TEMA 2 : Penyenggaraan dan Kesinambungan Hidup

BIDANG
PEMBELAJARAN

2
Sel sebagai Unit Asas Hidupan
BAB
Cell as a Basic Unit of Life

BAB
Konsep PENTING
IMPORTANT concepts
2

Sel tumbuhan seperti Sel haiwan seperti sel

sel palisad dan sel pengawal saraf dan sel otot
Plant cells such as palisade Animal cells such as nerve
cells and guard cells cells and muscle cells

Respirasi sel
Organisma unisel seperti Cellular respiration
amoeba dan yis • Glukosa + oksigen
Unicellular organisms → air + karbon dioksida
such as the amoeba Glucose + oxygen → water
and yeast SEL + carbon dioxide
CELLS

Organisma multisel Fotosintesis

seperti spirogyra dan mucor Photosynthesis
Multicellular organisms • Air + karbon dioksida
such as the spirogyra → glukosa + oksigen
and mucor Water + carbon dioxide
→ glucose + oxygen
Organisasi sel, iaitu sel,
tisu, organ, sistem dan
organisma
Cell organisation, i.e. cells,
tissues, organs, systems
and organisms

APAKAH SEL?
WHAT IS CELL?

Pernahkah anda terfikir, apakah yang membina badan anda? Semua benda hidup dibina daripada unit kecil
yang dikenali sebagai sel. Sel-sel ini membentuk tisu badan dan organ organisma. Tahukah anda respirasi sel
dan fotosintesis berlaku di dalam sel?/Have you ever wondered about what you are made of? All living things
are made of minute units called cells. These cells form the body tissues and organs of organisms. Did you
know that cellular respiration and photosynthesis take place in cells?

21
 NOTA BESTARI
Sel
1. Sel adalah unit asas bagi semua benda hidup.
2. Sel haiwan mempunyai nukleus, sitoplasma, membran
BAB
sel dan mitokondria.
3. Selain struktur sel dalam sel haiwan, sel tumbuhan
2 mengandungi dinding sel, kloroplas dan vakuol.
4. Sel epidermis, sel palisad, sel pengawal dan sel
rerambut akar adalah contoh-contoh sel tumbuhan.
Organisma Unisel dan Multisel
1. Organisma unisel ialah organisma yang terdiri
daripada satu sel sahaja. Seperti contoh, amoeba dan
paramecium.
2. Organisma multisel ialah organisma yang terdiri
daripada banyak sel. Seperti contoh, spirogyra dan
hydra.
Organisasi Sel dalam Manusia
Organisasi sel dalam manusia:
Sel Tisu Organ
Sistem Manusia (organisma)
Sel, Tisu, Organ dan Sistem
1. Sel darah merah, sel darah putih, sel otot, sel
pembiakan dan sel saraf adalah contoh-contoh sel
manusia.
2. Tisu terdiri daripada sekumpulan sel yang sama yang
menjalankan fungsi yang sama. Contoh: Tisu otot
3. Organ terdiri daripada sekumpulan tisu berlainan
yang bekerjasama untuk menjalankan fungsi tertentu.
Contoh: Perut dan usus
4. Sistem terdiri daripada sekumpulan organ berlainan
yang bekerjasama untuk menjalankan fungsi tertentu
dalam proses hidup. Contoh: Sistem rangka
Respirasi Sel
1. Respirasi sel ialah proses yang berlaku sepanjang
masa dalam semua sel hidupan.
2. Oksigen disedut untuk mengoksidakan (membakar)
makanan (glukosa) dalam sel untuk menghasilkan
tenaga dan karbon dioksida dibebaskan.
Glukosa + oksigen → karbon dioksida + air
3. Fotosintesis ialah proses yang dijalankan oleh
tumbuhan hijau untuk membuat makanan.
Karbon dioksida + air → glukosa + oksigen
4. Fotosintesis memerlukan karbon dioksida, cahaya,
klorofil dan air.
22
Cells
1. Cells are basic units of all living things.
2. Animal cells have nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane
and mitochondria.
3. Other than the components of an animal cell, a plant
cell also has a cell wall, chloroplasts and vacuole.
4. The epidermis cell, palisade cell, guard cell and root
hair cell are examples of plant cells.
Unicellular Organisms and Multicellular Organisms
1. Unicellular organisms are organisms that have only
one cell. As examples, amoeba and paramecium.
2. Multicellular organisms are organisms with many
cells. As examples, spirogyra and hydra.
Cell Organisation in Humans
Cell organisation in humans:
Cell Tissue Organ
System Human (organism)
Cells, Tissues, Organs and System
1. Red blood cells, white blood cells, muscle cells,
reproductive cells and nerve cells are examples of
human cells.
2. A tissue is a group of similar cells that perform the
same function. Example: Muscle tissues
3. An organ consists of a group of different tissues which
work together to perform a specific function. Example:
Stomach and intestine
4. A system consists of a group of different organs that
work together to perform a certain function in a life
process. Example: Skeletal system
Cellular Respiration
1. Cellular respiration is a process that occurs in all living
cells all the time.
2. Oxygen is taken in to oxidise (burn away) the food
(glucose) in cells to produce energy and carbon
dioxide is released.
Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
3. Photosynthesis is a process that occurs in green
plants.
Carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen
4. Photosynthesis requires carbon
dioxide, light, chlorophyll and water.
Nota Grafik
 Standard Kandungan
2.1 Sel – Struktur, fungsi dan organisasi Tarikh:

