1

]]earm wó b*0awm t&[awm or®morÁK'¨ó}}

bk&m;? w&m;? oHCm? rdb? q&mwdkYtm;
þ"r®pmpkjzifh &dkaopGm uefawmhyg\/

tonf;tpm;xdk;rSmvm;
owdtpm;xdk;rSmvm;

a'gufwm pdk;vGif (rEÅav;)

]0dok'd¨r*f}
"r®vrf;-0dyóemoifwef;twGuf
xkwfa0onf/
 2

tonf;tpm;xdk;rSmvm;
owdtpm;xdk;rSmvm;

jrwf p G m bk & m;&J U w&m;awG tm;xk w f &

wmuawmh qif ; &J c yf o d r f ; csKyf N id r f ; zd k Y y gyJ /
qif ; &J u d k b,f o l r S r vk d c sif M uygbl l ; / omref
vl t rsm;od w J h q if ; &J u yk d u f q H r &S d & if q if ; &J
w,f/ a&m*g jzpf&if qif;&Jw,f/ qif;&JwJhxJrSm
yd k u f q H & S d a yrJ h v nf ; aemuf q H k ; aorS m awmh
aMumufwmyJ/ aojcif;qif;&Ju tqdk;qHk;aygh/
'Dawmhaojcif;qif;&Ju vGwfajrmufwJh
 3

csrf;om&zdkY jrwfpGmbk&m;u vrf;nTefcJhwmyg/

ed A Á m ef a &muf w ,f q k d w mu aojcif ; u vG w f
ajrmuf o G m ;wmyJ / 'D a wmh j rwf p G m bk & m;u
aojcif;qif;&Ju vGwaf tmif twåtjrifeu YJ awmh
vGwfvdkYr&bl;/ tewå½Iaxmifhu ESvHk; oGif;rS
aojcif ; u vG w f a jrmuf E k d i f w ,f q d k N yD ;
y#dpöorkyÜg'fqdkwJh aMumif;usdK;quf a'oemudk
a[mMum;cJw h m jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh y#dpo ö rkygÜ 'f
jzpfwJh &kyfemrfwdkY&JU aMumif;usdK;qufEG,frIudk
aojcif; qif;&Ju vGwfajrmufEkdifwJh ½Iaxmifhu
aeNyD;awmh pOfpm;MunfhEdkifygw,f/
y#d p ö o rk y Ü g 'f q k d w m taMumif ; aMumif h
tusKd ; jzpf a y:wmyJ / aojcif ; bmaMumif h j zpf
wmvJvdkY taMumif;udk&Sm&if Zmwd&vkdYjzpfwmyg/
'Dawmh jrwfpGmbk&m;u bmudkpOf;pm;pOf;pm;
 4

taMumif ; eJ Y t usd K ;ud k pOf ; pm;w,f / aowm

bmaMumif h a ovJ q d k & if Zmwd & vk d Y y g/ tJ ' D v d k
taMumif ; eJ Y t usd K ;eJ Y pOf ; pm;zd k Y a umif ; w,f /
uRefawmfwdkYu tJ'Dvdk rpOf;pm;wwfbl;? Zmwd
&NyD;rS raocsifawmhwmyg/
tckuRefawmfwdkYu Zmwd&NyD;NyD/ Zmwd
qkdwmarG;zGm;wmygyJ/ uRefawmfwdkYu arG;NyD;rS
raocsifawmhwmyg/ jrwfpGmbk&m;u Zmwd&&if
awmh aorSmyJ/ Zmwd qdkwJh taMumif;w&m;&Sd&if
aojcif ; qd k w J h tusKd ; w&m;u a&S m if v d k Y r &
ygbl;/ b,fvdkrS a&SmifvdkYr&bl;/ uRefawmfwdkYu
tJ ' D v d k vuf r cH E k d i f b l ; / ajymcsif w mu
taMumif;jynfph &kH if tusKd ;jzpfw,fqw kd hJ tewåukd
vufrcHEidk b f ;l / Zmwd&Ny;D rS ud, k t
hf vdt k wdik ;f rao
csifwmyg/ 'gudk cyfayghayghav; pOf;pm;aevdkYyg/
 5

