Department of Education

Region IX, Zamboanga Peninsula

Division of Zamboanga City
ZAMBOANGA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL WEST
R.T. Lim Boulevard, Zamboanga City

“THE EFFICACY OF SHADDOCK POMELO (Citrus maxima) SHELL AND GUAVA

(Psidium guavaja) LEAVES FIBRE AS AN ADDITIVE COMPONENT FOR MORTAR
CUBES”

A Research Study Submitted in Partial Fulfillment in

the Requirements in Research IV

TAWASIL, NURULSHAFIQAH M.
ASADIL, SHARIFA RHEEZA A.
TUPAY, SITTI RAHMA S.
MADJALES, SHEENA B.
LAROYA, ISMAEL H.
SANGKULA, RINA A.
GALLELA, ISAAC M.
Project Proponents

MS. MARIZON O. LIBRANDO

Research Adviser

Zamboanga National High School-West

School Division Office of Zamboanga City
Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics Program (STEM)

i
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers would like to thank the following people who helped in making the study

possible and successful. Firstly, to Mrs. Marizon O. Librando, who were always there to give

advice and support in order to make the study possible. To Mr. Martin Bolodo Jr., the laboratory

in charge for testing the compressive test at DPWH, for assisting the researchers for conducting

the necessary test for the study. To Mrs. Ermelita Bucoy, the laboratory in charge in the DOST

for letting us borrow the laboratory for research purposes. To G-10 Einstein Researchers, for

helping and letting us borrow the apparatus that we needed for the study. To the research team

for their availability all through the research work, write up and editing of this research paper. To

the researcher’s parents, much appreciation for the never-ending support and guidance. Above

all, to the Almighty God, for the will to face the challenges throughout the study. The researcher

accomplished and completed this study through God’s grace.

ii
 ABSTRACT

An Experimental research study carried out to investigate the potential of Shaddock Pomelo
(Citrus maxima) Shell and Guava (Psidium guavaja) Leaves fibre in enhancing the mortar cubes.
The research design used in this study involved three experimental treatments [T1(60g:60g),
T2(60g:90g), T3(90g:60g)] with three replicate each. Based on the mean result Treatment 3 has
the highest mean with 38.52kN for compressive strength test and lowest mean of water absorbed
which is 1.6g. ANOVA showed that there is a significant difference among treatments in terms
of compressive and water absorbency test. Treatment 3 was the most recommended compared to
treatment 1 and 2 for compressive strength test while in water absorbency test the treatments
were all the same. The result of Post Hoc shows that Treatment 3 is the most significant variant
for compressive and water absorbency test. The Independent t-test conveyed that T3 has the
highest mean for compressive strength and water absorbency test. This study concluded that
shaddock pomelo and guava leaves have the potential in enhancing mortar cubes in terms of
compressive strength test and water absorbency.

Keywords: Shaddock Pomelo (Citrus maxima), Guava (Psidium guavaja), fibres,

additive component for mortar cubes

iii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENT PAGE

Title page………………………………………………………………………………… i

Acknowledgement ………………………………………………………………………. ii

Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………….. iii

Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………… iv

INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………… 1

METHODS AND MATERIALS ………………………………………………. 5

RESULTS ……………………………………………………………………….. 9

DISCUSSION …………………………………………………………………… 14

CONCLUSION …………………………………………………………………. 16

Bibliography ……………………………………………………………………………… 17

Appendices ………………………………………………………………………………. 20

iv
 INTRODUCTION

The cost of the materials used in strengthening the cement goes up every year. Concrete

being imperishable is one of the main issues in the Philippines in the cement industry. Problems

with concrete include construction disintegration, scaling, cracking, efflorescence, and erosion.

Durability is the ability to last a long time without a failure. A durable material contributes a lot

to the environment. Demolition and exploitation for the manufacture of new building materials

donates solid waste that goes to landfills, this contributes to air, land and water pollution.

The structural performance of such elements is governed by the strength of masonry in

compression, shear and bond. Brick/mortar bond strength is needed to minimize moisture

penetration and withstand tensile stresses due to laterally applied loads, movement or settlement

of the masonry elements and temperature changes. The compressive strength of masonry

depends on brick and mortar strength and is also influenced by brick-mortar bond strength [16]. 