2.1 EKSPERIMEN Struktur sel bawang dan sel pipi PBD

Penemuan
INKUIRI Structure of onion and cheek cells
Inkuiri
Buku teks m/s 48 – 49
Tujuan (a) Menyediakan slaid menggunakan prosedur yang betul
Preparing slides by using the correct procedure
(b) Menggunakan mikroskop dengan prosedur yang betul
Using a microscope according to the correct procedure
Nota Ekstra

BAB
(c) Melukis struktur umum sel haiwan dan sel tumbuhan
Drawing the general structure of an animal cell and a plant cell

Bahan dan
Radas
Larutan metilena biru, larutan iodin, bawang, pencungkil gigi, kertas turas, mikroskop,
penutup kaca, slaid kaca, penitis, pisau cukur, jarum, forsep
2
Methylene blue solution, iodine solution, onion, toothpick, filter paper, microscope, cover slips,
glass slides, dropper, razor blade, needle, forceps

Prosedur 1 Jalankan langkah (a) hingga (f) untuk memerhatikan sel pipi.
Carry out steps (a) to (f) to observe cheek cells.

(a) (b) (c)

Pencungkil
gigi
Toothpick Larutan
metilena
Pencungkil biru
gigi Methylene
Toothpick blue
Air suling solution
Distilled
water

Kikis bahagian dalam etakkan sel pipi di atas

pipi dengan pencungkil
gigi.
Scrape the inside of the
cheek by using a toothpick.
L Tambah setitik larutan
sekeping slaid di dalam metilena biru untuk
titisan air suling. mewarnakan sel pipi.
Place the cheek cells on a Add a drop of methylene
slide in a drop of distilled blue solution to stain the
water. cheek cells.

(d) (e) (f)

Penutup kaca
Cover slip Kertas turas
Jarum Filter paper
Needle

Gunakan jarum untuk erap larutan berlebihan

menurunkan penutup
kaca ke atas sel pipi.
Use a needle to lower the
cover slip onto the cheek
cells.
S erhatikan sel pipi di
P
di sekeliling penutup bawah mikroskop. Lukis
kaca dengan kertas turas. dan label struktur sel
Absorb excess solution pipi.
around the cover slip with Observe the cheek cells
a filter paper. under a microscope. Draw
and label the structure of
the cheek cell.

23
 2 Jalankan aktiviti yang berikut untuk memerhatikan sel epidermis bawang.
Carry out the following activity to observe onion epidermal cells.