'gu tav;te,fxm;&rJh pOf;pm;p&m

wpfckudkajymjywm/ 'Dawmh 'D,HkMunfrIqdkwm
Ak ' ¨ a 'oemrS m awmh ]o'¨g} vd k Y qd k y gw,f /
'D,HkMunfrIu (blind faith) rsufuef;,HkMunf
rIrsdK; r[kwfygbl;/ tusKd;eJYtaMumif;eJY rSefuef
wJhvrf;aMumif;ay:rSm qifjcifpOf;pm;NyD;awmh
,HkMunfwJh o'¨gw&m;udk ac:wmyg/
'Dawmh jrwfpmG bk&m;u raocsi&f if Zmwd
r&atmif v k y f & r,f ? Zmwd & aeoí aorS m yJ
vdkYqdkawmh uRefawmfwdkYu odyfrESpfoufMubl;/
uRefawmfwdkYu Zmwd&NyD;rS raocsifawmhwm/
jrwf p G m bk & m;a[mcJ h w J h w&m;awG qd k w mu
wpfckckudk xkd;xdk;xGif;xGif; jrif&if usefwm
awG v J j rif w ,f / bmvd k Y v J q d k & if obm0rS m
ed,mrawG&Sdw,f/ ed,mrqdkwm jzpfNrJ"r®wmyJ/
 6

yHkaoenf;awGygyJ? wpfckudk em;vnf&if usefwm

awGvnf; em;vnfvmw,f/ ed,mrqdkwm(law)
ygyJ? lawqdkwm yHkaoenf;twdkif;jzpfaewmyg/
'Dawmh aojcif;rS vGefajrmufw,fqdkwm
Zmwd&NyD;rSawmh vGefajrmufrSm r[kwfygbl;/
jrwfpGmbk&m;u ZmwdqdkwJhtaMumif;w&m;&Sd&if
aojcif;qdkwJhtusKd;u jzpfrSmyJ/ raocsif&if
Zmwd q d k w J h t aMumif ; rjzpf r S / 'D a wmh jrwf p G m
bk & m;u taMumif ; y,f z d k Y y J a[mcJ h w myg/
'gaMumifh taMumif;udk odrf;qnf;wJhÓPfu
odyfta&;BuD;ygw,f/
'Dawmh Zmwdr&zdkYqdkwm ZmwdbmaMumifh
jzpfwmvJqdkwJhtaMumif;udk jrwfpGmbk&m;u
pOf;pm;qifjcif ygw,f/ obm0BuD;rSm vlawG
arG ; vd k u f a ovk d u f a wG Y a e&wmyJ / 'D v d k Z mwd
 7

bmhaMumifhjzpfvmwmvJ/ arG;jcif;eJYaojcif;u
vlwdkif; awGYBuHKae&w,f/ aowmvnf;awGY
aew,f/ arG;wmvnf;awGYaew,f/ bmaMumifh
arG;wmwkef;qdkwm pOf;pm;zdkY aumif;w,f/
odyÜHynmuawmh rdbESpfyg; aygif;zufvdkY
arG;w,f/ 'gayrJh taMumif;w&m;u 'Dwpfck
xJawmhr[kwfbl;/ jrwfpGmbk&m; &SmazGwJhtcgrSm
uHqdkwJh }ur®owåd}udk oGm;awGYw,f/ oAÁñkw
ÓPf a wmf e J Y r S a wG Y & wmyg/ 'D u H u d k xd k ; xG i f ;
odjrifzdkYurvG,fvSygbl;/ Zmwd&JUtaMumif;udk
odrf;qnf;zdkYu tcufqHk;ygyJ/
uRefawmfwdkYu uHudkodzdkY&m cufw,fvdkY
rxifMubl;/ olrsm;yg;pyfzsm; ajymvdkYom uH-
uHeJY ajymaewmyg/ 'DuHukd ÓPfrSm ay:vGifzdkYu
rvG,fbl;/ vG,fatmifajym&&if uHu rsKd;aph
 8

"mwfeJUwlw,f/ opfyifrSmawmif ajrBuD;&,f?

a&&,f? ae&,f pwJhtaMumif;awGaygif;qHkrS
rsKd;aphutyif aygufwm/ tJh'Dtwdkif;yJ ½kyf
w&m;rSmawmh rsKd;aphujrifomayrJh emrfw&m;
rS m awmh rsKd ; aph u rjrif o mbl ; / rd b ES p f y g;
aygif;zufw,fqdkwmu ajrwdkYa&wdkYeJYwlw,f/
rsKd ; aph u rjrif o mbl ; ? rsKd ; aph u uH o wå d y J /
½kyfrSmvnf; rsKd;aph"mwf&Sdovdk emrfrSmvnf;
rsKd;aph"mwf&Sdw,f/ obm0qdkwm twlwlyJ/
obm0w&m;awG & J U ed , mr (law) ud k
pOf;pm;zdkY aumif;w,f/ ½kyfrSmvnf; rsKd;aph&Sdovdk
emrfrmS vnf; rsK;d aph&w
dS ,f/ ½kyrf sK;d aphu jrif&w,f/
emrfrsKd;aphus rjrif&bl;/ 'gayrJh ½kyfw&m; emrf
w&m;awGqdkwm obm0w&m;awGyJ/ obm0&JU
jzpf p Of a wG u twl w l y J / bmjyKvd k Y v J q d k & if
 9

