UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA ENUGU

CAMPUS.
FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES.
DEPARMENT OF URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING.

A REPORT WRITTEN IN PARTIAL FUFILMENT OF THE

COURSE: URBAN PLANNING STUDIO III. (URP351)

SUBMITTED BY: Ike Annastecia uzoamaka

2020/246582
MENTORS: Dr. Ogboi
DR. NWACHUKWU M. U.
DR. OKOSUN A. E.

DATE:

May 2023.

TITTLE:
 TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION
IMPROVEMENT SCHEME FOR COAL
CAMP ENUGU.

DEDICATION
I dedicate this piece of writing to God almighty for his unending
love, continuous guidance and grace to finish this work.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.
 I would like to acknowledge the Almighty God who has
made it possible for this work to be completed, my lecturers for
their continuous guidelines to ensure that this work is
completed, and my Family and Friends for their contributions to
this work.

INTRODUCTION
 Transportation is very important in the growth of every city growth and
development, the artery to which all land uses are accessible, the requisite for
mobility. Transportation accounts 30% - 35% of total land uses in most cities of
the world. To this effect, its overriding importance and implications where
inefficient cannot be overemphasized. Transportation however, cannot be
discoursed in isolation with ‘traffic’. This is to mean that traffic and transportation
are symbiotic concepts and as a matter of fact a spatial discipline in planning and
high way engineering that addresses traffic and transportation problems using
tools like;- traffic census studies, parking survey, trip origin inventory, trip
capacity, modal split, population inventory, vehicle ownership dependency
inventory, vehicle-person travel inventory, transport facilities inventory,
monetary resource inventory, economic activities inventory, human resource
inventory and land use studies inventory. Transportation is the mode/system
(air, water, road, rail and pipe line) and means (cars, bicycles, motorcycles,
Lorries, articulated vehicles, tricycles, buses, taxes) to which mobility is facilitated
while traffic is the manner to which these transport systems and means are
conveyed.

Organized traffic generally has well-established priorities, lanes, right-of-way , and

traffic control at intersections.

Traffic is formally organized in many jurisdictions, with marked lanes ,

junctions , intersections, interchanges , traffic signals, or signs. Traffic is often

classified by type: heavy motor vehicle (e.g., car, truck), other vehicle (e.g.,

moped, bicycle), and pedestrian. Different classes may share speed limits and
easement, or may be segregated. Some jurisdictions may have very detailed and
complex rules of the road while others rely more on drivers' common sense and
willingness to cooperate.

Organization typically produces a better combination of travel safety and

efficiency. Events which disrupt the flow and may cause traffic to degenerate into
a disorganized mess include road construction , collisions, and debris in the
roadway . On particularly busy freeways, a minor disruption may persist in a
phenomenon known as traffic waves. A complete breakdown of organization may
result in traffic congestion and

gridlock . Simulations of organized traffic frequently involve queuing theory,

stochastic processes and equations of mathematical physics applied to traffic flow
.

TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION IN NIGERIA

Transportation in Nigeria is one of the decaying infrastructures that needs serious

attention. This is especially true when it comes to the road transport. The poor
state of roads in Nigeria hasn’t seen much change or improvement, if any, over
the past few years despite government efforts and promises.

Transportation is one of the important keys to the economic development and

growth of any country. This is because transportation connects people and places.
It enhances cultural, economic, and social interactions.

In Nigeria today, the transportation system includes road transport, railway, air,
and sea. Of all the modes of transportation, the most used by Nigerians is road
transport which is a fact in most countries.

Road transportation in any society is meant to be the most easily accessible.

People need road transportation for their day to day activities, to commute to
their places of work or study, to transport their products, for inter-city and intra-
city travel, etc. In Africa today, Nigeria has the largest highway and road network.
However, the state of road transportation in the country is very poor.

Traffic And Transportation Problems in Nigeria

 1. Poor road infrastructure or poor state of roads.

2. Poorly maintained roads.

3. Road congestion due to rapid urbanization and overpopulation.

4. Poor state or inadequacy of other means of transport especially railway

transport

5. Environmental pollution.

6.Accidents.