Epidermis
Kemudian, ulang langkah 1(b) hingga
Forsep 1(f) untuk memerhatikan sel epidermis
Forceps bawang. Gantikan larutan metilena
biru dalam 1(c) dengan larutan iodin
untuk mewarnakan sel.
BAB

Bawang
Then, repeat steps 1(b) to 1(f) to observe
Onion the onion epidermal cells. Replace the

2 Kupas lapisan epidermis bawang

dengan pisau cukur dan forsep.
methylene blue solution in 1(c) with
iodine solution to stain the cells.
Peel off the epidermal layer of an
onion with a razor blade and forceps.

Keputusan Lukis dan label struktur umum sel pipi (sel haiwan) dan sel bawang (sel tumbuhan).
Draw and label the general structure of a cheek cell (animal cell) and an onion cell (plant
cell).

Membran sel Dinding sel

Cell membrane Cell wall
Membran sel
Sitoplasma Cell membrane Sitoplasma
Cytoplasm Cytoplasm

Nukleus
Nukleus Vakuol Nucleus
Nucleus Vacuole

Sel pipi (Sel haiwan) Sel epidermis bawang (Sel tumbuhan)

Cheek cell (Animal cell) Onion epidermal cell (Plant cell)

Perbincangan 1 Apakah unit asas hidupan?/What is the basic unit of a living thing?  TP1

Sel/Cell

2 Tandakan ( ✓ ) bahagian-bahagian yang terdapat dalam sel haiwan dan sel tumbuhan.
Tick ( ✓ ) the parts that are present in an animal cell and a plant cell.  TP1

Jenis sel Membran sel Nukleus Sitoplasm Kloroplas Vakuol

Type of cell Cell membrane Nucleus Cytoplasm Chloroplasts Vacuole
Sel haiwan
Animal cell ✓ ✓ ✓

Sel tumbuhan
Plant cell ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

3 Sel hidupan mempunyai pelbagai bentuk. Sel yang manakah mempunyai bentuk yang
tetap, sel haiwan atau sel tumbuhan? Terangkan./Living cells have various shapes.
Which of the cells has a fixed shape, the animal cell or the plant cell? Explain.  TP2
Sel tumbuhan . Sel ini mempunyai dinding sel .
The plant cell . It has a cell wall .

Kesimpulan Kedua-dua sel haiwan dan tumbuhan mempunyai membran sel, nukleus dan
sitoplasma .
Both animal and plant cells have cell membrane , nucleus and cytoplasm .

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 Tarikh:

2.2 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Struktur sel dan fungsinya
Cell structures and their functions
PBD
Masteri
KBAT
Buku teks m/s 50 – 52
1 Nama dan padankan bahagian-bahagian sel kepada fungsinya.  TP2
Name and match the parts of the cell with their functions.
Kloroplas Dinding sel Vakuol Membran sel Nukleus Sitoplasma Mitokondria
Chloroplast Cell wall Vacuole Cell membrane Nucleus Cytoplasm Mitochondrion

BAB
Bahagian/Parts Fungsi/Functions

(a) Dinding sel

Cell wall
Mengawal pergerakan bahan keluar dan
masuk ke dalam sel
2
Praktis Controls movement of substances in and out of
Kendiri the cell
(b) Membran sel
Cell membrane Mengandungi pigmen hijau (klorofil) yang
menyerap cahaya matahari untuk proses
fotosintesis
(c) Kloroplas
Contains a green pigment (chlorophyll) that
Chloroplast
absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis

(d) Vakuol Menyokong dan melindungi sel serta

Vacuole mengekalkan bentuk sel
Supports and protects the cell and maintains
the shape of the cell
(e) Sitoplasma
Cytoplasm Tempat berlakunya proses-proses kimia
The place where chemical processes occur
(f) Nukleus Mengawal semua aktiviti sel
Nucleus Controls all the activities of the cell
Sel tumbuhan
Plant cell Menghasilkan tenaga untuk tindak balas
(g) Mitokondria Produces energy for reaction
Mitochondrion
Menyokong sel apabila dipenuhi sap sel
Supports the cell when it is filled with cell sap