ed , mrqd k w J h (law) jzpf a evd k Y y J / obm0rS m

qefYusifbufawGu &Sdaew,f/ tyltat;vnf;
qefYusifbuf? rmwmaysmhwm? wGef;wmwdk;wm
vif;wmarSmifwmawG tm;vHk;u qefYusifbuf
w&m;awGy/J avmurSm qefu Y sibf ufw&m;awGu
'GefwGJNyD; &SdaeMuwmyg/
tzdk"mwftr"mwfawGvnf; qefYusif
buf w&m;yJ/ 'Dawmh ½kyfeJYemrfvnf; qefYusif
bufw&m;ESpfckyJ? &kyfu rodwwfbl;/ emrfu
odwwfw,f/ 'gayrJh qefYusifbufw&m;awG
jzpfayrJh obm0jzpfpOfrSm ed,mr (law) awGu
twlwlyJ/ 'gaMumifh ½kyfrSmvnf; rsKd;aph&Sdovdk
emrfrSmvnf; rsKd;aphqdkwm&Sdw,f/ 'gayrJh 'gu
pOf;pm;zdkYrvG,fbl;/ ½kyfrSmrsKd;aphu odomw,f/
o&ufaphu o&ufyif&JUrsKd;aphyJ/ emrfrSmawmh
 10

rsKd;aphu rxif&Sm;bl;/ emrfw&m;rSm apwem

uae rsKd;aphusefcJhw,f/ 'Dvdkvnf;pOf;pm;vdkY
&ygw,f/ 'Dawmh 'DuHtaMumif;em;vnfzdkYu
wtm;ta&;BuD;ygw,f/ uHudkem;vnfvufcH
atmif ajym&wm wtm;cufygw,f/
'D a wmh Zmwd b mh a Mumif h j zpf w mvnf ;
t"du uHaMumifhjzpfwmyg/ 'DuHbmaMumifh jzpf
vJqdk&if Oyg'gefaMumifh uHjzpfw,fqdkwJh y#dpö
orkyÜg'fa'oemudk oGm;&ygw,f/ bmhaMumifh
Oyg'gefu uHudk jzpapwmvnf;qdkwm odyf
ta&;BuD ; w,f / Oyg'geypö , mur® b 0uk d
udk,fwdkif xGif;azmuf odjrif&rSm jzpfygw,f/
rdrud ,
kd w
f ikd f owdxm;Munf&h if rdrpd w
d rf mS
pG J v rf ; rI Oyg'gef j zpf r S um,uH ? 0pD u H ?
raemuH a wG j zpf w myg/ Oyg'gef r jzpf v d k Y & S d & if
 11

pdwfxJrSm raemuHawmifrjzpfygbl;/ 'gaMumifh

vufawGUrSm Oyg'gefaMumifh ukodkvf-tukodkvf
uHawGjzpfw,fqdkwmudk udk,fwdkif xdk;xGif; jrifzdkY
ta&;BuD;ygw,f/ 'grS y#dpöorkyÜg'fudk cE¨m
ÓPfa&muf odrf;qnf;EkdifrSmyg/
pGJvrf;wJh Oyg'gefqdkwm udk,fu ESpfouf
wmeJ Y a wG U &if ol Y o abmol a qmif a y:wmyJ ?
Oyrm qGrf;auR;yJGoGm;pm;&if udk,fBudKufwJh
[if;eJY pm;wmyJ/ udk,fOyg'gefuyfwJh[if;udk
udk,fEdIufwmyJ/ trsm;tm;jzifh xrif;pm;&if
xrif;aumif;w,fvdkY b,folrS rajymygbl;/
[if;aumif;w,fvdkYyJ ajymwmyg/ bmvdkYvJqdk&ifh
pm;wmawmh xrif;a&m [if;a&mpm;wmygyJ/
xrif;udkyg;pyfxJrSm 0g;aeayrJh Oyg'gefruyfbl;/
Oyg'gefruyf&if pdwfxJrSmay:awmifrvmbl;/
 12

[if;rSm Oyg'gefuyfawmh pdwfrSm aumif;w,f?

raumif;bl;awG ay:vmw,f/
wcgwav aumif ; wJ h o D c sif ; oH a v;
Mum;&if vd k u f q d k M uw,f / tJ ' g oD c sif ; ay:
Oyg'gef u yf N yD ; 0pD u H ajrmuf w myJ / nrS m
udk&D;,m; &kyf&SifawGMunfh? abmvHk;yGJawGMunfh
NyD; reufrSm rajym& raeEdkifatmif ajymcsifae
wmawGuvnf; Oyg'gefuyfaewmygyJ/
wpf c sKd U aq;vd y f p G J ? uG r f ; pG J ? t&uf p G J
qd k w m Oyg'gef e J Y pG J a ewmyg/ Oyg'gef r &S d & if
aomufcsifpdwfawmif ay:rvmbl;/ aomwm
yefu bmvdkY ig;yg;oDv NrJvJqdk&if ig;yg;oDveJY
ywfoufNyD; usL;vGefcsifwJh Oyg'gef r&Sdawmhbl;/
Oyg'gefvnf;r&Sda&m tJ'Dig;yg;oDvusL;vGefzdkY
pdwfxJrSm ay:awmifrvm awmhbl;/ Nidrf;oGm;
 13

