FORCED Biomedical Educationals Posts

FORCE Biomedical Educational Posts
Contents:
1. Happy3rdWorldBiomedicalEngineersDay
2. The 10 greatest medical inventions of the last 50 years
3. History of Biomedical Engineering
4. Some examples of Biomedical Engineering Innovations
5. Future for BME
6. Why Biomedical Engineers are not appointed in all hospitals??
7. Defibrillator
8. Otoscope
9. Brachytherapy
10. ABIOCOR HEART
11. External Counter Pulsation therapy (ECP)
12. Skin-Like Bandage Could be the Next Biomedical Band-Aid
13. Blade-Free LASIK -The World’s Most Advanced LASIK Technology
12 Things You Did Not Know Your Body Can Do
14. What Is Lithotripsy?
15. CFS analysis
16. Leukaemia
17. Leukaemia
18. Ultrasonic toothbrush
19. Cardiac rehabilitation (cardiac rehab)
20. International Day of Radiology
21. Phoropter
22. Minimally Invasive Hemorrhoid Surgery
23. What is a spirometer and spirometry?
24. Computer tomography scan
25. Heart-lung machine:
26. Robotic surgery
27. Electronic noses
28. What is a Resectoscope?
29. What Is Plethysmography?
30. Light therapy
31. What is digital medicine
32. Anatomical axis
33. Anatomical axis
34. Laryngoscopy
35. Mammography
36. X Ray
37. Differences between CT scan and MRI
38. How Stethoscopes Work?
39. Uses and Producer for Pulse Oximetry
40. Types of intensive care Ventilator
41. What does my dialysis machine do?
42. Laparoscopic surgery
43. Different types of stethoscopes have different uses to provide specialized care.
FORCE Biomedical Journalist Team Page 1

44. Monitor & ventilator test

45. Types of needles:
46. External Organs – A Step Closer to Artificial Livers
47. Blood Gas Analyser(ABG, BGA)
48. NABH Guidelines
49. Career Guidance – Medical Transcription / Coding Job
50. MS (Biomedical Engineering) in Germany
Happy3rdWorldBiomedicalEngineersDay
The worlds of medicine and engineering have helped humanity in countless ways over the
generations. Combining these two world to create biomedical engineering helps to provide a
new level of innovation where devices or processes are created to improve the overall
quality of health care that can be provided.
From pharmaceuticals to the design and manufacture of medical supplies or equipment,

biomedical engineering is a vast field of industry that has many interesting facts to consider
that I would like to share today.
1. Biomedical engineers created the first bionic arm.
A medical breakthrough occurred in 1993 when the first bionic arm was created through the
process of biomedical engineering. This arm contained a number of motors, pulleys, and
electronic equipment that would allow users to actually grip items because artificial fingers
were available. By 1998, people were able to use these devices thanks to brain impulses that
could be translated into movement inputs.
2. Artificial organs are the result of biomedical engineering.
There are a number of artificial organs that are available today that are a direct result of this
field of research. People are able to survive with artificial hearts and kidneys that are
implanted. Hearing aids have helped millions be able to continue hearing as they get older.
Pacemakers help to keep heart rates regulated. Life spans are being increased thanks to the
amazing inventions that are coming from this field.
3. Corrective surgery
Equipment and procedures are part of this field as well. If you’ve got poor eyesight, have
you ever been tempted to get laser eye surgery to correct the issue? If you have, then you’ve
considered using an invention that came from biomedical engineering. Computer systems
that help doctors to analyze disease functions and even automated insulin pumps are all
part of this field as well.

4. There’s an amazing future in this field
Biomedical engineers today are taking on a lot of important projects. One of the most
promising is the development of a process of regeneration for spinal discs. As people get
older, gravity compresses the spine and the shock absorbing features of a spinal disc begins
to wear out. By injecting liquids into the disc space that turns into a gel-like cushion,
biomedical engineers have been able to relieve pain by supporting and simulating a healthy
spinal disc.
5. It’s more of a woman’s game.
Biomedical engineering today has one of the highest percentages of female students in any
engineering field. It’s always been this way as well. This field isn’t something that is new.
Inventions like the x-ray machine came from biomedical engineering as well. About 1 in
every 3 students that is studying to become a biomedical engineer today is a woman and
many programs offer joint bachelor’s and master’s programs to further encourage women to
pursue doctorate degrees.
The world would be a very different place without biomedical engineering. it has literally
transformed how we all think of medical field today.
We proud to be biomedical Engineers
The 10 greatest medical inventions of the last 50 years
10. Active Bionic Prosthesis (Wearable Robotic Devices)

Named as one of Mayo Clinic’s top medical technologies of 2012, this medical invention
allows us to replicate the action of a person’s tendons and muscles to mimic natural human
body motion. Battery-powered motors, microprocessors, and Bluetooth technology allow a
person to adjust settings easily with a smart phone to ensure natural and consistent motion.
9. Health IT (Especially Mobile/Wireless Devices)

Fortunately, today’s physicians no longer have to dig through piles of books and case
studies to find the information they need to help a patient. Now they can look up
information, access patient records, and view digital medical information in seconds, no
matter where they are located. In fact, nearly 82% of physicians are projected to use
smartphones in 2015.
8. Molecular Breast Imaging (MBI)