2 Daripada maklumat di Soalan 1, lengkapkan peta pokok dengan struktur-struktur yang terdapat
pada sel haiwan dan sel tumbuhan./From the information in Question 1, complete the tree map with
structures found in animal and plant cells.  TP1  

Sel/Cells

Sel haiwan/Animal cells Sel tumbuhan/Plant cell

Nukleus/Nucleus
Sel membran/Membrane cell
Sitoplasma/Cytoplasm
Mitokondria/Mitochondria
Proses pembahagian sel
membentuk sel-sel baharu untuk
Nukleus/Nucleus pertumbuhan dan untuk
menggantikan sel-sel rosak pada
Sel membran/Membrane cell manusia. Kanser disebabkan oleh
Sitoplasma/Cytoplasm pembahagian luar kawalan sel-sel
abnormal di dalam badan.
Mitokondria/Mitochondria
The cell division is a process which
Dinding sel/Cell wall forms new cells for growth and to
replace damaged cells in humans.
Kloroplas/Chloroplast
Cancer is caused by the
Vakuol/Vacuole uncontrolled division of abnormal
cells in the body.

25
 Tarikh:

2.3 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Organisma unisel dan multisel
Unicellular and multicellular organisms
PBD
Masteri
KBAT
Buku teks m/s 53
1 Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan organisma unisel dan multisel?
What are meant by unicellular and multicellular organisms?

(a) Organisma unisel/Unicellular organisms

Praktis Video
satu sel
BAB

Organisma yang terdiri daripada sahaja. Kendiri

Organisms which consist of only one cell  .

2 (b) Organisma multisel/Multicellular organisms

lebih
Organisma yang terdiri daripada satu sel atau
banyak sel.
Organisms which consist of more than one cell or many cells.

2 Namakan organisma yang diberikan. Kemudian, tuliskan organisma unisel (U) atau multisel (M)
dalam petak yang diberikan.  
Name the organisms given. Then, write unicellular organism (U) or multicellular organism (M) in the
boxes provided. 

Hydra Yis/Yeast Euglena Paramecium

Amoeba Mucor Spirogyra Chlamydomonas

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Paramecium U Amoeba U Spirogyra M Euglena U

(e) (f) (g) (h)

Yis
Chlamydomonas U Hydra M Mucor M U
Yeast

3 Daripada jawapan anda di 2, kenal pasti jenis organisma yang mempunyai kloroplas yang
membolehkannya membuat makanan sendiri.  TP2
In your answer in 2, identify the organisms which have chloroplasts that enable them to make their
own food. 
Spirogyra, euglena dan/and chlamydomonas

26
 Tarikh:

2.4 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Pelbagai jenis sel dan fungsinya
Various types of cells and their functions
PBD
Konstruktivisme

Buku teks m/s 54 – 55

1 Nama dan padankan fungsi sel-sel manusia yang diberi.  TP2
Name and match the functions of the human cells given.

Sel darah merah/Red blood cell Sel saraf/Nerve cells Sel otot/Muscle cell

BAB
Sel darah putih/White blood cell Sel epitelium/Epithelium cell Sel pembiakan/Reproductive cell

Sel/Cell
Mengecut dan
Fungsi/Function
Memusnahkan
Sel/Cell
2
mengendur bakteria
untuk Destroy bacteria
menggerakkan
bahagian badan
Contracts and Sel darah merah
Sel saraf
relaxes to move Red blood cell
Nerve cells
the body parts
Menghantar Melindungi
maklumat permukaan
(impuls) di dalam kulit dan organ
badan dalaman
Sel otot Sends information Protects the Sel darah putih
Muscle cell (impulse) in the surface of the White blood cell
body skin and internal
organs
Terlibat dalam Mengangkut
pembiakan oksigen
Involved in Transports
reproduction oxygen
Sel pembiakan Sel epitelium
Reproductive cells Epithelium cell

2 Namakan pelbagai jenis sel tumbuhan berdasarkan fungsinya.  TP2

Name various types of plant cells based on their functions.