In civil engineering and construction industry, different fibres (steel, polypropylene and

glass) are successfully employed in order to improve the strength and durability of cementitious

materials, including mortars and concrete. The addition of fibre to a structure of concrete and soil

mass can greatly improve both toughness and flexural strength by effectively controlling the

crack propagation at the expense of workability. [17]

Discovering the harmful effects of flimsy concrete and cement to the environment, the

student researchers gained inspiration on coming up with the study on how to reduce it. The

current shortage of cement in the Philippines is likely delaying construction projects, according

to Pronove Tai International Consultants. It also happens that the environment is experiencing a

1
crisis because of pollution due to too much waste. Student researchers are making a difference

twice by using environmental friendly supplies and materials to fix another problem.

The researchers came up with a goal about strengthening the concrete durability. An idea

about using waste; Shaddock Pomelo (Citrus maxima) shell and Guava (Psidium guavaja) leaves

fibre as an additive component for mortar cubes. The researchers chose Shaddock Pomelo and

Guava since both are rich in fibre, Pomelo has a six grams of fibre per serving [18].
As for Guava

fruit it is loaded with insoluble fibre. In a 100-gram serving of freshly diced guava, 13 grams of

total fibre and almost 12 of those grams are insoluble [19]

. Fibre is very helpful in preventing

small cracks caused by shrinkage.

The study aimed to investigate the potential of Shaddock Pomelo (Citrus Maxima) shell

and Guava (Psidium guavaja) leaves fibre as an additive component for mortar cubes.

Specifically, this sought to answer the following questions:

1) Which among the treatments [T1(60g:60g), T2(60g:90g), and T3(90g:60g)] of Shaddock

Pomelo (Citrus Maxima) shell fibre and Guava (Psidium guavaja) leaves fibre can be an additive

component for mortar cubes in terms of:

a. Compressive Strength Test

b. Water Absorption Test

2) Is there a significance difference among the treatments [T1(60g:60g), T2(60g:90g), and

T3(90g:60g)] of Shaddock Pomelo (Citrus Maxima) shell fibre and Guava (Psidium guavaja)

leaves fibre as an additive component for mortar cubes in terms of:

a. Compressive Strength Test

b. Water Absorption Test

2
3) Is there a significant difference between the most recommended treatment of Shaddock

Pomelo (Citrus Maxima) shell fibre and Guava (Psidium guavaja) leaves fibre comparable to the

controlled treatment in terms of;

a. Compressive Strength Test.

b. Water Absorption Test

This study was significant in making concrete blocks more durable and stronger. A durable

concrete benefits the environment by conserving resources, reducing wastes and minimizing the

environmental effects of maintenance and replacement. It is important to be well informed in

strengthen a mortar cubes, which is commonly used in houses, industrial buildings and roads.

The study aimed to provide an eco-friendly construction material by using ecological waste such

as Shaddock Pomelo shell and Guava leaves fibre as an additive component for mortar cubes.

This research study can benefit the environment, community, and infrastructure by providing a

durable and strengthened mortar cube that can help prevent walls and roads from breaking apart.

This study can also serve as a source of information for the Department of Public Works and

Highways in developing a construction material from ecological waste. Additionally, this study

can help future researchers in acquiring new knowledge to advance the idea of recycling and

reusing waste.

The researchers conducted a study to test the effectiveness of Shaddock Pomelo (Citrus

Maxima) shell fibre and Guava (Psidium guavaja) leaves fibre as an additive component to

reinforce mortar cubes. The study was conducted in three locations: Zamboanga National High

School West DOST Laboratory, Zamboanga National High School West, and the Department of

Public Works and Highway Regional Office's Quality Assurance. Only Shaddock Pomelo

(Citrus Maxima) shell fibre and Guava (Psidium guavaja) leaves fibre were used as additives in

3
the study. The study was limited to three set-ups, with a total of 15 replicates. Wherein the first

set-up, there would be 2 replicates and for the second set-up, there would be 3 replicates.

4
 METHODS AND MATERIALS
Research Design

This research study utilized an experimental research design, which is the completely

randomized design. In this design, treatments were assigned completely at random. There are

three treatments [T1 (1:1)] [T2 (1:2)] [T3 (2:1)] with two (2) replicates each for compressive

strength test and three (3) replicates each for water absorbency test. The independent variable in

the study is the Shaddock Pomelo (Citrus maxima) and Guava (Psidium guavaja) while the

compressive strength test and water absorbency test are the dependent variables.

Research locale

The experiment was conducted at the DOST Laboratory, Zamboanga National High

School-West R.T. Lim Boulevard, Zamboanga City with the supervision of the Research

Teacher.