This technology is making an impact in the fight against breast cancer. While
mammography has been one of leading methods of detection for breast cancer for years, it

has not been effective in detecting tumors in dense tissue. MBI is a safe and more powerful
scan which serves as an encouraging alternative to mammography. From my new invention,
scanning cost drops upto 80% on Breast cancer detection
7. Modern Telehealth
Telehealth is helping to significantly reduce the number of ER visits and hospitalizations
around the world. By combining powerful telecommunications technology and healthcare
advancements, patients and doctors can connect like never before without consideration for
geographical boundaries.
6. Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART)

This medication has been in development stages for years but has proven to be a powerful
symptom reliever for patients suffering from HIV/AIDS. By using three medications to
create one powerful combination, HAART has been clearly shown to delay progression to
AIDS and prolong the life of infected patients anywhere from 4 to 12 years.
5. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

By non-invasively recording brain signals without the risks of radiation, this new technique
tracks blood flow in the brain to monitor areas of activity. It can be used to monitor the
growth of brain tumors, determine how well the brain is functioning after a stoke.
4. Minimally Invasive Robotic Surgeries

Surgeries aided by robots were first introduced in the late 1980’s with laproscopic
procedures and have been advancing ever since.
3. Laser Surgeries
Laser surgeries were first used to correct vision, but today their use spans across many
medical and cosmetic procedures. Whether used for corrective eye surgeries, cosmetic
dermatology, or the removal of precancerous lesions.
2. The Artificial Heart

This medical invention has helped save thousands of lives all over the world.
1. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Computerized Tomography (CT)

These two medical technology bring medical imaging good. By combining a series of
images, or “slices”, taken from many different angles, doctors can examine detailed parts of
the body individually or produce a 3-D image of that area, allowing them to quickly and
accurately identify internal trauma or irregularities.

Human life is precious, we need more invention.. Today, BME's day, this day should be a
build, but Tamilnadu lost one of the best Person because of unavailability of Medical sources
in India. We should do something. Inspite of feeling proud, make BioMed field as proud !
Thanks with Best Regards,
S MuthuKumar
Final year BME
(Dr. Kalam Young Scientist of India 2016)
History of Biomedical Engineering
Biomedical engineering has existed for centuries, perhaps even thousands of years.
Researchers said the wear on the bottom surface suggests that it could be the oldest known
limb prosthesis.
1895: Wilhelm Roentgen accidentally discovered that a cathode-ray tube could make a sheet
of paper coated with barium platinocyanide glow, even when the tube and the paper were
in separate rooms, which was the discovery of x-rays.
Major milestones:
Biomedical engineering achievements range from early devices, such as crutches, platform
shoes, and wooden teeth to more modern equipment, including pacemakers, heart-lung
machine, dialysis machines, diagnostic equipment, imaging technologies of every kind, and
artificial organs, medical implants and advanced prosthetics.
1791: Luigi Galvani invented the frog Galvanoscope.
1851: Hermann von Helmholtz invented the Ophthalmoscope.
1881: Samuel von Basch invented the blood pressure meter (also known as
Sphygmomanometer).
1895: Conrad Roentgen (Germany) discovered the X-ray using gas discharged tubes.
1896: Henry Becquerel (France) discovered X-rays were emitted from uranium ore.
1901: Roentgen received the Nobel Prize for discovery of X-Rays.
1903: Willem Einthoven invented the Electrocardiogram (ECG).
1921: First formal training in biomedical engineering was started at Oswalt Institute for
Physics in Medicine, Frankfurt, Germany.
1927: Invention of the Drinker respirator.
1929: Hans Berger invents the Electroencephalogram (EEG).
1930: X-rays were being used to visualize most organ systems using radio-opaque materials,
refrigeration, permitted blood banks.
Mid 1930s – early 1940s: Antibiotics, sulfanilamide and pencillin reduced cross-infection in
hospitals.

1940: *Cardiac catheterization.*

1943: The *International Bio-Physical Society*was formed.
1948: The *First conference of Engineering in Medicine & Biology* was held in the United
States.
1950: *Electron microscope.*
1950s – early 1960s: *Nuclear medicine.*
1953: *Cardiopulmonary bypass (heart–lung machine).*
1970: *computer tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).*
1980: *Gamma camera, positron emission tomography (PET) and SPECT.*
1997: *First Indigenous endovascular coronary stent (Kalam-Raju stent)* was developed by
the Care Foundation.
By:
Bhargav Khatri
4th year BME student
Ganpat university
Gujarat, India
https://www.facebook.com/forcebiomedical/
©Force Biomedical
Work together Develop Together
Some examples of Biomedical Engineering Innovations
*Minimally invasive surgeries*: This is a type of surgical procedure where instead of

cutting open the human body, surgeons instead make a few small incisions, insert a tube
fitted with a tiny video camera into the body through the incisions and use the images sent
back by the video to perform the surgery using specially designed surgical instruments.
Minimally invasive surgeries are less painful, results in fewer scars, lesser infection and
recovery is much faster.
*Robotic surgeries*: Robotic surgeries are similar to minimally invasive surgeries in that
smaller incisions are required to complete the surgery. In this type of surgery, doctors
control the robotic arm, which performs the actual surgery, using a computer or a remote
control. The robotic arm consists of various surgical tools and cameras that gives surgeons
excellent vision, precision and movement within the body, thereby making this more
efficient than conventional surgeries. This type of surgery is currently available only in a few
countries.