wmygyJ/
'gqdk Oyg'gefudk uRefawmfwdkY y,fEkdifvdkY
&Sd&if um,uH? 0pDuH? raemuHawG Nidrf;r,f/
pdwfxJray:awmhbl;/ pdwfxJrSm ray:rSawmh
b,fuHajrmufawmhrvJ/ pdwfxJay:rS aumif;
wmawGay:&if ukodkvfjzpfr,f/ raumif;wm
awGay:&if tukodkvfjzpfr,f/
Oyg'gefqdkwm aumif;wmvnf; pGJovdk
raumif;wmvnf; pGJwmyJ/ Oyg'gefu aumif;
wmpG J N yD ; tm;xk w f a wmh uk o d k v f u H j zpf o vd k
raumif;wmpGJNyD; tm;xkwfawmh tukodkvfuH
jzpfw,f/ 'DuHaMumifh aemufb0 aemufcE¨mawG
&vmw,f / Zmwd & w,f / Zmwd & &if a ojcif ;
vmr,f/ 'Dawmh uRefawmfwdkY pGJvrf;rI Oyg'gef
&dSaeorQ aojcif;u rvGwfEdkifygbl;/
 14

Oyrm vrf;avQmufoGm;vJ jrifwmawG

trsm;BuD;yJ/ um;armif;vmvJ jrifwmtrsm;
BuD;yJ/ 'gayrJh jriforQawGudk pdwfrSmrpGJbl;/
'gayrJh vSwJhyef;av;vnf;jrifa&m rsufpdxJu
xG u f u d k rxG u f b l ; jzpf a wmh w myJ / tJ ' g
Oyg'gefuyfNyD; EIwfeJYajymawmh 0pDuH? pdwfxJrSm
awG;aerdawmh raemuHawGeJY pGJawmhwmygyJ/
'Dawmh Oyg'gefaMumifh uHjzpfw,fqdkwm
owd x m;rd a tmif aojcmajym&w,f / y#d p ö
orkyÜg'foifwJhtcgrSm 'gu odyfta&;BuD;w,f/
tm;vHk;u aorSmawmh aMumufMuwmyJ/ 'gayrJh
Zmwdjzpf&if raocsifvdkYr&bl;/ ZmwdjzpfNyD;rS
raocsifwmutwå/ bmjyKvdkYvJ tusKd;w&m;
ay:rSm udk,fhtvdktwdkif; jzpfcsifwmudk;/
uRef a wmf pmpa&;awmh 'gav;a&;
 15

cJhw,f/ tusKd;w&m;tay:rSm udk,fhtvdktwdkif;

jzpf c sif w mu twå / taMumif ; tm;avsmf p G m
jzpfwmu tewåvdkY y#dpöorkyÜg'frSm 'gav;udk
wifjyEdkif&if odyfaumif;wm/ em;rvnfp&m
r&Sdygbl;/
uRef a wmf w d k Y u arG ; NyD ; rS r aocsif w m/
jrwf p G m bk & m;u arG ; NyD ; &if raocsif v d k Y a wmh
r&bl;/ aorSmyJwJh/ uRefawmfwdkYu tck rao
csifawmhbl;/ uRefawmfwdkYrSm rdrdtvdktwdkif;
jzpfcsiwf hJ twå&w dS ,f/ jrwfpmG bk&m;u Zmwdqw kd hJ
taMumif ; &d S & if tusKd ; uvmrS m yJ ? raocsif
vdrYk &bl;? aorSmyJ? tewåobm0ud;k / 'Db0 awmh
taorvGwfEkdifbl;/ aemuftaovGwfzdkYqdkwm
bmvkyf&rSmwkef; Zmwdr&atmif vkyf&r,f/
Zmwdr&atmifu uHrjzpfrSyg/ uHbmaMumifh
 16

jzpfwmvJqdk&if Oyg'gefaMumifhjzpfwmyg/ 'Dawmh

Oyg'gef y,f½kHyJ/ 'Dae&mrSm jyoem&JU tajzudk
awGYygNyD/
'gu uReaf wmfwYkd theory wdYk principle
wdkYoifwmyg/ 'DawmhrS Oyg'gefudk owdeJYy,f½kHyJ
qdak wmh Oyg'gef b,frmS jzpfvq
J w
kd m odzv Ykd w
kd ,f?
Oyg'gefu a&SUpdwfNyD; aemufpdwfrSm jzpfw,f
qkdawmh a&SUpdwf-aemufpdwf a&mufoGm;ygw,f/
'Dawmh a&SUpdwf-aemufpdwf qkdwmbmvJ
qdk&if jrifwmua&SUpdwf? pGJvrf;wmu aemuf
pdwfqdkNyD;awmh vufawGUb0xJudk ]]jrifw,f-
pGJvrf;w,f-tm;xkwfw,f}} qdkwJh 0#foHk;yg;udk
oif&ygw,f/
'D a wmh Oyg'gef a Mumif h uH j zpf w ,f /
Oyg'gefb,frSm jzpfwmwkef; raemrSmjzpfwm/
 17