Sel palisad Sel pengawal Sel rerambut akar Sel epidermis

Palisade cells Guard cells Root hair cells Epidermal cells

(a) Sel epidermis/Epidermal cells

• Mengurangkan kehilangan air dan
membolehkan pertukaran gas.
Reduces the water loss and enable the
gaseous exchange.

(b) Sel palisad/Palisade cells
• Mengandungi sebahagian besar
kloroplas untuk fotosintesis.
Contain a large amount of
Stoma/Stoma chloroplasts for photosynthesis.

(d) Sel rerambut akar/Root hair cells (c) Sel pengawal/Guard cells
• Menyerap air dan garam mineral daripada • Mengawal saiz stoma (liang daun).
tanah./Absorb water and mineral salts from the Control the size of the stoma
soil. (leaf pore).

27
 Tarikh:

2.5 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Organisasi sel dalam badan manusia
Cell organisation in the human body
PBD
Konstruktivisme

Buku teks m/s 56 – 58

1 Lengkapkan urutan organisasi sel dalam manusia.  TP2
Complete the cell organisation of humans.

Tisu Sistem Sel Organisma Organ

Video
Tissues Systems Cells Organisms Organs
BAB

(a) Sel (b) Tisu (c) Organ (d) Sistem (e) Organisma
2 Cells Tissues Organs Systems Organsims

Sistem Manusia
Manusia
Sistem Manusia
Sistem
pencernaan Human
Sistem
Sistem
pencernaan Manusia
Manusia
Human
pencernaan
Digestive Human
pencernaan
pencernaan
Digestive Human
Human
Digestive
system
Digestive
Digestive
system
system
system
system

Tisu epitelium Perut

Perut Usus
SelSel
epitelium Tisu epitelium Perut Usus
epitelium TisuEpithelial
epitelium tissue Stomach
Sel Epithelial
epitelium Tisu
Tisuepitelium
epitelium Stomach Usus
Perut
Perut Intestine
Epithelial tissuetissue
cell Epithelial Stomach Usus
Usus
Intestine
Sel
Selepitelium
epitelium
Epithelial cell cell
Epithelial Epithelial
Epithelialtissue
tissue Stomach Intestine
Stomach
Epithelial
Epithelialcell
cell Intestine
Intestine
Terdiri
daripada
Unit asas Terdiri beberapa jenis Terdiri Terdiri
bagi semua daripada tisu . daripada daripada
hidupan. sekumpulan berlainan yang beberapa sistem
Basic unit sel bekerjasama. organ berlainan
for all living yang sama. Consists of a yang yang
things. Consists of a few different bekerjasama. bekerjasama.
group of the types of Consists of a Consists of
same type of tissues few organs different
cells . working working systems
together. together. working together.

2 Kenal pasti sistem badan manusia yang diberi.

Identify the given systems in the human body.
Respirasi Saraf Pembiakan Otot Endokrin
Respiratory Nervous Reproductive Muscular Endocrine
Pencernaan Perkumuhan Peredaran darah Rangka Limfa
Digestive Excretory Blood circulatory Skeletal Lymphatic

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Pencernaan Respirasi Saraf Perkumuhan Endokrin

Digestive Respiratory Nervous Excretory Endocrine

• Mencerna • Membolehkan • Menghantar • Menyingkir • Menghasilkan

makanan pertukaran gas impuls hasil perkumuhan hormon
Digests food Enables gaseous Sends impulses Removes waste Produces
exchange products hormone

28
 (f) (g) (h) (i) (j)

BAB
2
Rangka Peredaran darah Pembiakan Otot Limfa
Skeletal Blood circulatory Reproductive Muscular Lymphatic

• Menyokong • Mengangkut • Menghasilkan • Membolehkan • Mempertahankan

badan oksigen dan sel-sel pergerakan badan terhadap
Supports the nutrien pembiakan badan penyakit
body Transports Produces  Enables body Defends the body
oxygen and reproductive movement against diseases
nutrients cells

3 Kenal pasti organ-organ yang membentuk sistem.

Identify the organs that form the systems. 