Importance of Traffic and Transportation

Transport is important because it enables communication, trade and other forms
of exchange between people, that in turn establishes civilizations.

Transport plays an important part in economic growth and globalization, but most
types cause air pollution and use large amounts of land. Good planning of
transport is essential to manage traffic flows, and restrain urban sprawl. Yet,
transportation is generally very vulnerable for security threats. It is an attractive
target because of its importance in society and the presence of large amounts of
people or crowds.

1.20 THE STUDY AREA

The study area covers coal camp located at the northern part of Enugu. Enugu is a
state in Nigeria located at the south eastern part of the country. Coal camp is an old
settlement that contains a mixture of the high and medium income earners, it has a
market which is a center for commercial activities carried out within the
neighbourhhood. Other land uses such as institutional and public land use can also
be found within the area. The image bellows shows the location of the study area,
from map of Nigeria – map of Enugu – map of Enugu north and down to Map of
the study area which is Coal Camp.
1.30 FORMULATION OF GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

Goal

The goal of the study is to develop and maintain an effective and efficient flow of
traffic at coal camp Enugu.

1.40 OBJECTIVES

The objectives are therefore the conscious steps that were taken to achieve this
goal; below are some of the objectives; -

1. To increase accessibility and free traffic flow

2. To reduce road congestion by introducing dedicated off street parking
facilities at requiring points
3. To ensure a free road system
 4. To improve traffic flow through the introduction of integrated automatic
traffic control system at strategic locations.
5. To reduce the number of conflict points

FIELD SURVEY
2.10 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of this study spans around tackling traffic and transportation problems
in urban areas taking coal camp as a case study. This is further explained under the
following sub-heading; -

1. Conduction of traffic census studies in Coal Camp, Enugu.

2. Collection and collation of traffic census data.
3. Evaluation of traffic census data and analysis.
4. Identification of problems, existing conditions and land uses.

2.20 LIMITATIONS OF STUDY

Half day count

The traffic census was covered during day time hours only (which was 7:00am –
7:00pm). A 24hour system would have given an absolute figure hence, better and
more effective information on the study.

CONSTRAINTS

Vehicular movements.
This was as a result of uncontrolled movement of vehicles to their various
destinations. This factor impeded snap shots of existing conditions, traffic flow and
encouraged double counts at an unconscious scale.

Also there were cases where vehicles were omitted as a result of tiredness and lack
of concentration.

Inadequate Finance.
A good number of services were of essence to carry out a more comprehensive
study. However, this was not the case as resources were very short in supply to
visit the site as often as information is required.

Extreme weather condition.

The harsh sunny weather accounted for unstable cordons at varying time intervals.

Inadequate research tools.

A more advanced and adequate research tool were a prime to producing a clear
articulated analysis of data sought. Most of the methods used were manual
methods: which could account for a sizable amount of inaccuracy.

Unsupported security.
Due to unsupported legal backup, traffic counters were not opportune to certain
data such as trip origin and destination, demographic studies, passenger per car
ratio studies etc. also in moving around the neighborhoods to identify existing
problems; we were frequently questioned and delayed.

2.30 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

The Methodology of the study adopted for this study is a planning model known as
“planning process”. This is the scientific method or the sequences of processes or
steps followed or adopted in carrying out the study. These steps are adopted in
order to achieve a set goal which is widely used in planning-oriented studies. They
are as follows: -

Problem identification.
Formulation of goal and objectives.
Collection and analysis of data (forecasting).
Re-definition of goal and objectives.
Generation of Alternative plan proposal.
Evaluation of alternative plan proposal.
Development of proposed plan
 Implementation
Monitoring and Review.
2.40 TYPES OF DATA

Primary and Secondary data

Source of data
The source data for this study explains where and how they were collected.
However, for more clarity, this will be subdivided into two parts as follows; -

Primary data; Traffic census count at strategic a point within the neighborhood.

Secondary data; The base map, traffic and transportation planning literature.

2.50 DATA COLLECTION TABLE/ ANALYSIS

Below is a table showing sample data of traffic census study.

This was extracted from the part 1 of this study as stated in the brief.

Data Collection from Traffic Census

Below is a table showing sample analysis of traffic census study.