jrif w J h r suf p d r S m pG J v rf ; rI r &S d b l ; / aemuf p d w f

raemrSmyJ pGJvrf;rIjzpfwJhtwGuf aemufpdwf
raemrSm owd&dS&if Oyg'gefudk y,fEkdifygw,f/
Oyg'gef a Mumif h uH j zpf w ,f / aemuf
pd w f r S m owd v k d u f & if a wmh ÓPf j zpf y gw,f /
'D Ó Pf a Mumif h rao&ma&muf w maygh a emf ?
aemufb0 aemufcE¨mawG r&awm&if h aojcif;
uif;ygw,f/ Oyg'gefaMumifhuHjzpf&if uHaMumifh
aemufb0 aemufcE¨mawG&w,f/ aemufb0
aemufcE¨m&awmh aojyefa&m/ 'DvdkeJYyJ tao
rqHk;awmhygbl;/
'D a wmh a&S U pd w f - aemuf p d w f q d k w m
em;uMum;wmu a&S U pd w f ? acG ; vd k Y o d w mu
aemufpdwfyg/ a&SUpdwfeJU aemufpdwfudk ydkif;jcm;
odNy;D rS a&SUpdwu f Mum;&Hyk J Mum;wwfwm/ rpGv J rf;
 18

wwfbl;/ pGJvrf;wmu aemufpdwfujzpfwmvdkY

oif& ygw,f/ tJ'DpGJvrf;wJh Oyg'gefae&mrSm
owdeJY tpm;xkd;&wmyg/ Mum;Mumw,frSwfqdk
wm Mum;wmu a&SUpdwf? aemufpdwfu Mum;wJh
twd k i f ; owd e J Y r S w f v d k u f a wmh owd & S d w meJ Y
Oyg'gefrvmawmhygbl;/ Oyg'gefrvm&if uHrjzpf
awmhbl;/ uHrjzpf&if Zmwdrjzpfbl;/ Zmwdrjzpf
&if raoawmhbl;aygh/ aMomf-rao&m b,fvdk
a&mufwkef;qdkawmh tJ'Dvdk a&mufwmygyJ/
'gaMumif h r d k Y 'D o wd u d k rao&ma&muf
aMumif; ]tyÜ r m'owd }vdkY qdkygw,f/ 'Dawmh
]aojcif;&JU taMumif;uOyg'gef}/ ]raojcif;&JU
taMumif;uowd}ygyJ/ ]aojcif;eJYaojcif;uif;
&m} qdkNyD; acgif;pOfav;eJY ajymMu&if aumif;
r,fxifw,f/ aocsifvm;? raocsifbl;vm;
 19

qdk&if b,foluaocsifrSmwkef;/
uRef a wmf w d k Y u y#d p ö o rk y Ü g 'f oif & if
t0d Z Æ m ypö , mocF g &mqd k N yD ; 'D v d k & G w f M uwm/
tck [ mu aojcif ; r&PuaepNyD ; ajymif ;
jyef pOf;pm;wm? ]Zmwdypö,m Z&mr&P}u pNyD;
oifwmyg/ arG;&if aor,f/ arG;wmbmaMumifh
vnf;vdkY taMumif;udk&Sm&if uHaMumifhqdkwm
em;vnf E d k i f w ,f / uH b maMumif h j zpf v J q d k & if
Oyg'gef q d k w J h t aMumif ; ud k v nf ; em;vnf E d k i f
w,f/ 'gqd&k if Oyg'gefaMumifu h ?H uHaMumifh Zmwd?
Zmwd a Mumif h aojcif ; qd k w J h r&Pjzpf &
w,f/ 'Dawmh raocsif&if Oyg'gefae&mrSm owd
tpm; xkd;vdkuf&HkygyJ/ 'gqdk&if raoawmhygbl;/
y#dpöorkyÜg'fudk atmufqHk;uae poif
vkdufwmyg? vufawGUrSm vlawGu raocsif
 20