Gathering of materials

A total of two hundred forty (240) grams of guava leaves was gathered at Brgy. Canelar

Moret Zamboanga City and two hundred forty grams of shaddock pomelo shell was bought at

Magay public market Zamboanga City. Then fifteen thousand (15,000) g of sand and thirteen

thousand and five hundred (13,500) g of cement were bought in one of the local stores in

Zamboanga City.

Proper protocol in identification of shaddock pomelo and Guava leaves

In securing the proper identification of shaddock pomelo and guava leaves, a letter

was sent to the Department of Agriculture Bureau of Plant Industry national plant quarantine

5
service division at station-18 port of Zamboanga City signed by the Research Adviser Mrs.

Marizon O. Librando and the Science department head Mr. Abdu-Aziz J. Bensali regarding the

proper identification of shaddock pomelo and guava leaves. The researchers consulted the office

and asked for the identification of the shaddock pomelo and guava leaves with proper

certification.

Preparation of Moulders

Moulders were made from plyboard. It was measured with dimensions of 2 inches

length, 2 inches width and 2 inches height. The dimensions were suggested and provided by

Department of Public works and Highways laboratory.

Sterilization of Materials

The containers and moulds were washed with warm water for 5 minutes. The

sterilized containers were then kept in a dry place for the preparation of shaddock pomelo

shell and guava leaves that was also been cleansed with water.

Preparation of amounts of shaddock pomelo shell, guava leaves, sand, and cement

The shaddock pomelo shell and guava leaves were sundried for seven (7) days. It

was then pounded using mortar and pestle. 60g of shaddock pomelo shell, 60g of guava leaves,

1,000g of sand, 900g of cement were measured using the analytical balance scale and 340mL of

water for treatment 1. The same procedure was repeated for treatment 2 with 60g of shaddock

pomelo shell and 90g of guava leaves, and treatment 3 with 90g of shaddock pomelo shell and

60g of guava leaves. A controlled treatment was made without the application of shaddock

pomelo shell and guava leaves. The mixtures were placed in the moulders. A total of twenty-one

(21) mortar cubes were made.

6
Casting of the treatments

Castor oil was applied inside the 2inch x 2inch x 2inch sized cube. Then, filled it

with mortar. Afterwards, it was screeded using a cement shovel and it was formed using the

method of hand tamping.

Curing of the treatments

The mortar cubes were demolded after 24 hours, and the top was marked for

identification and then was placed into a small curing container with poly sheet, it was cured for

7 days.

Testing of Parameters

a. Compressive Strength Test

This test was conducted at the Department of Public Works and Highway with the

use of (UTM) Universal Testing Machine with the provision of the laboratory in-charge officer.

Six (6) mortar cubes of shaddock pomelo shell and guava leaves, and two (2) mortar cubes

without shaddock pomelo shell and guava leaves undergone the test with the unit measurement

of Kilo newton (kN).

b. Water Absorbency Test

The water absorbency test was done by measuring first the presoaking weight of

the nine (9) shaddock pomelo shell and guava leaves mortar cubes, and three (3) mortar cubes

without shaddock pomelo shell and guava leaves then it was soaked in the water for one (1) hour.

After another hour, the mortar cubes were cooled down in room temperature then weighed again

7
using the analytical scale. The initial weight was subtracted to the final weight to determine the

difference.

Proper waste disposal

After the experimentation, the researchers made sure that the excess materials that is no

longer needed was collected and dispose properly. The leftover shaddock pomelo shell and

Guava leaves was buried in the ground.

Statistical Analysis

Statistical tool (without control set up)

A. Mean was used to determine which treatment is a good additive component for mortar

cubes in terms of compressive strength test and water absorbency test.

B. One-way ANOVA was used to determine if there is a significant difference between

the experimental Treatment 1, 2, and 3 in terms of compressive strength and water absorbency.

C. Independent T-test was used to determine the significant difference between the most

recommended treatment and the controlled treatment in terms of compressive strength and water

absorbency test.

8
 RESULTS

Table 1. Mean of the Durability Capacity of the 3 Treatments used in Compressive

Strength Test Kilonewton (kN).
Treatment Shaddock Durability Capacity in Kilonewton Mean
Pomelo Shell and Guava
Leaves R1 R2
T1 (60g:60g) 26.2 kN 26.92 kN 26.56 kN
T2 (60g:90g) 24.3 kN 27.4 kN 28.85 kN
T3 (90g:60g) 35.94 kN 41.1 kN 38.52 kN
T4 (Controlled Variable) 30.11 kN 24.78 kN 27.45 kN

Table 1 shows the mean durability capacity of T1, T2, T3 and T4 in terms of
compressive strength. As shown in the table above the highest kilonewton is treatment 3 with a
mean of 38.52 kN followed by treatment 2 with 28.85 kN lastly treatment 1 with 26.56 kN.