TABLE SHOWING THE HOURLY TRAFFIC FLOW OF DIFFERENT

VEHICLE CLASSIFICATION COAL CAMP
TIME PRIVA PUB PUBLI PRIV TIPPE TRAI TRICY MOTO TOTAL
INTER TE LIC C ATE RS LERS CLE R
VAL CARS CAR BUSE BUS AND AND CYCL
S S ES LORR ARTI E
IES CUL
ATE
VEHI
CLE

7am- 233 5 650 5 7 2 430 1 1336

8am
8am- 567 29 569 2 9 0 962 4 2143
9am

9am- 596 21 517 8 5 1 608 3 1795

10am

10am 571 27 911 1 12 2 535 1 2063

-
11am

11am 518 16 325 6 2 3 515 0 1387

-
12pm

12pm 450 9 321 1 3 0 384 3 1174

-1pm

1pm- 454 16 284 3 8 0 480 0 1245

2pm

2pm- 494 14 368 2 5 1 570 4 1460

3pm

3pm- 552 29 473 1 3 3 355 6 1425

4pm

4pm- 483 20 621 3 12 2 491 3 1635

5pm

5pm- 405 23 590 10 6 0 387 3 1425

6pm

6pm- 330 9 410 4 4 2 311 5 1078

7pm
TOT 5653 218 6039 43 80 16 6028 33 18130
AL

2.60 PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

Problem identification is the fundamental imperative of planning process and the

threshold of research and planning requisite for effective and efficient planning.
Hence, it goes a long way to determine the goal and objectives of this study. The
goals and objectives in turn influence the basis of the alternative plan proposals.
Some of the problems identified were;

1. Untarred road.

2. Faded road signs and symbols.

3. Cross Junctions.

4. Bad Road.

5. Double on-street parking.

6. Encroachment of Land Use activities.

7. Road side Offloading and On-loading.

8. Single Lanes used for double.

3.10 ALTERNATIVE CAUSES OF ACTIONS (CONCEPTS)

The generation of alternative plan proposals of this study are model framework
that shows the varying packages that will be incorporated in the proposal plan.
They also give a scaled analysis of the effects, implications, merits and demerits of
the proposal using various project planning evaluation techniques like cost bene
generated to be as effective and functional as the others. However, in the scope
of this study, all the three ware not to be developed but only the one which must
have been considered most effective, most efficient, most functional and mos
tbeneficial irrespective of cost is chosen.

3.11 ALTERNATIVE CONCEPT "A"

This plan shows a model of functional packages and well integrated transport
facilities reflective on targeted goals and objectives. This plan though considered
efficient and effective was not chosen following some optimum benefit
considerations against cost.

PACKAGES

1. Prohibition of street trading.

2. Channelization.

3. Rehabilitation of street.

4. Cloverleaf Interchange.
 5. Provision of street lights.

6. Extension of road.

7. Expansion of road.

MERIT

1. Easy flow of traffic.

2. Reduces risk of accidents.

3. Graded separations can be provided for all likely angles of any two

intersecting roads.

DEMERITS

1. High cost of construction.

2. Large area of land needed for interchange construction.

3.12 ALTENATIVE CONCEPT " B" (CHOSEN)

This plan was based on well informed empirical and various project
evaluation techniques like cost benefit analysis and Environmental
Impact Analysis. Though this plan may be considered the most
expensive yet most beneficial, it therefore follows an evaluation theory
that when the BENEFIT of project outweighs the COST, the project is
VIABLE.
PACKAGES

1. Creation of off street parking space.

 2. Prohibition of street trading.
3. Channelization.
4. Extension of Road.
5. Expansion of Road.
6. Rehabilitation of street.
7. Provision of street lights.
8. Cloverleaf Interchange.

MERITS
1. Promotes free flow of traffic.
2. Reduces risks of accidents.
3. Saves travel time.
4. Eliminates stopping of vehicles while crossing the road.
5. Highly aesthetical.

DEMERITS
1. Encourages high speed.
2. Interchanges occupy large areas of land.