*Non invasive medical devices* : Non invasive medical devices are those that treat a
particular problem without the requirement of needles and invasive procedures. A good
example of a non invasive medical device that is currently being developed is needle free
diabetes treatment. Instead of constantly drawing blood for tests, regular insulin injections
etc. researchers are developing a biosensor that does all the testing without the need for
drawing blood or giving shots routinely.
For more details on the latest innovations happening in Biomedical Engineering, read the
following article.
Future for BME
Biomedical engineering is an interdisciplinary field , where the biomedical engineer can

have a range of different specialties that range from *Electronics, Optics, Mechanics,
Materials science, Physiology, Neuroscience, Cardiovascular science, and other medical-
related and engineering-related areas*
For the type of research you describe in robotics and virtual reality, we imagine that an
electrical and computer engineer can perform the job well, but a biomedical engineer with
*strong training in electrical and computer engineering as well as physiology and
biomechanics could perform the job just as well if not better*
The major advantage of a biomedical engineer over an electrical engineer in this example is
the ability of the biomedical engineer to *Bridge the gap between fundamental knowledge of
electrical engineering, Electronics and the constraints of medical device design* that are
influenced by a patient's physiology or biomechanics.
A Biomedical engineer must be a *bridge between basic research and patient outcomes* and
thus it is critically important that you understand the fundamentals in your research area
while understanding the needs of a patient and the hurdles that must be overcome to
translate an idea to the clinic....
Certainly think there is a future in biomedical engineering, owing to its consistent placement
as a top job in the USA and India...
In their list of *top jobs for 2016, can CNN money* classified Biomedical Engineering as the
37th best job in the US and 20 best in India.. and of the jobs in the top 37,
Biomedical Engineering 10-year job growth was the third highest (27%) in USA where India
has only 18%.. behind Information Assurance Analyst (37%) & ( 21%) and Product Analyst
(32%)& ( 20%).
CNN previously reported Biomedical Engineer as the top job in the US in 2012 with a
predicted 10-year growth rate of nearly 62% but in India it growth rate is below 30%..
'Biomedical Engineer' was listed as a high-paying low-stress job according to Time magazine
, where in India is inversely proportional to USA... 😯😯😯
must make every effort to enrich your undergraduate BME program with,

* Elective courses from other fundamental (e.g. biology, physics, chemistry, or physiology)
or engineering fields (e.g.
chemical engineering, materials science and engineering, or electrical and computer
engineering) 😁😁
* Undergraduate research in a biomedical engineering lab or other bio-related research
lab 😜
" An internship at a biomedical engineering company😯
* A strong capstone senior design project if available - put in your maximal effort to this
project, as it could lead to letters of reference, patents, publications, or any number of
deliverables, attributes, and learned expertise that will help your early career😉😉😉
Have a good day BME's 😍😍😍
Thanks with Best Regards,
S MuthuKumar
(Final year BME)
GKM college of Engineering & Technology, Chennai 🙌🏻
Why Biomedical Engineers are not appointed in all

hospitals??
In Every Hospital in the world

Surgery Performs by Surgeons
Treatment performs by Qualified Doctors
Patient Health Take care by Qualified Nurses
Technical works carried by Qualified technicians
Office works done by Office staff
Other supportive works done by respective staff
Biomedical Engineer works perform by ..................?!
Ans: Only in few hospitals Biomedical Engineers recruited, still in many hospitals there is no
Biomedical Engineer.
Why don't we try to change this phenomenon
In many hospitals why Biomedical Engineer works not carried out by Biomedical
Engineering professionals
In India there are approximately 16,000 + hospitals in private sector. In which few hospitals
only appointed Biomedical Engineers to take responsibility of Biomedical Equipment.
Even In such few hospitals management haven’t been appointed BME's as per the
requirement quantity of employees. Our Biomedical Engineers are working extra hours and
baring more work load also in their duties.
In hospitals where biomedical engineers are recruited we can be considered these hospitals
have been reached saturated level in BME job growth

1) Less new vacancies unless resigned by existed employees

2) Very less increment in salary to BME's including HOD’s / Mangers
Young Biomedical Engineers should find employment opportunities in hospitals where

there is no Biomedical Engineer instead of concentrating on these (saturated) hospitals
Reasons: Why BME's are not appointed in all hospitals
There are many reasons to say that why Hospitals are not appointing Biomedical Engineers.
May be Biomedical Equipment under AMC / CMC contract

May be management thinks no need of Biomedical Engineers
May be other hospital staff (maintenance department: ITI electrician / gas plant operators)
may functioning on Biomedical Equipment problems
Lack of knowledge about importance of biomedical Engineer in Healthcare organizations,
non-importance which created by non-technical people.
We have seen and seeing many real examples that maintenance staff performed &
performing BME work after gaining experience they are being promoted as a Biomedical
Engineers. However, they did hard work and learnt BME principles and success in BME
field.
This is the past, may be during that time BMEs are not available as per requirement or as per
the demand by hiring organizations. Now many Colleges / Universities offering BME
program and producing good number of qualified graduates in every academic year and
they are readily available to fulfil the needs of *hospitals by their services
On what we should focus
Now we should think that even in small hospital recruiting qualified candidates in each
respective department except Biomedical Engineer. We all should focus on this point, dose
really Hospitals not required BME's
Without biomedical engineers how Doctors/Surgeons perform Treatment / surgeries??