Mubl ; / aorS m awmh a Mumuf w ,f / 'D a wmh

omrefvlawGem;vnfEdkifwJh Oyg'gefeJYowdudk
a&S U pd w f - aemuf p d w f e J Y w G J N yD ; oif a y;Ek d i f & if
awmfawmftusKd;rsm;ygw,f/
0ifavxGufavrSwf&if owd&Sdygw,f/
owdr&S&d if 0ifav? xGuaf vudk rodygbl;/ 'Dawmh
owd & S d & if raoawmh y gbl ; / wpf c gwnf ;
rao&ma&mufaMumif;udk em;vnfomG ;wmyJ/ 'J v D kd
av;oif a y;vd k Y & S d & if vl a wG v nf ; em;vnf
vG , f w ,f ? oabmvnf ; ayguf v G , f w ,f /
a&SUpdwfNyD; aemufpdwfrSm owdr&Sd&if Oyg'gef
&S d r ,f / Oyg'gef e J Y a evd k Y u awmh aovd k Y q H k ; rS m
r[kwfawmhbl;/ 'Dawmhraocsif&if Oyg'gefudk
owdeJYtpm;xkd;&HkygyJ/
'D a cwf r S m a&m*gawG t pH k j zpf M uw,f /
 21

ausmufuyfa&m*g? toJa&m*g? rsufpda&m*g

pHkvdkYaygh/ tJ'Da&m*gawGjzpf&if bmvkyfMuvnf;
qdkawmhtpm;xkd;Muw,f/ toJtpm;xkd;w,f?
ausmuf u yf t pm;xk d ; w,f ? rsuf p d q d k v nf ;
rS e f b D v l ; tpm;xk d ; Muw,f / ½k y f a wG u d k a wmh
tpm;xkd;EkdifMuw,f/ tpm;xkd;awmh 'Db0rSm
touf q uf & S i f o ef c G i f h a wG ? ouf o mcG i f h a wG
&ygw,f/
rsuf p d a wG tarS m if y d w f z H k ; vd k Y rjrif &
awmhbl;/ rSefbDvl;tpm;xkd;vkduf&if tvif;
awG&NyD/ ½kyftpm;xkd;wmawGawmh uRefawmf
wdkYodvmygw,f/ 'gayrJh emrftpm;xkd;wmawmh
odzdkY vdkaeao;w,f/
avmurS m ½k y f a wG t aMumif ; awmh od
Muygw,f/ emrfawGtaMumif;awmh odyfrod
 22

Mubl;/ 'Dawmh tpm;xkd;w,fqdkwm avmb?

a'go? arm[awGae&mrSm tavmb? ta'go?
tarm[awG tpm;xdk;wmaygh/ 'gu trsm;
em;vnf a tmif a jym&wm/ avmb? a'go?
arm[awG [ m bmaMumif h j zpf w mvnf ; qd k & if
trS e f a wmh O yg'gef a Mumif h j zpf w myJ / Oyg'gef
jzpf v k d u f w meJ Y avmb? a'go? arm[qd k w J Y
(Bud K uf p G J ? rBud K uf p G J ? rod p G J ) udavomawGjzpf
vmwmyJ/
tavmb? ta'go? tarm[awG u
vnf ; bmaMumif h j zpf w mvnf ; qd k a wmh owd
aMumifhjzpfwm/ owd&SdrS tavmb? ta'go?
tarm[awG jzpfvmwmyg/ emrfawGrSmtpm;
xk d ; zd k Y q d k & if bmtpm;xk d ; rS m vnf ; qd k a wmh
owd y J t pm;xk d ; &rS m / Oyg'gef u tuk o d k v f ?
 23

owd u uk o d k v f q d k a wmh tuk o d k v f a e&mrS m

ukodkvfeJY tpm;xkd;&rSmjzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifh jrwfpGmbk&m;u owå0gawG
uk o d k v f vk y f & mrS m tvG , f u l q H k ; jzpf w J h 'ge
ukodkvfudk a[mMum;cJhygw,f/ 'geukodkvfeJY
tukodkvfawGy,fzdkY? oDvukodkvfeJY tukodkvf
awGy,fzdkY? 'DxufpGrf;EkdifwJhyk*¾KdvfawG orm"d
ukodkvfeJY tukodkvfudky,fzdkY? 'DxuftpGrf;&SdwJhol
awG u 0d y óemeJ Y tuk o d k v f a wG u d k y ,f z d k Y ?
aemufqHk; r*fukodkvfeJY tukodkvfrSeforQudk
tjrpf j ywf y,f & S m ;zd k Y q d k N yD ; jrwf p G m bk & m;u
a[mMum;cJhygw,f/
'Dukodkvfig;ckudkjyefMunfhvkduf&if 'ge?
oD v ? orxawG u uH u k o d k v f ? 0d y óem
uk o d k v f e J Y r*f u k o d k v f u ÓPf u k o d k v f y gyJ /
 24