3. High cost of construction.

3.13 ALTERNATIVE CONCEPT "C"This alternative plan may be considered the least
expensive, least space consuming as it has no interchange in the packages.
However, after a goal achievement matrix evaluation, this plan was not adopted in
the proposal, a foreseeable traces of possible temporary traffic delays was
discovered.
PACKAGES

1. Rehabilitation of Road.

2. Provision of street light.

3. Expansion of Road.

4. Relocation of Ogbete Industrial market.

5. Extension of Road.

6. Channelization.

7. Prohibition of street trading.

8. No unilateral waiting restriction.

MERITS

1. Promotes free flow of traffic’

2. Reduces risk of accidents.

DEMERITS

1. High cost of implementation.

2. Encourages speed.

3. Occupies large area of land.

3.20 EVALUATION OF CONCEPTS

EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE PLAN PROPOSAL
Evaluation technique
Evaluation of alternative plans is a critical stage as it defines and
transforms the objectives of study into quantifiable item (packages).
However, in doing this there is need for balance and factual judgement.
And this judgement in not done on personal opinion but on some project
evaluation tools called evaluation techniques.

Therefore, the evaluation of alternative plan proposals of this study are a

scaled analysis of the effects, implications, merits and demerits of the
proposal using various project planning evaluation techniques like;

Cost effectiveness approach

Cost minimization approach
USING COST EFFECTIVENESS APPROACH

Parameters

From my phasing plan, these projects are estimated to be completed

in four years. Hence, assuming a discount rate of 10%, number of
beneficiaries 10,000.

Discount rate = 1/(1+discount rate/100) ^number of years.

Discount rate= 1/(1+10/100)4

= 0.6830
Calculating net present value,NPV.

PROJECT BENEFIT COST DISCOUN NET

T RATE PRESENT
(CPU)
VALUE

A 10,000 1500,000,000 0.6830 1024520183

B 10,000 3500,000,000 0.6830 329050000

C 10,000 2,000,000,000 0.6830 1366000000

From the table,

Project A= benefit/ discounted cost= 10,000/1500,000,000

=0.0000098

Project B= benefit/ discounted cost= 10,000/3500,000,000

=0.0000304

Project C= benefit/ discounted cost= 10,000/2,000,000,000

=0.0000073

From the above calculations, it can thus be deduced that project B is

more cost effective and therefore more viable. This base on which
the alternative plan proposal B was chosen.
However, to check for balance, lets evaluate the projects using
another but similar evaluation technique.

USING COST MINIMIZATION APPROACH

This evaluation technique is the direct inverse of the cost
effectiveness approach. Hence, it uses the same parameters as given
in the former.
Parameters
From my phasing plan, these projects are estimated to be completed
in four years. Hence, assuming a discount rate of 10%, number of
beneficiaries 10,000.
Discount rate = 1/(1+discount rate/100) ^number of years.
Discount rate= 1/(1+10/100)4
= 0.6830
Calculating net present value,NPV.
PROJECT BENEFIT COST DISCOUN NET
(CPU) T RATE PRESENT
VALUE
A 10,000 1500,000,000 0.6830 1024520183
B 10,000 3500,000,000 0.6830 329050000

C 10,000 2,000,000,000 0.6830 1366000000

From the table,

Project A = discounted cost/ benefits = 1500,000,000/10,000
= N10245.22
Project A = discounted cost/ benefits = 3500,000,000/10,000
= N32905

Project A = discounted cost/ benefits = 2,000,000,000/10,000

= N136600
From the above it can be inferred that though project A is more cost
minimized, project B was chosen.
Reason
The benefits in project B outweighs the cost derivable from
construction of it all-effective packages

3.30 PLAN PROPOSAL

This is a detailed working plan which is drawn from the alternative plan
proposal B. This plan shows the integration of all the packages in the alternative
plan and also a spatial functional representation of the goal objectives this study
which in turn were a reflection of the updated existing condition information in
the bas map. One of the most distinguished feature in the plan is the staggered
out of use rail way intersecting the site at various points.The various package and
location in this proposal plan will be explained in subsequent packages. However,
for better comprehension some of the packages shown in their colours as seen in
the proposal plan.
4.10 ADOPTION OF PLAN PROPOSAL

4.20 PLAN IMPLEMENTATION

The implementation of this layout will be carried out by the ministry of

transport, Enugu state. It should be seen as a federal or state government
project and also being monitored by the Town Planning Authorities to
make sure it follows the approved plan which was initially proposed by
the planner for the site.