If any equipment fail during the Treatment/surgery, what's the use of AMC/ CMC ??
What are the possibilities that we can do
We are biomedical professionals. We should take responsibility to create awareness about
our "Biomedical field". And we can only do this.
Prepare list of hospitals and meet hospital Management and explain the "importance of
Biomedical Engineers" and convince them in professional way to accept Biomedical
Engineering Services in their hospitals through our Professionals.
How can "WE" approach and Convince the Hospital Management

If a young Biomedical Engineer meets Hospital management, they will receive him / her as a
job aspirant. In this case, if highly experienced Biomedical Engineer meets management then
their Receiving & Reply is changed compare to Younger Engineer.
If we have Biomedical Engineers Association we can do better and in easy way like how
other Associations do (Example: Physiotherapy Association, Medical Lab Technician

Association) supporting for job security for their professionals. So we also need such kind in
each state.
Now what is "OUR" step
Till date there is no Biomedical Engineers Association in many states. However, we will start
from metro cities. DO List out the hospitals details those are not appointed BME's in Metro
Cities due to few hospitals did not appointed Biomedical Engineers. And do focus, start the
work on this.
Convince hospital management through our Seniors to consider our Biomedical services on
full Time Basis. If not possible, either part-time (daily visiting / Hrly Visit as per their
requirement & need) basis.
who is suitable to this kind of job??
To manage individually the candidate should need minimum 1-year experience in any
major hospital.
If candidate got opportunity to work in 4-5 hospitals on visiting basis (nearby locations)
hope such candidate can earn good amount of Salary. In future if hospital demands he/she
can appoint full time employee in same organization then this part-time job can offer to
other job seekers.
Do not wait for ideal circumstances, nor for the best opportunities; they will never come.
by Janet Erskine Stuart
Defibrillator
Defibrillation is a process in which an electronic device sends an electric shock to the
heart to stop an extremely rapid, irregular heartbeat, and restore the normal heart rhythm.
The device is always used where (CPR) resuscitation is not valid for cardiac arrest
Procedure involves the delivery of an electric shock to the heart which causes
depolarization of the heart muscles and re-establishes normal conduction of the heart’s
electrical impulse. The machine used to deliver this therapeutic shock to the heart is called a
defibrillator.
MODE OF OPERATION
A defibrillator works by using a high-voltage (something like 200–1000 volts) to pass
an electric current through the heart so it's shocked into working normally again. The
patient's heart receives roughly 300 joules of electrical energy.
The important thing is getting the current to flow through the heart, so where the
paddles are applied is crucial.
One way of applying them is to put one paddle above and to the left of the heart and
the other slightly beneath and to the right
Defibrillator consists of an energy source circuitry to control the energy and a means
of delivering the energy to the heart.
Depend on the types of Defibrillator; another method involves placing one paddle on
the front of the body and the other round the back. In order for the electric current to flow
properly, and to reduce the risk of skin burns, the electrodes have to be applied close

enough together. They must also make good electrical contact with the skin; also a solid or
liquid conducting gel is usually applied to the patient's chest first.
In some modern defibrillator, self-adhesive electrode pads are often used instead of
paddles for safety and simplicity: once the pads are stuck on, the operator can stand well
clear of the patient's body and that reduces the risk of their getting an electric shock.
TYPES OF DEFIBRILLATOR
1 Manual external defibrillator.
2 Manual internal defibrillator.
3 Automated external defibrillator (AED)
4 Implantable Cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)
5 Wearable cardiac defibrillator.
Beyond the ability to deliver a shock the patient, ALS, AED and Manual external
defibrillator are often outfitted with a number of parameters to aid rescuers, such SPO2,
EtCO2, non-invasive (NIBP) Invasive Blood Pressure (IBP), Temperature, and 12-lead EKG.
COMPONENTS OF DEFIBRILLATOR
Energy source (AC mains)
Voltage Multiplier
Charge storage (DC Battery)
Waveforms
Programmer Recorder/Monitor
Discharge Relay
Wave shaping
Paddle and Electrodes.
DISADVANTAGES OF DEFIBRILLATOR
1.Skin burns from the defibrillator paddles are the most common complication of
defibrillation.
2. It can also cause risks injury to theheart muscle, abnormal heart rhythmsand blood clots.
3. Defibrillation should not be performed on a patient who has a pulse or is alert, as this
could cause a lethal heart rhythm disturbance or cardiac arrest.
4. Never carry out defibrillator procedure on the patient who is unconscious near the water
or wet area as this can lead to delivering shocks (water conducts electricity).
5. The paddles used in procedure should not be placed on a woman's breasts or over a
pacemaker.
Ibrahim S. Usman
Biomedical Technician
345 Aeromedical Hospital
Nigerian Air Force Base
Kaduna Nigeria.
©FORCE BIOMEDICAL
https://www.facebook.com/forcebiomedical/