Peparu/Lungs Otak/Brain Tengkorak/Skull Ginjal/Kidneys

Kulit/Skin Perut/Stomach Sendi/Joints Otot/Muscles
Jantung/Heart Rektum/Rectum Tulang/Bones Ovari/Ovaries
Uterus/Uterus Hati/Liver Trakea/Trachea Testis/Testes
Usus/Intestines Hidung/Nose Alveolus/Alveoli Saraf/Nerves
Salur darah/Blood vessels Saraf tunjang/Spinal cord Mulut/Mouth Pankreas/Pancreas

Sistem/System Organ-organ/Organs

(a) Pembiakan Uterus, ovari, testis
Reproductive Uterus, ovaries, testes
Sistem integumen
(b) Rangka Sendi, tulang, tengkorak melindungi badan
daripada kekeringan dan
Skeletal Joints, bones, skull mengawal suhu badan.
(c) Respirasi Peparu, trakea, hidung, alveolus Contoh organ ialah kulit.
Sistem endokrin
Respiratory Lungs, trachea, nose, alveoli merembeskan hormon
terus ke dalam darah
(d) Pencernaan Perut, usus, hati, mulut, pankreas, rektum untuk mengawal proses
Digestive Stomach, intestines, liver, mouth, pancreas, badan seperti pengawalan
rectum aras gula dalam darah
(insulin).
(e) Perkumuhan Ginjal, kulit, peparu
Excretory Kidneys, skin, lungs The integumentary system
protects the body from
(f) Saraf Saraf tunjang, otak, saraf dehydration and controls
the body temperature.
Nervous Spinal cord, brain, nerves Example of organ is the
skin. The endocrin systems
(g) Peredaran darah Jantung, salur darah secrete hormones directly
Blood circulatory Heart, blood vessels into the blood to control
body processes such as
(h) Otot Otot the control of blood sugar
Muscular Muscles level (insulin).

(i) Endokrin Pankreas, ovari, testis

Endocrine Pancreas, ovary, testes

29
 Standard kandungan
2.2 Respirasi sel dan fotosintesis Tarikh:

2.6 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Respirasi sel dan fotosintesis
Cellular respiration and photosynthesis
PBD
Konstruktivisme
KBAT
Buku teks m/s 59 – 60, 64

1 Jawab soalan-soalan tentang respirasi sel.

Answer the questions about cellular respiration.
(a) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan respirasi sel?/What is meant by cellular respiration?
BAB

Proses penguraian makanan untuk membebaskan tenaga .

2
The process of breaking down food to release energy .
(b) Apakah yang berlaku semasa respirasi sel?  TP2
What happens during the cellular respiration?
Sel hidupan menggunakan glukosa dan oksigen untuk menghasilkan karbon dioksida ,
air dan tenaga .
The living cells use glucose and oxygen to produce carbon dioxide ,
water and energy .
(c) Berdasarkan jawapan anda di 1(b), tuliskan satu persamaan perkataan untuk mewakili respirasi
sel.  TP2
Based on your answer in 1(b), write a word equation to represent cellular respiration.
Glukosa Oksigen Karbon dioksida Air Tenaga
+ + +
Glucose Oxygen Carbon dioxide Water Energy

2 Jawab soalan-soalan tentang fotosintesis./Answer the questions about photosynthesis.

P: Cahaya matahari
Sunlight

Q: Karbon dioksida Video

Carbon dioxide

Praktis
Kendiri
R: Air
S:
Water Pigmen hijau: Klorofill
Green pigment: Chloropyhll

(a) Apakah fotosintesis?/What is photosynthesis? 

Proses yang dijalankan oleh tumbuhan hijau untuk membuat makanan sendiri.
A process that is performed by green plants to make their own food .
(b) Pada rajah di atas, nyatakan syarat-syarat atau faktor-faktor P, Q, R dan S yang diperlukan untuk
proses fotosintesis dengan menggunakan perkataan-perkataan yang berikut:
On the diagram above, state the conditions or factors P, Q, R and S which are needed for the process
of photosynthesis, using the following words:

Klorofil Air Karbon dioksida Cahaya matahari

Chlorophyll Water Carbon dioxide Sunlight

(c) Tuliskan satu persamaan perkataan untuk mewakili fotosintesis.

