LO4: Be able to determine the

effects of energy transfer in

thermodynamic systems.
BTI: Fahim
When a solid material undergoes a change in temperature

• Change in length, ∆𝐿 = 𝛼𝐿∆𝑇

• Linear expansivity, or coefficient of linear expansion 𝛼, unit: /𝐾
• Original length, L, unit: metre
• Change in temperature, ∆𝑇, unit: K (kelvin)
• 0℃ = 0 + 273 𝐾
• Change in area, ∆𝐴 = 2𝛼𝐴∆𝑇
• Change in volume, ∆𝑉 = 3𝛼𝑉∆𝑇
A steel rod 3 m long, of diameter 10 mm is heated from
20 ℃ to 500℃. Determine the change in length. 𝛼 =
12 × 10−6 /𝐾 [Ans: 17.28 × 10−3 𝑚]
• ∆𝐿 = 𝛼𝐿∆𝑇

• ∆𝐿 = 12 × 10−6 × 3 × (500 − 20)

• ∆𝐿 = 17.28 × 10−3 𝑚

• ∆𝐿 = 17.28 𝑚𝑚
Change in Phase
 Formulae
1. Change in phase, 𝑄 = 𝑚𝐿
• Q, heat, unit: J
• m, mass in kg
• L, latent heat in J/kg
2. Sensible heat, 𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐∆𝑇
• 𝑐, specific heat capacity in J/(kgK)
• ∆𝑇, change in temperature in /K.
How much heat energy is required to change 3 kg of ice at 0°C into
water at 30°C? specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J/(kgK) and
specific latent heat of fusion for ice is 334 kJ/kg. [1.002 𝑀𝐽, 378 𝑘𝐽, 1.38 𝑀𝐽]
• 𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐∆𝑇 • 𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐∆𝑇 + 𝑚𝐿
• 𝑄 = 3 × 4200 × 30 • 𝑄 = 3 × 4200 × 30 + 3 × 334 × 103
• 𝑄 = 378 × 103 𝐽 • 𝑄 = 1.38 × 106 𝐽
• 𝑄 = 𝑚𝐿
• 𝑄 = 3 × 334 × 103
• 𝑄 = 1.002 × 106 𝐽
• Total heat energy
• = 378 × 103 𝐽 + 1.002 × 106 𝐽
• = 1.38 × 106 𝐽
 Gas Laws
• At constant temperature, 𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2
𝑉1 𝑉2
• 𝐴𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒, =
𝑇1 𝑇2
𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2
• At constant mass, General gas equation, =
𝑇1 𝑇2
• Characteristic gas equation, 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇
𝑃1 𝑃2
• At constant volume and for a fixed mass, =
𝑇1 𝑇2
• Mayer's relation, 𝐶𝑃 − 𝐶𝑉 = 𝑅

• 𝑅 − 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝐽/(𝑘𝑔 𝐾)

A gas occupies a volume of 1.2 litres at 20°C. Determine
the volume it occupies at 130°C if the pressure is kept
constant.
• At constant pressure, 𝑉2 𝑉1
• =
𝑉1 𝑉2 𝑇2 𝑇1
• = 𝑉1 𝑇2
𝑇1 𝑇2 • 𝑉2 =
𝑇1
• 𝑉1 = 1.2 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒, 1.2×403
• 𝑉2 =
• 𝑇1 = 20 + 273 = 293 𝐾, 293

• 𝑉2 =? , • 𝑉2 = 1.65 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠
• 𝑇2 = 130 + 273 = 403 𝐾
A gas occupies a volume of 2.0 m3 when at a pressure of 1bar
and a temperature of 120°C. Determine the volume of the gas
at 15°C if the pressure is increased to 250 kPa.
• 𝑉1 = 2 𝑚3 , 𝑃1 = 1 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 1 × 𝑃2 𝑉2 𝑃1 𝑉1
105 𝑃𝑎, • =
𝑇2 𝑇1
• 𝑇1 = 120 + 273 = 393 𝐾,
• 𝑉2 =? , 𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑇2
• 𝑉2 =
𝑇1 𝑃2
• 𝑇2 = 15 + 273 = 288 𝐾,
• 𝑃2 = 250 × 103 𝑃𝑎 1×105 ×2×288
𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2 • 𝑉2 =
393×250×103
• =
𝑇1 𝑇2
• 𝑉2 = 0.586 𝑚3
A cylinder of helium has a volume of 600 cm3. The cylinder contains 200
g of helium at a temperature of 25°C. Determine the pressure of the
helium if the characteristic gas constant for helium is 2080 J/(kg K).
• 𝑉 = 600 𝑚3 ,
1
• 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇
• 1𝑐𝑚 = 𝑚
100
3 𝑚𝑅𝑇
• 3
1𝑐𝑚 =
1
𝑚 •𝑃 =
100 𝑉
• 1 𝑐𝑚3 = 10−6 𝑚3
0.2×2080×298
• 𝑚 = 0.2 𝑘𝑔, •𝑃 =
600×10−6
• 𝑇 = 25 + 273 = 298 𝐾,
• 𝑃 =? , 𝑅 = 2080 𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾 • 𝑃 = 206.6 × 106 𝑃𝑎
0.22 kg of gas at a temperature of 20ºC and pressure of 1.03 bar
occupies a volume of 0.18 m3 If the CV for the gas 720 J/(kg K), find:
(a) the characteristic gas constant
(b) the specific heat capacity at constant pressure.
• 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇 • (a) 𝑅 =?
• 𝐶𝑃 − 𝐶𝑉 = 𝑅 •𝑅=
𝑃𝑉
𝑚𝑇
• 𝑚 = 0.22 𝑘𝑔, 1.03×105 ×0.18
•𝑅=
• 𝑇 = 20 + 273 𝐾 0.22× 20+273

• 𝑃 = 1.03 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 1.03 × 105 𝑃𝑎 • 𝑅 = 288 𝐽/(𝑘𝑔 𝐾)

• 𝑉 = 0.18 𝑚3 • (b) 𝐶𝑃 =?
• 𝐶𝑉 = 720 𝐽(𝑘𝑔 𝐾) • 𝐶𝑃 = 𝑅 + 𝐶𝑉
• 𝐶𝑃 = 288 + 720
• 𝐶𝑃 = 1008 𝐽/(𝑘𝑔 𝐾)