Otoscope
The instrument used by the physicians to check the small passages of ear, nostrils and upper
part of throat with some change is known as Otoscope.
Functionality:
There are two main parts of the Otoscope. A handle and a head. A funnel-like speculum is
attached to the head to examine the ear cavity. There is also a magnifying lens and light
attached to the head to illuminate as well as magnify the small passage to examine.
For examination, the speculum of the Otoscope is inserted inside the ear and the light and
the attached lens enlarges the canal to check the eardrum. Otoscope is commonly used to
examine tympanic membrane of the ear. There is also a bulb-like attachment which can used
to puff air inside the ear to check the presence of any excess fluid or other related ear
problem. The procedure to examine the nostril and upper throat is also same.
Types🎾
Otoscopes may be categorized in one of three types:
1) pocket, 2) full-size, and 3) video.
Pocket otoscopes were intentionally designed to fit in a pocket and are lighter and less bulky
than other otoscopes. When purchasing a pocket otoscope, both the head and the handle are
included. While there are some exceptions, most pocket otoscope use alkaline batteries to
power the handle.
Full size otoscopes are more substantial in size and weight than pocket otoscopes. They are
comprised of more sophisticated heads and handles that may be purchased individually
since those components tend to be interchangeable even amongst different brands.
Unlike pocket and full size otoscopes, video otoscopes are specifically designed to interface
with a computer or monitor to project, capture, store, and email high quality images and/or
video.
By:
Bhargav Khatri
4th Year BME Student,
Ganpat University,
Gujarat, India.
©Force Biomedical
for more news plz like 👍🏻below link

https://www.facebook.com/forcebiomedical
Work Together Develop Together
Brachytherapy

This is a form of radiotherapy where a sealed radiation source is placed inside or next to the
area requiring treatment. Brachytherapy is commonly used as an effective treatment for
cervical, prostate, breast, and skin cancer and can also be used to treat tumours in many
other body sites.
Treatment results have demonstrated that the cancer cure rates of brachytherapy are either
comparable to surgery and EBRT or are improved when used in combination with these
techniques.
Brachytherapy can be used alone or in combination with other therapies such as surgery,
external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and chemotherapy.
🎾Types:🎾
Different types of brachytherapy can be defined according to (1) the placement of the
radiation sources in the target treatment area, (2) the rate or ‘intensity’ of the irradiation
dose delivered to the tumour, and (3) the duration of dose delivery.
💊Medical use:
Brachytherapy is commonly used to treat cancers of the cervix, prostate, breast, and skin.
Brachytherapy can also be used in the treatment of tumours of the brain, eye, head and neck
region (lip, floor of mouth, tongue, nasopharynx and oropharynx),respiratory tract (trachea
and bronchi), digestive tract (oesophagus, gall bladder, bile-ducts, rectum, anus),urinary
tract (bladder, urethra, penis), female reproductive tract (uterus, vagina, vulva), and soft
tissues.
😲Side effects:
The likelihood and nature of potential acute, sub-acute or long-term side-effects associated
with brachytherapy depends on the location of the tumour being treated and the type of
brachytherapy being used (could be acute or long term).
🚩Environmental hazard :
Due to the small size of brachytherapy sources and low control in early decades, there is a
risk that some of these have escaped into the environment to become orphaned sources. A
radium needle was found in a Prague playground in 2011, radiating 500 µSv/h from one
metre away.
By:
Bhargav Khatri
(4 year BME Student)
GEC- Gandhi Nagar,
Gujarat, India
Force Biomedical©
Abiocor heart
The AbioCor is the world’s first completely self-contained replacement heart. A product of
three decades of research, development and testing, the AbioCor is central to ABIOMED’s

mission to make real the day when heart failure need not mean the end of life or the ability
to enjoy life. Designed to fully sustain the body’s circulatory system, the AbioCor is
intended for end-stage heart failure patients whose other treatment options have been
exhausted.
*How It Works*
As one of the most sophisticated implantable medical devices to be developed, the AbioCor
is designed so that a patient can remain mobile and continue a productive lifestyle.
Equipped with an internal motor, the AbioCor is able to move blood through the lungs and
to the rest of the body, simulating the rhythm of a heartbeat. The AbioCor consists of an
internal thoracic unit, an internal rechargeable battery, an internal miniaturized electronics
package and an external battery pack.
The thoracic unit, weighing about two pounds, includes two artificial ventricles with their
corresponding valves and a motor-driven hydraulic pumping system. The implantable
electronics package monitors and controls the pumping speed of the heart based on the
physiologic needs of the patient. The AbioCor operates on both internal and external lithium
batteries. The internally implanted battery is continually recharged from an external console
or from a basic patient-carried external battery pack. This is achieved with an energy
transfer device called TET (transcutaneous energy transmission). The TET system consists of
internal and external coils that are used to transmit power across the skin. Because tubes or
wires do not pierce the skin, the chances of developing an infection are decreased. External
battery packs can power the AbioCor for approximately 4 hours.
The AbioCor System has two main components: the implantable parts, consisting of the
Thoracic Unit (Replacement Heart), battery, controller, and the TET, and the external parts,
consisting of the console and the Patient-Carried Electronics (PCE) such as the battery and
bag, control module and external TET.
*AbioCor System*
The AbioCor System is designed for use by patients who have irreparably damaged hearts
or who are at risk of imminent death as a result of end-stage heart failure that cannot be
treated by optimal medical treatment.
*Quick Facts*
Mimics function of the native heart
Destination device
No wires cross the skin
*Patient Specifications*
The AbioCor is indicated for use in severe biventricular end stage heart disease patients who
are not cardiac transplant candidates and who:
are less than 75 years old,
require multiple inotropic support,
are not treatable by LVAD destination therapy, and
are not weanable from biventricular support if on such support.
AbioCor Patient
In September 2001, Tom Christerson become the second man to be fitted with the Abiocor
Total Artificial Heart at Jewish Hospital in Louisville, Kentucky. Tom, age 70 at the time of
the surgery, was a resident of Kentucky, and ran a business selling tires to the coal mining

