into force on 24 October 1945.[31] Currently, the UN is the main
IGO with its arms such as the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), the General Assembly
(UNGA), the International Court of Justice (ICJ), the Secretariat (UNSA), the Trusteeship Council
(UNTC) and the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). Other IGOs include Regional Councils like
ICES and the Mediterranean Science Commission (CIESM), and continental blocks like the European
Union (EU), African Union (AU), East African Community (EAC), and Multi- National Companies
(MNCs) like SHELL.

Expansion and growth

Held and McGrew counted thousands of IGOs worldwide in 2002[32] and this number continues to
rise. This may be attributed to globalization, which increases and encourages the co-operation among
and within states and which has also provided easier means for IGO growth as a result of increased
international relations. This is seen economically, politically, militarily, as well as on the domestic
level. Economically, IGOs gain material and non-material resources for economic prosperity. IGOs
also provide more political stability within the state and among differing states.[33] Military alliances
are also formed by establishing common standards in order to ensure security of the members to
ward off outside threats. Lastly, the formation has encouraged autocratic states to develop into
democracies in order to form an effective and internal government.[34]

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Some estimates indicate that the number of IGOs in the world has increased from less than 100 in
1949 to about 350 in 2000.[35][36]

See also
Politics portal

World portal

Intergovernmentalism
International financial institutions
International organisations in Europe
International relations
International trade
Index of international trade topics
List of intergovernmental organizations
List of organizations with .int domain names
List of regional organizations by population
List of supranational environmental agencies
List of trade blocs
Multilateralism
Non-aggression pact
Regional Economic Communities
Regional integration
Regional organization
Supranational aspects of international organizations
Supranational union
Trade bloc
World government

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Further reading
Barnett, Michael and Finnemore, M. 2004. Rules for the World: International Organizations in
Global Politics. Cornell University Press.
Hurd, Ian. 2018. International Organizations: Politics, Law, Practice. Cambridge University Press.
Lall, Ranjit. 2017. "Beyond Institutional Design: Explaining the Performance of International
Organizations." International Organization 53: 699-732.
Lall, Ranjit. 2023. Making International Institutions Work: The Politics of Performance. Cambridge
University Press.
Muntschick, Johannes, ed. (2022): Regionalism in Africa and External Partners. Uneven
Relationships and (Un)Intended Effects. Cham: Palgrave. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-
10702-3
Claude, Inis L. Jr. (1964) [1959]. Swords into Plowshares: The problems and progress of
international organization (3rd ed.). New York: Random House. OCLC 559717722 (https://www.w
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Pevehouse, Jon C.W., Timothy Nordstron, Roseanne W McManus, Anne Spencer Jamison,
“Tracking Organizations in the World: The Correlates of War IGO Version 3.0 datasets”,
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Eilstrup-Sangiovanni, Mette (2021-03). "What kills international organisations? When and why
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External links
Headquarters of International Organisation (http://www.thegeneralknowledge.in/2015/03/headquar
ters-of-international.html) List of International Organisation and their Headquarters
Procedural history and related documents (http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/ario/ario.html) on the 'Articles
on the Responsibility of International Organizations in the Historic Archives (http://legal.un.org/avl/
historicarchives.html) of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
World News related documents (https://web.archive.org/web/20141228214550/http://snn.co.in/wor
ld-news.html) on the World News related documents
IGO Search (https://web.archive.org/web/20120722070858/http://library.stanford.edu/depts/jonsso
n/collections/intl/igosearch.html): IGO/NGO google custom search engine built by the Govt
Documents Round Table (GODORT) (https://web.archive.org/web/20080807171534/http://wikis.al
a.org/godort/) of the American Library Association.

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