Table 2. Mean difference of T1, T2, T3 and T4 in terms of Water Absorbency Test.

Treatments Mean Difference in weight (g) Mean (g)

R1 R2 R3

T1 (60g:60g) 2 1 4 2.3
T2 (60g:90g) 1 2 2 1.67
T3 (90g:60g) 1 0 4 1.67
T4 (Controlled 3 1 0 1.3
Variable)

Table 2 shows the water absorption of T1, T2, T3 and T4 in terms of water absorbency
test. As shown in the table the lowest mean in the experimental set up is treatment 3 and
treatment 2 with a mean of 1.6 grams followed by treatment 1 with 2.3 grams.

9
 Table 3. One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) results showing the difference of
the durability capacity of the treatments 1, 2 and 3 in terms of compressive strength.
Group Sum of df Mean F Sig. Decision Interpretation
Squares Square
Between 202.7164 2 101.3582
Groups Reject
Within 18.377 3 6.125667 16.5464 0.023963 Null Significant

Groups 8 Hypothesis
Total 221.0934 5
a=0.05

Table 3 shows the One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) result showing the
difference in mean durability capacity of T1, T2 and T3. As shown in the table above the
computed p-value is 0.023963 that is less than the alpha 0.05. The decision is to reject null
hypothesis. Therefore, there is a significant difference among the three treatments in terms of
Compressive Strength Test.

Table 4. One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Results Showing the Difference in

the Mean Weight of T1, T2, and T3 in terms of water absorbency test.
Group Sum of df Mean F Sig. Decision Interpretation
Squares Square
Between 9.555556 2 4.777778
Groups Reject
Within 5.333333 6 0.888889 5.375 0.045963 Null Significant

Groups Hypothesis
Total 14.88889 8
a=0.05

Table 4 shows the One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) results the mean difference
of weight of T1, T2, and T3 in terms of water absorbency test. As shown the p-value is 0.045963
which is less than the alpha 0.05. Further, this means that the decision is to reject the null

10
 hypothesis. Therefore, there is a significant difference among the treatments in terms of water
absorbency test. This implies that the treatments are the same regardless of the amount of
shaddock pomelo shell and guava leaves.

Table 5. Post hoc Tukey showing the Multiple Comparison of Mean in Durability
Capacity of the Treatments (T1, T2, and T3)
Treatment Treatment Mean Std. Sig. 95% Decision
Difference Error
Lower Upper
Bound Bound
T1 T2 -0.71 3.031254 .700 -5.5616 7.0716 Not
Significant
T3 -11.96 3.031254 .000 -18.3216 -5.5984 Significant

T2 T1 0.71 3.031254 .700 -7.0716 5.5616 Not

Significant
T3 -12.67 3.031254 .000 -19.0316 -6.3084 Significant

T3 T1 11.96 3.031254 .000 5.598404 18.3216 Significant

T2 12.67 3.031254 .000 6.308404 19.0316 Significant

Table 5 shows the Post hoc test (Tukey) Showing the Multiple Comparison of Mean
Durability Capacity of the Treatments (T1, T2, and T3). The result revealed that treatment 1 and
2 showed no significant difference with a p-value of 0.7, treatment 2 and 3 showed a significant
difference with a p-value .000, treatment 3 and 1 showed a significant difference with a p-value
of 0.00. The results revealed that treatment 3 is the most significant variant.

Treatment Treatment Mean Std. Error Sig. 95% Decision

Difference
Upper Lower
Bound Bound

11
T1 T2 -0.333333 1.333333 .700 2.095079 1.42841 Not
Significant
T3 -2 1.333333 .000 -0.23825 -3.76175 Significant

T2 T1 0.333333 1.333333 .700 1.428412 -2.09508 Not

Significant
T3 -2.333333 1.333333 .000 -0.57159 -4.09508 Significant

T3 T1 2 1.333333 .000 3.761746 0.238254 Significant

T2 2.333333 1.333333 .000 4.095079 0.571588 Significant

Table 6. Post hoc Tukey showing the Multiple Comparison of Mean of Water
Absorbed by the Treatments (T1, T2, T3 and T4).