community. At the time of his surgery, Tom was given less than a 20 percent chance of
surviving 30 days. Just days after the operation, Tom was breathing on his own and sitting
up in a chair. He was removed from ventilator support the next day following surgery.
By February 2002, Tom was able to walk without effort or any type of assistive device,
another milestone in his incredible recovery. In April 2002, Tom was discharged home to be
with his family. Tom lived a total of 17 months with the AbioCor.
*Sanket Mahore*
*UG student Maharashtra BME*
http://www.facebook.com/sanket.a.mahore
www.twitter.com/sanket_mahore
External Counter Pulsation therapy (ECP)
This is a procedure performed on individuals with angina or Heart failure or

Cardiomyopathy in order to diminish symptoms of ischemia, improve functional capacity
and quality of life. In various studies, ECP has been shown to relieve angina, and decrease
the degree of ischemia in a cardiac stress test.
Method
While an individual is undergoing ECP, he/she has pneumatic cuffs on his or her legs and is
connected to telemetry monitors that monitor heart rate and rhythm. The most common
type in use involves three cuffs placed on each leg (on the calves, the lower thighs, and the
upper thighs (or buttock)). The cuffs are timed to inflate and deflate based on the
individual's electrocardiogram. The cuffs should ideally inflate at the beginning of diastole
and deflate at the beginning of systole. During the inflation portion of the cycle, the calf cuffs
inflate first, then the lower thigh cuffs and finally the upper thigh cuffs. Inflation is
controlled by a pressure monitor, and the cuffs are inflated to about 200 mmHg.
When timed correctly, this will decrease the afterload that the heart has to pump against,
and increase the preload that fills the heart, increasing the cardiac output.[4] In this way,
ECP is similar to the intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP). Since it increases pressure in the
aorta while the heart is relaxing (during diastole) ECP also increases blood flow into the
coronary arteries, which also occurs during that phase.
🤕Indications🤕
-Angina patients who are not relieved by medicine
-Patients who don’t want to have bypass surgery
-Patients who are contraindicated for bypass or angioplasty due to kidney failure, liver
failure, severe COPD cases, diffuse diabetes disease, very old age, patients of Syndrome X,
ischaemic and dilated cardiomyopathy
🚩Contraindications🚩

-Severe aortic regurgitation or aortic stenosis

-Deep vein thrombosis
-Pregnancy
-Very high blood pressure
-Severe peripheral vascular disease
-Possibility of stroke
By: Bhargav Khatri
(4th Year, B.Tech Biomedical Student)
GEC - Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
©Force Biomedical
Skin-Like Bandage Could be the Next Biomedical Band-Aid
A new biomedical ‘bandage’ uses conducting nanowires to offer therapeutic stimulation.

The device has the skin’s stretchy properties and sensory abilities.
The nanowires are shrouded in a thin layer of elastic polymer, and has already been called
an electronic bandage. A team of researchers from across the United States collaborated on
the device.
“It can intimately adhere to the skin and simultaneously provide medically useful
biofeedback such as electrophysiological signals,” said Chi Hwan Lee, an assistant professor
of biomedical engineering and mechanical engineering at Purdue University. “Uniquely,
this work combines high-quality nanomaterials into a skin-like device, thereby enhancing
the mechanical properties.”
By recording these electrophysiological signs, doctors can get an accurate read of a wearer’s
heart and muscle activity. Better yet, the device doesn’t impede the movement or lifestyle of
its user. It’s noninvasive and doesn’t leave scarring caused by other internal cardiology
trackers.
The nanowires measure 50 nanometers in diameter and 150 microns long. They get
embedded into a thin elastic polymer layer only 1.5 microns thick. Lee said the process of
creating the bandages itself came from adapting conventional techniques.
“The nanowires mesh film was initially formed on a conventional silicon wafer with existing
micro- and nano-fabrication technologies. Our unique technique, called a crack-driven
transfer printing technique, allows us to controllably peel off the device layer from the
silicon wafer, and then apply onto the skin,” Lee said.
The team hopes to use the research to develop a transdermal drug delivery bandage. It
would use the nano-fabrication to transport medicines to the skin electronically. In theory, it
could even be programmed to distribute the medicines at certain times or to sense when the
medicine was needed based on the wearer’s condition.
Researchers with Oklahoma State University assisted in the theoretical simulations for the
device’s mechanics.