4.30 DETAILINGS

Road interchange
In the field of road transport, an interchange is a road junction that uses grade
separation, and typically one or more ramps, to permit traffic on at least one
highway to pass through the junction without interruption from other crossing
traffic streams.

Road cross-section and Layout

Shows the different layers involved in the construction of a strong and durable

road. The Road Layout is an areal view of how the road will look like when

complteted.

Road channelization
Channelization is an engineering concept which employs the use of secondary
roads to separate certain flows of traffic from the main traffic lanes.

Proper Channelization increases capacity, improves safety, provides maximum

convenience, and instils driver confidence.

Interchange perspective
Perspective is an element used in all types of art to represent the road, the
fences, and the power-poles all diminish towards the end of the viewable limit.

Parking space
A parking space is a location that is designated for parking , either paved or
unpaved. It can be in a parking garage, in a parking lot or on a city street. The
space many be delineated by road surface markings . The automobile fits inside
the space, either by parallel parking , perpendicular parking or angled parking.

Depending on the location of the parking space, the time allowed to park may be
fixed by regulation, and a fee may be required to use the parking space. It may be
designated for free parking . When the demand for spaces outstrips supply
vehicles may overspill park onto the sidewalk, grass verges and other places
which were not designed for the purpose.

From the traffic survey, it was discovered that one of the major causes of traffic
congestion in Iwani layout was as a result of inadequate provision of dedicated
off-street parking facilities. This situation resulted in illegal and haphazard on-
street parking system.
SECTOR PLAN

This is a detailed pictorial display of the interchange and its surrounding features,
facilities, services, or buildings.

LAND USE PLAN.

This diagram/sketch shows the colourful representation of different land uses and
road network,

4.40 PHASING PLAN

The proposed plan would be a 4-year project that would consist of the
following phases to coordinate the development plans.
PHASE I
This would be the first year. The activities of this phase would be
general movement of machinery needed for the project to the site.
PHASE II
Second year; there would be clearance of the sections set out for the
rehabilitation also designed to carry out on the road way to the
designated directions in the proposal.
PHASE III
Third year. After the major roads must have been dualized in phase II,
the structural components of the interchanges would be put in place and
their subsequent construction would be done.
PHASE IV
Fourth year. Here, necessary infrastructures and street furniture would
be provided for this would result in the completion of the construction
works. In the same year, a more critical part of the project
implementation would take place and that is the construction of
interchanges.

4.50 SOURCE OF FUND

Government Funding
To ensure greater and effective service delivery, the government of
Enugu State is to provide 60% of the total capital outlay for this project.
Non Governmental Organizations NGO’s
Non Governmental Organizations like corporate bodies should bear at
least 10% of the total investment capital. Reason been that the resultant
benefits of the development would be of very significant advantage to
them. More so, most NGO’s especially the business-oriented ones use
transport facilities for public awareness.
Private individuals
Here wealthy private individual who may want a street named after them
can be of great financial effectiveness to the project to a 10% scale.
The Beneficiaries
One of the key reasons why the development plans of most project
implementation do not take full effectiveness is inadequate participation
of the beneficiaries in the initiation and implementation stages of
development. Therefore, it is pertinent to state here that the beneficiaries
of this project should in funding of this project to at least 20 %. Reasons
1. To give them a sense of ownership which in turn will ensure
efficient and responsible use and maintenance?
2. A strategy transportation facility security

5.20 CONCLUSION
The traffic and transportation improvement scheme for Coal Camp
Enugu was thoroughly carried out. The purpose of the study is to
develop and maintain an effective and efficient flow of traffic in Coal
camp Enugu.
Both government, non-governmental and private individuals
should put hand together to see to the actualization of this proposal
which will help to attain a high degree of conformability, land use
utilization, aesthetics, convenience and economy of space.

REFERENCES
1. Falola, Toyin and S.A. Olanreqaju, ed. Transport Systems in Nigeria.

Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse University,

Syracuse. 1986.

2. 2009 Encarta encyclopaedia document library.