Table 6 shows the Post hoc test (Tukey) Showing the Multiple Comparison of Mean
water absorbed by the Treatments (T1, T2, T3 and T4). The result revealed that treatment 1 and 2
showed no significant difference with a p-value of 0.7, treatment 2 and 3 showed a significant
difference with a p-value .000, treatment 3 and 1 showed a significant difference with a p-value
of 0.00. The results revealed that treatment 3 is the most significant variant.

Sig t df Sig (two- Decision Interpretation

tailed)

Equal 2.985769 2 0.096251

variances
Kilo assumed Reject
Newton Equal 0.048125 2.985769 2 0.096251 Null Significant
variances Hypothesis
not
assumed
Table 7. Independent T-test Result Showing the Difference in the Mean Kilonewton
between Treatment 3 and Controlled Treatment.

Table 7 shows the Independent T-test results showing the difference in the mean
kilonewton between treatment 3 and controlled treatment. As shown in the table above, when the
Independent T-test was carried out results shows that p-value is 0.048125 which is less than the

12
alpha 0.05 which means the decision is to reject the null hypothesis. Therefore, there is a
significant difference between controlled treatment and treatment 3 in terms of compressive
strength test. This implies that treatment 3 is comparable to controlled treatment.

Table 8. Independent T-test Result Showing the Difference in the Mean Weight
between Treatment 3 and Controlled treatment.
Sig t df Sig (two- Decision Interpretation
tailed)
Equal 0.223607 4 0.834019
variances
assumed Accept Null
Kilo 0.41701 Hypothesis Not
Equal 0.223607 4 0.834019
Newton Significant
variances
not
assumed

Table 8 shows the result of the independent T-test to determine if a difference existed
between the statistical mean of the water gained by treatment 3 and controlled treatment. Since
the computed p=0.41701 equal variances assumed is greater than p=0.05, the decision is to
accept the null hypothesis. The result implies that treatment 3 and controlled treatment has no
significant difference in terms of water absorbency test. This further indicates that treatment 3 is
comparable to controlled treatment in terms of water absorbency.

DISCUSSION

13
 Table 1 shows the mean for the durability capacity of T1, T2, T3 and T4 in terms of

compressive strength. The highest mean is treatment 3 which is 38.52 kN followed by treatment

2 with 28.85 kN lastly treatment 1 with 26.56 kN.

Table 2 shows the water absorption of T1, T2, T3 and T4 in terms of water absorbency

test. The lowest mean in the experimental set up is treatment 3 and treatment 2 with a mean of

1.6 grams followed by treatment 1 with 2.3 grams.

Table 3 shows the One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) results showing the

difference in mean durability capacity of T1, T2 and T3. The computed p-value is 0.023963 that

is less than the alpha 0.05. The decision is to reject null hypothesis. Therefore, there is a

significant difference among the three treatments in terms of Compressive Strength Test.

Table 4 shows the One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) results the mean difference

of weight of T1, T2, and T3 in terms of water absorbency test. The p-value is 0.045963 which is

less than the alpha 0.05. This means that the decision is to reject the null hypothesis. Therefore,

there is a significant difference among the treatments in terms of water absorbency test. This

implies that the treatments are the same regardless of the amount of shaddock pomelo shell and

guava leaves.

Table 5 shows the Post hoc test (Tukey) Showing the Multiple Comparison of Mean

Durability Capacity of the Treatments (T1, T2, and T3). The result revealed that treatment 1 and

2 showed no significant difference with a p-value of 0.7, treatment 2 and 3 showed a significant

difference with a p-value .000, treatment 3 and 1 showed a significant difference with a p-value

of 0.00. The results revealed that treatment 3 is the most significant variant.

14
 Table 6 shows the Post hoc test (Tukey) Showing the Multiple Comparison of Mean

water absorbed by the Treatments (T1, T2, T3 and T4). The result revealed that treatment 1 and 2

showed no significant difference with a p-value of 0.7, treatment 2 and 3 showed a significant

difference with a p-value .000, treatment 3 and 1 showed a significant difference with a p-value

of 0.00. The results revealed that treatment 3 is the most significant variant.

Table 7 shows the Independent T-test results showing the difference in the mean

kilonewton between treatment 3 and controlled treatment. As shown in the table above, when the

Independent T-test was carried out results shows that p-value is 0.048125 which is less than the

alpha 0.05 which means the decision is to reject the null hypothesis. Therefore, there is a

significant difference between controlled treatment and treatment 3 in terms of compressive

strength test. This implies that treatment 3 is comparable to controlled treatment.