Blade-Free LASIK -The World’s Most Advanced LASIK

Technology
📝👉The world’s most advanced LASIK vision correction technology – the 100 percent blade-
free LASIK using IntraLase Laser Technology – is now available to area residents looking to
trade their sight-diminishing myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness) or
astigmatism (oval corneal curvature) for 20/20 or better vision.
👉Dr. Michael Caruso joins other leading ophthalmic surgeons across the country in offering
this advanced technology, which enhances the safety of the LASIK procedure.
👉Blade-free LASIK takes more of the millions of Americans who suffer from these eye
conditions to 20/20 and beyond. “This new technology represents an emerging standard of
care in LASIK worldwide, and patients now have the choice of blade-free LASIK with the
advanced IntraLase Technology over traditional LASIK with the microkeratome blade,” said
Dr. Caruso. More than 1,000,000 LASIK procedures have been performed with the IntraLase
Laser Technology, 💡which is now used in an estimated 25 percent of all U.S LASIK
procedures.💡 With its excellent safety profile and superior visual outcomes, the IntraLase
Laser Technology is among the fastest growing refractive surgical techniques.
👉The IntraLase FS Laser is used in the important first step of the LASIK procedure, the
creation of a corneal flap. 🔦The second step involves reshaping the cornea using an excimer
laser.
👉Historically, the first step of LASIK was performed using a microkeratome, a hand-held
medical instrument with an oscillating blade. While LASIK has proven to be a successful
and relatively safe procedure, most complications and patient concerns have been associated
with the use of the microkeratome.
👉The IntraLase Laser Technology eliminates the use of the microkeratome. With the
IntraLase Laser, the surgeon precisely controls the first step of LASIK using a computer-
controlled laser that delivers rapid pulses of light, a quadrillionth of a second each, to a pre-
programmed depth and position within the cornea. Each pulse forms a microscopic bubble.
As the IntraLase Laser moves back and forth across the eye, the bubbles are connected to
form a corneal flap. Just prior to vision correction, the doctor lifts the flap to reveal a smooth
corneal bed, optimized for reshaping.
👉🔍The IntraLase Laser also creates a distinctive beveled-edge flap that allows for precise
repositioning, alignment and seating of the corneal flap after LASIK is completed.
👍More than 95 percent of advanced LASIK patients achieve 20/20 vision or better, and these
benefits are seen when the method is used during either standard of custom LASIK
procedures.
👌The IntraLase Laser Technology takes about 20 seconds per eye, with the entire LASIK
procedure often completed in both eyes in approximately 30 minutes. Patients see better
immediately with recovery typically lasting a few hours. “🔗Given the many benefits of the

IntraLase Laser Technology, I’m sure that people who have delayed getting LASIK surgery
will want to take advantage of this advanced technology🔗 said Dr. Caruso.
DDr Michael Caruso is a board-certified medical ophthalmologist and eye surgeon with
offices in Linwood and Cape May Court House. Dr. Caruso is the first doctor to perform
LASIK surgery in the south Jersey shore area and has been successfully correcting vision
with this procedure for over 10 years.
Prepared by
FORCE Bio-Medical Journalist Team
🙏For more update in the field of
Bio-Medical Engineering
Visit our Facebook page.
www.facebook.com/forcebiomedical
Email us on: forcebiomedical@gmail.com
INFUSION PUMP
✒An infusion pump is a medical device that delivers fluids, such as nutrients and
medications, into a patient’s body in controlled amounts. They can deliver nutrients or
medications, such as insulin or other hormones, antibiotics, chemotherapy drugs, and pain
relievers.
✒An infusion pump is operated by a trained user, who programs the rate and duration of
fluid delivery through a built-in software interface.
Infusion pumps offer significant advantages over manual administration of fluids, including
the ability to deliver fluids in very small
volumes, and the ability to deliver fluids at precisely programmed rates or automated
intervals.
✒Infusion pump can be administer as little as 0.1 mL per hour injections (too small for a
drip), injections every minute, injections with repeated boluses requested by the patient, up
to maximum number per hour (e.g.in patient-controlled analgesia),or fluids whose volumes
vary by the time of day.
COMMON TYPES OF HOSPITAL INFUSION PUMP
🌹Some infusion pumps are designed mainly for stationary use at a patient’s bedside. There
are many types of infusion pumps, including
⃣LARGE VOLUME INFUSION PUMP (LVP): In an LVP, the fluids are usually
contained in an IV bag or bottle, and the pump manipulates a special
section of tubing between it and the patient's IV site. They also include state-of-the-art safety
features to ensure that any single
failure of any significance is detected and reported immediately through alarming sound.
⃣PATIENTS CONTROLLED ANALGESIA (PCA) PUMP: A pump used to deliver
pain medication, which is equipped with a feature that allows patients to self-administer a