uRef a wmf w d k Y oif x m;wJ h uH u k o d k v f e J Y ÓPf

uk o d k v f y J & ygw,f / uH u k o d k v f a wG a wmh vk y f
wwf M uygw,f / uk o d k v f q d k w m apwemvd k Y
jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mMum;cJhwJhtwGuf vSLEdkifrS
uk o d k v f r [k w f y gbl ; / a&aEG ; av;iS J Y a y;wJ h
apwemuvnf ; uk o d k v f & wmyJ / xk d i f y gtH k ;
ajymwJhapwemuvnf; ukodkvf&wmyJ/ [if;
xnfhay;wJh apwemuvnf; ukodkvf&wmyJ/
]]apwem [Hbdau©a0 ur®H 0'grd}}vdkY qdkygw,f/
aumif;wJh apwem[m ukodkvfqdkwm bk&m;
yGifhrS od&wmyg/ uRefawmfwdkY 'Db0rSm ukodkvf
awGtrsm;BuD; vkyfcGifh&aeygw,f/
'gayrJh uRefawmfwdkYu ukodkvfvkyfayrJh
ukodkvfrSef; rodbl;jzpfaew,f/ bmvdkY rodvJ
qdk&if a&SUpdwf-aemufpdwfjzpfpOfrSm ukodkvf
 25

apwemqd k w J h a&S U pd w f j zpf N yD ; aemuf p d w f r S m

rodwJh arm[ vkdufaevdkYyg/ 'gaMumifh a&SUpdwf
NyD ; aemuf p d w f r S m owd v d k u f z d k Y v d k y gw,f /
tJ'Dvdk 'Dowd&Sd&if uHukodkvfuae ÓPfukodkvf
jzpfygw,f/ ÓPfukodkvfqdkwmu 0dyóem
ukodkvfygyJ/ 'Dawmh owdaMumifh ÓPfjzpfvm
&if 'D Ó Pf & if h u suf v mwJ h t cgrS m r*f Ó Pf e J Y
tukodkvf rSeforQ tNyD;y,fEkdifrSm jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifhrdkY jrwfpGmbk&m;u owdy|mef
om wpf a Mumif ; wnf ; aomvrf ; qd k N yD ; awmh
pdwf&JUpifMu,faMumif;? aomu? y&da'0awGu
vGefajrmufaMumif;? 'kku© a'greóawGcsKyfNidrf;
aMumif;? opöm(4)yg;udk xdk;xGif;odjrifNyD; edAÁmefudk
rsuf a rS m uf j yK&w,f q d k w J h owd y |mef t usd K ;
(7)rsdK;vnf; a[mMum;cJhygw,f/
 26

'DowdukdyJ jrwfpGmbk&m;u wpfaMumif;

wnf ; aomvrf ; qd k N yD ; a[mMum;cJ h w myg/
'gayrJh uRefawmfwdkYu tonf;tpm;xdk;wm
awG? ausmufuyftpm;xd;k wmawG? rsupf d rSeb f v D ;l
tpm;xd k ; wmawG od a yrJ h 'D o wd wpf v H k ; ud k
a&SUpdwfNyD; aemufpdwfrSm tpm;xdk; &rSef;
rodao;bl;/ Oyg'gefae&mrSm owdtpm; xd;k zdu Yk s
arh a ew,f / ÓPf x J r S m ray:vG i f b l ; /
owdtpm;xd;k zdu Yk akd wmh jrwfpmG bk&m;u vGecf ahJ om
ES p f a ygif ; (2500) ausmf u wnf ; u
vrf;ñTefxm;cJhwmyg/
tck a cwf r S m aq;ynmawG wd k ; wuf
xG e f ; um;vmawmh r S ck v d k E S v H k ; tpm;xd k ; wm?
tonf;tpm;xdk;wm? ausmufuyftpm;xdk;wm?
rsuf p d t pm;xd k ; wmawG jzpf v mayrJ h jrwf p G m
 27

bk & m;u owd u d k tpm;xd k ; zd k Y vG e f c J h a om

ESpfaygif; (2500) ausmfuwnf;u a[mMum;cJhNyD;
jzpfygw,f/
'D a wmh aq;ynmt& tonf ; wd k Y
ausmufuyfwdkY tpm;xdk;ayrJh 'DwpfoufcHzdkY
qd k w m tmrcH c suf r &S d y gbl ; / raobl ; qd k w m
tmrcH c suf r &S d b l ; / ud k , f a e&wJ h E S p f t yd k i f ;
tjcm;avmuf y J yd k N yD ; touf & S i f c G i f h & wmyg/
'D x uf b mrS trsm;BuD ; rxl ; ygbl ; / 'gayrJ h
owd w pf v H k ; tpm;xd k ; vd k u f E d k i f v d k Y & S d & if a wmh
b0tquf q uf t aovG w f & mtxd a&muf
Edkifygw,f/
½k y f t pm;xd k ; wmawG u vG , f a tmif
ajym&if 'Db0awmh wcP toufquf&Sifoef
Edkifygvdrfhr,f/ 'gayrJh owdtpm;rxdk;Edkif&if
 28