Table 8 shows the result of the independent T-test to determine if a difference existed

between the statistical mean of the water gained by treatment 3 and controlled treatment. Since

the computed p=0.41701 equal variances assumed is greater than p=0.05, the decision is to

accept the null hypothesis. The result implies that treatment 3 and controlled treatment has no

significant difference in terms of water absorbency test. This indicates that treatment 3 is

comparable to controlled treatment in terms of water absorbency.

15
 CONCLUSION

A study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of Shaddock Pomelo (Citrus maxima)

Shell and Guava (Psidium guavaja) Leaves fibre as an additive component for mortar cubes. For

compressive strength and water absorbency test, the most recommended treatment was treatment

3 with a mixture 90 grams of shaddock Pomelo and 60 grams of Guava leaves a mean of 38.52

kilo Newton and with a mean of 1.6g water absorbed. Since the decision was to accept null

hypothesis, the results means that treatment 3 is better compared to the other treatments. This

study concluded that Shaddock Pomelo Shell and Guava leaves has the potential in being an

additive component for the durability of mortar cubes in terms of compressive strength. For the

water absorbency test the mortar cubes that absorbed the least water is the most durable.

RECOMMENDATION

Cotton Fruit shell fibre (Sandoricum koetiape) is recommended in making an additive

component for improvement of mortar cubes for its rich in fibre content [25]
. The test

recommended is the fire retardant, it is the recommended test since compressive strength and

water absorbency were commonly used and extended the curing phase for 30 days.

16
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APPENDICES

20
Appendix A: Schematic Diagram

21
Gathering of materials

Proper protocol for the identification of Shaddock

Pomelo shell fibre and guava leaves

Preparation of Moulders

Sterilization of Materials

Preparation of the amounts of shaddock pomelo

shell, guava leaves, sand, and cement

Casting off the treatments

Curing of the treatments

22

Testing of Parameters
Proper waste disposal

Statistical Analysis

Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of the Experiment

Appendix B: Photo Documentation

23
 Gathering of Materials

Proper protocol identification of shaddock

pomelo shell fibre and guava leaves

24
 Sterilization of materials

Preparation of the amounts of Shaddock

Pomelo shell, Guava Leaves, Sand, and
cement

25
Casting off the treatments

Data Gathering

Proper Waste of Disposal

26
Appendix C: Definition of Terms

27
Cement- this term refers to powdery substance mixed with Shaddock Pomelo shell fibre, Guava

leaves fibre, water and sand in order to make durable and high in strength mortar cubes.

Shaddock pomelo shell fibre- this term refers to the outer part of the Shaddock pomelo that is

used as an additive in making mortar cubes.

Guava leaves fibre- this term refers to the guava fruit that was used as an additive in making

mortar cubes.

Compressive strength test- it refers to the test that measures the durability of the mortar cubes

and it was placed in universal testing machine where a pressure is gradually applied until the

mortar cubes ruptured.

Universal Testing Machine – this term refers to a machine used for compressive strength test of

mortar cubes

Water absorption test- it refers to the test that measures how much volume of water can a

mortar cube absorb, and mortar cubes are weighed in dry condition and let them immerse in

water and mortar cubes are taken out and weigh it in wet condition.

28
Sand- this term refers to the fine aggregate mix with Shaddock pomelo, Guava leaves fibre,

cement, and water to make durable and high in strength mortar cubes.

Mortar- this term refers to the admixture of Shaddock pomelo, Guava, cement sand and water.

Hand Tamping- this term refers to the technique used to compact the concrete into a dense mass

and to force the larger particles of coarse aggregate slightly below the surface.

Appendix D: Letter of Communication

29
Appendix E: Certification

30
 Appendix F: Gantt Chart

Activities Months

31
 August Septembe October Novembe Decembe January February March April

r r r

making a
research
title
Working
with
research
introductio
n
Making
chapter 1
Making
chapter 2
Making
chapter 3
Making
revision on
research
paper
Making the
research
paper’s
Gantt Chart
Making the
appropriate
letters
needed for
the
research
study
Asking
permission
s to the
authorities
Gathering
of the
materials
needed
Preparation
of the
treatments
Casting of
mortar

32
cubes
Curing of
the mortar
cubes
Laboratory
test and
data
analysis
Making the
results
section
Finalizatio
n of the
research
paper
Revision of
the final
paper

33
Appendix G: Raw Data

34