Write a word equation to represent photosynthesis.

Karbon dioksida + Air Glukosa + Oksigen

Carbon dioxide Water Glucose Oxygen

30
 Tarikh:

2.7 EKSPERIMEN Ujian kanji dalam daun PBD

Penemuan
INKUIRI Starch test in leaves
Inkuiri
KBAT
Buku teks m/s 60
Tujuan Menguji kehadiran kanji dalam daun/To test the presence of starch in leaves

Bahan dan Daun, air, alkohol (etanol), larutan iodin, bikar 250 cm3, tabung uji, penitis, penunu Bunsen,
Radas kasa dawai, tungku kaki tiga, pisau, jubin putih/Leaf, water, alcohol (ethanol), iodine solution,
250 cm3 beaker, test tube, dropper, Bunsen burner, wire gauze, tripod stand, knife, white tile

BAB
Prosedur Jalankan aktiviti di bawah./Carry out the activities below.
A. B. 2
Alkohol
Air
Kukus air Alcohol
Daun Water
Water bath
Leaf Daun
Leaf

Panaskan
Heat
Didihkan sehelai daun hijau dalam Masukkan daun ke dalam tabung uji
bikar berisi air selama lima minit. yang berisi alkohol yang direndam
Boil a green leaf in a beaker of water dalam air panas./Put the leaf into a
for five minutes. test tube containing alcohol, that is
immersed in hot water.
C. D.
Larutan iodin
Iodine solution

Air
Water
Daun
Leaf

Titiskan beberapa titik larutan iodin

Rendamkan daun dalam air panas. ke atas daun./Add a few drops of iodine
Soak the leaf in hot water. solution onto the leaf.

Pemerhatian Warna biru tua terhasil apabila larutan iodin dititis ke atas cebisan-cebisan daun.
A dark blue colour is produced when the iodine solution is dripped onto the leaf.

Perbincangan Berikan tujuan langkah-langkah dalam aktiviti ini.

Give the purpose of each step in this activity.

Langkah/Steps Tujuan/Purpose
Melembutkan daun dan memecahkan dinding sel
A
To soften the leaf and break the cell walls

B Menyingkirkan klorofil /To remove chlorophyll

C Melembutkan daun/To soften the leaf

Menguji kehadiran kanji

D starch
To test the presence of

Kesimpulan Daun hijau mengandungi/Green leaves contain kanji/starch .

AKTIVITI HANDS-ON
Eksperimen Wajib 2 – 5: Faktor-faktor yang diperlukan oleh fotosintesis (rujuk silang m.s. 173 – 180)
Compulsory Experiment 2 – 5: Factors needed by photosynthesis. (cross-reference pp. 173 – 180)

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 PT3 PRAKTIS PENGUKUHAN 2 KOMPONEN
PP

Arahan: Jawab semua soalan.

Instructions: Answer all questions.
Bahagian A/Section A
BAB

1 Rajah 1 menunjukkan struktur Which of the following are C Sperma

2
sel. multicellular microorganisms? Sperm
Diagram 1 shows the structure I Amoeba D Sel darah putih
of a cell. II Spirogyra White blood cell
C III Mucor
IV Chlamydomonas 4 Antara yang berikut, yang
A I dan II B III dan IV manakah yang membina organ?
A I and II III and IV Which of the following builds up
D an organ?
C II dan III D I dan IV
B II and III I and IV A
Rajah 1/Diagram 1

Antara struktur A, B, C dan
3 Antara yang berikut, yang B
D, yang manakah berfungsi manakah terlibat dalam peng-
menyerap cahaya untuk hantaran maklumat?
fotosintesis? Which of the following involves
C
Which of the structures A, B, C or in the sending of information?
D absorbs light for photosynthesis? A Sel saraf
Nerve cell
2 Antara yang berikut, yang B Sel darah merah D
manakah mikroorganisma Red blood cell
multisel?