awmh oHo&mwpfavQmufvHk; aorJhtaoawG

uae rvGwfEdkifao;ygbl;/ taovGwfwJhqD
txd a&mufatmif rydEYk ikd yf gbl;/ 'gayrJh uReaf wmf
wdkY ÓPfxJrSm tJ'Dvdku ay:vGifraeao;bl;/
uRefawmfwdkY pdwfxJrSmu owdtpm;xdk;
zd k Y x uf tonf ; tpm;xd k ; zd k Y u ta&;BuD ; ae
w,f / vl a wG u a&m*gjzpf & if ]taeqif ; &J ?
taoqif;&J} rS m awmh a Mumuf w ,f / ] t o d
qif;&J} aewmawmh aMumuf &aumif;rSe;f rodb;l /
jrwfpGmbk&m;nTefMum; cJhwJh aorSmaMumufvdkY
&S d & if owd w pf v H k ; ud k tpm;xd k ; vd k u f y gvm;
qdkawmhvJ ajym&wm awmfawmfcufwmayghaemf/
tonf;tpm;xdk;&wmu ydkufqHtrsm;
BuD;ukefw,f/ vG,fvnf; rvG,fygbl;/ owd
tpm;xd k ; zd k Y u tck t pm;xd k ; tck & aewmyJ /
 29

'D a vmuf v G , f w mud k bmvd k Y rvk y f c sif M uvJ

rod b l ; / yd k u f q H r uk e f v d k Y wef z d k ; rxm;bl ;
jzpfaewmvm; rodbl;/ jrwfpGmbk&m;udkvnf;
wefzdk; rxm;ovdkjzpfaew,f/
jrwfpGmbk&m;udk wu,ftav;teuf
xm;w,f q d k & if 'D o wd w pf v H k ; ud k av;oacF s
urÇ m wpf o d e f ; &S m azG c J h & wmyg/ uRef a wmf w d k Y
ydkufqHawG&Smw,fqdkwm 'Db0rSmyJ &Sm&wmyg/
'D y d k u f q H a v;&S m NyD ; awmh a&m*guk E d k i f w mud k y J
awmfvSNyD? ukodkvfuH aumif;vSNyDvdkY awG;xif
aMueyfNyD; ESpfodrfhaeMuw,f/ jrwfpGmbk&m;
av;oacF s eJ Y u rÇ m wpf o d e f ; &S m cJ h & wJ h o wd
w&m;udkawmhs tJh'Davmuf wefzdk;rxm;Muygbl;/
'D o wd w pf v H k ; av;od & wm[m b,f a vmuf
wefzdk;&Sdw,fqdkwm roHk;oyfEdkifbl;jzpfaew,f/
 30

uRef a wmf w &m;av;awG rQa0w,f

qdkwm odvdkY wwfvdkY r[kwfygbl;/ uRefawmf
bmrSodyfrwwfygbl;/ Oyrm bmeJY wlvJqdkawmh
urÇmrSm "mwfqm;xkwfawGay: vmw,f? tJ'D
"mwfqm;xkwfu odyfawmh tzkd;rwefygbl;/
'gayrJh urÇmrSm vloef;aygif;rsm;pGm&JU touf
awGudk u,fwifEkdifygw,f/ 'DvdkyJ uRefawmf
ajymaewmawG u vnf ; trsm;BuD ; wwf v d k Y
r[k w f y gbl ; / 'gayrJ h 'D a vmuf a v;od & if u k d
aus;Zl;wtm;rsm;ygw,f/ tyg,fusrJhqif;&J
'ku©awGuae uRefawmfwdkY vGwfatmif½kef;Ekdif
ygw,f/
'gaMumifhrdkY ydkufqHwwfEkdifwJholawGu
ud,
k t hf oufukd apmifah &SmufzYkd tonf; awGtpm;
xkd;Muovdk owdvnf; tpm;xkd;zdkY rarhMuygeJY/
 31

tonf;tpm;xkd;wm bmtwGufvJqdk&if ae&wJh

b0vufuseftcsdefav;rSm owdawG tpm;xkd;
zdkYtwGufvkdY tJ'Dvdk ESvHk;oGif;EkdifvdkY&Sd&if 'Db0
rSmvJ udk,femayrJh pdwfremawmhovdk usefwJh
oH o &mrS m vJ taovG w f a tmif ½k e f ; Ek d i f w J h
olawmfaumif;rsm;jzpfMuygapvdkY qkawmif;&if;
ed*kH;csKyfygw,f/
tckusefwJhtcsdefrSm 0ifav xGufavrSm
owd 0D&d, orm"dawG wnfaxmifMur,f/
(12.12.2016)&ufaeYrSm waumif;ausmif;
wdkufü ajymMum;cJhaom a'gufwmpdk;vGif (rEÅav;)\
eHeufcif; "r®aumufEwk cf suf jzpfygonf/
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