Bahagian B/Section B

1 (a) Rajah 1 menunjukkan Paramecium yang merupakan sejenis organisma unisel.

Diagram 1 shows a Paramecium which is a type of unicellular organism.
Sitoplasma Nukleus Vakuol Membran sel
Cytoplasm Nucleus Vacuole Cell membrane

M: Membran sel/Cell membrane

N: Sitoplasma/Cytoplasm

Rajah 1/Diagram 1
Label struktur M dan N dalam petak di bawah dengan perkataan yang diberi.  TP1
Label structures M and N in the boxes below with the words given.
[2 markah/2 marks]
(b) Lengkapkan pernyataan di bawah./Complete the statements below.  TP2
(i) Sitoplasma menyediakan tempat untuk proses kimia berlaku.
Cytoplasm supplies a place for chemical processess to take place.
(ii) Membran sel mengawal pergerakan bahan ke dalam dan ke luar sel.
Cell membrane controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
[2 markah/2 marks]

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Bahagian C/Section C
2 (a) Rajah 2.1 menunjukkan bakteria tuberkulosis (batuk kering) yang menyerang peparu manusia.
Diagram 2.1 shows the tuberculosis bacteria that attacks the human lungs.

Bakteria tuberkulosis
Tuberculosis bacteria

BAB
Peparu
Lung

Rajah 2.1/Diagram 2.1 2

(i) Apakah jenis organisma bagi bakteria tuberkulosis, organisma unisel atau multisel? Terangkan.
What type of organism is the tuberculosis bacterium, a unicellular or multicellular organism? Explain.  TP4
Organisma unisel. Bakteria tuberkulosis terdiri daripada satu sel sahaja.
Unicellular organism. The tuberculosis bacterium is made up of only one cell.
[2 markah/2 marks]
(ii) Mengapakah bakteria tuberkulosis hidup pada peparu manusia?  TP4/Menganalisis
Why does the tuberculosis bacterium live in the human lungs?
Bakteria tuberkulosis mendapat makanan daripada sel manusia. Hal ini demikian kerana bakteria
tuberkulosis tidak mempunyai klorofil dan tidak dapat membuat makanan sendiri.
The tuberculosis bacterium obtains food from the human cells. This is because the tuberculosis bacterium
does not have chlorophyll and cannot make its own food.
[3 markah/3 marks]
(b) Amin memerhatikan Spirogyra di bawah mikroskop seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 2.2.
Amin observes Spirogyra under a microscope as shown in the Diagram 2.2.

Rajah 2.2/Diagram 2.2

(i) Berikan penjelasan mengapa Spirogyra dikelaskan sebagai hidupan.  TP3/Mengaplikasi

Give an explanation why Spirogyra is classified as a living thing.
Spirogyra boleh menjalankan proses hidup seperti pembiakan dan respirasi.
Spirogyra can carry out life processes such as reproduction and respiration.
[1 markah/1 mark]
Spirogyra mengandungi sejenis pigmen hijau yang disebut klorofil. Tuliskan satu persamaan perkataan
(ii)
bagi proses yang berlaku yang melibatkan pigmen hijau tersebut dalam keadaan bercahaya.  TP6
Spirogyra contains a type of green pigment called chlorophyll. Write a word equation for the process that
takes place involving the green pigment in the presence of light.
Karbon dioksida/Carbon dioxide + Air/Water Glukosa/Glucose + Oksigen/Oxygen
[1 markah/1 mark]
(c) Encik Hashim ingin meningkatkan kualiti udara di dalam rumahnya tanpa bantuan alat teknologi moden.
Apakah yang boleh dilakukan oleh Encik Hashim? Terangkan./Encik Hashim wants to improve air quality
in his home without the help of modern technological tools. What can Mr. Hashim do? Explain.
Encik Hashim boleh menanam tumbuhan hijau di dalam rumah. Tumbuhan hijau
menyingkirkan karbon dioksida dan menghasilkan oksigen.
Encik Hashim can plant green plants at home. Green plants remove carbon dioxide and produce oxygen. Praktis
[3 markah/3 marks] Formatif

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