controlled amount of medication, as needed. PCA is very effective method for administering
opiates to patients for pain relief, and gives patients a sense of control over their pain.
⃣SYRINGE PUMPS: fluid is held in the reservoir of a syringe, and a moveable
piston controls fluid delivery. Syringe pump is related to
long Volume pump but still different features. Another use of syringe pump is in palliative
care. These pumps are the preferred choice for
lower volume and low flow rate infusions.
\ ⃣INSULIN PUMPS: A pump typically used to deliver insulin to patients
with diabetes. Insulin pumps are frequently used in the home, but also may be used in a
healthcare facility.
⃣ ELASOMERIC PUMP: fluid is held in a stretchable balloon reservoir, and
pressure from the elastic walls of the balloon drives fluid delivery. Built with an elastic
balloon inside a very tough outer cover, the device pushes intravenous medication through
tubing and a filter that is attached to the reservoir. Depending on the pumps’ size the drug
inside the pump can be delivered over a time spread varying between thirty minutes to
seven days
⃣ENTERAL PUMP: A pump used to deliver liquid nutrients and medications to a
patient’s digestive tract. This type of pump is using
for patients require nutrition through continuous feeding,
intermittent feeding or feeding and flushing.
⃣PERISTALTIC PUMP: mechanical pump in which pressure is provided by the
movement of a constriction along a tube, similar to biological peristalsis.
⃣AMBULATORY INFUSION PUMPS: This is types of infusion pump found
inside an ambulatory vehicle for administer the medicine/ drugs/ or fluid to
the patient through a short period of time. Most ambulatory infusion pump are battery
backup, very easy to operate and less mL of fluid measurement, ambulatory pumps are
designed to be portable or wearable.
ADVANTAGES OF INFUSION PUMP
🌹Provide an accurate flow of fluids or drugs over a prescribed period.

🌹Many pumps operate from battery and mains electricity. They incorporate warnings and
alarms of excessive upstream pressure, air in tube, syringe empty/ nearly empty and low
battery.
🌹It generate an alarm if a blockage is detected downstream from the pump, this occur when
IV-line is no longer patent ( No longer
in the Vein)
🌹They lead display screen for accurate measurement parameter.
🌹Occlusion detectors often reply on the fact that tubing will become turgid when pressure
rises.
🌹An "up pressure" sensor can detect when the bag or syringe is empty, or even if the bag or
syringe is being squeezed.
COMMON PROBLEMS WITH INFUSION PUMP

📌SOFTWARE PROBLEMS: A software error message is displayed, stating that the pump
is inoperable. This occurs in the absence of an identifiable problem. It requires well trained
Technician or Nurse.
📌ALARM ERRORS: The infusion pump fails to generate an audible alarm for a critical
problem, such as an occlusion (e.g., clamped tubing) or the
presence of air in the infusion tubing. The infusion pump generates an
occlusion alarm in the absence of an occlusion.
📌BROKEN COMPONENTS: The infusion pump may have been dropped or damaged
during use, which may result in an over-infusion or an under-infusion if the pump
continues to be used without being repaired.
BATTERY FAILURES: A design issue causes over-heating of the battery
and leads to premature battery failure. If the battery is not replaced during the
recommended end of life routine maintenance, it may cause damage to device itself.
Prepared by
Ibraheem S. Usman
Biomedical Technician
Aeromedical Hospital
Nigerian Air Force Base
Kaduna Nigeria
©Force Bio-Medical
12 Things You Did Not Know Your Body Can Do

The human body is an amazing thing, and it can do so many tricks that you probably
weren’t even aware of.
Some things that you didn’t know your body could do include:
-Cure heartburn without medication

-Your pupils dilate when you’re in love
The body can heal itself naturally in some cases, and prevent you from feeling harm in some
ways.
Check out these 12 things that you didn’t know your body could do.
1. Your eyes can tell you that you are too cold. When your body gets too cold and
hypothermia sets in, the blood vessels in your eyes will constrict in an attempt to save
energy, and when that happens, you can go blind temporarily.
2. You can have super hearing if you turn your left ear towards the person talking, you can
hear better. The right ear is better at tracking active talking, and the ear that you get your
super hearing from depends on what you are trying to hear.

3. Cure heartburn without medication if you sleep on your left side. Research shows if you
sleep on your left side you are less likely to suffer from an acidic stomach this is because the
esophagus and stomach are tied together at an angle. If you lie on your right side your
stomach will be at a higher position than your esophagus, which will allow acid from your
stomach to get up into your throat. On your left side gravity will take over and your
stomach will be lower.
4. You can shed your skin like a snake. Skin can dry out easily overtime, especially on your
feet. There are products to safely remove the first layer of skin from your feet so you can
have fresh new skin. The lotion repairs damage to the first layer of your skin.
5. Your digestive system can give you super strength. If you are in a dire position and need a
dose of strength to save your life or a life of another person, your nervous system kicks in
and adrenaline is released which causes your heart rate to speed up, your respiration
increases, your pupils dilate and your digestive system shuts down. It does this so that all
your muscles can contract with incredible force. It shuts down not for long but to give you
super strength.
6.Your body can predict the weather. Many people can feel it will rain by getting pain in
their joints. When a storm is approaching the pressure in the atmosphere drops, the fluid is
the joint can create pressure. The pain often lasts until the storm has passed and the pressure
in the atmosphere has returned to normal. Many migraine sufferers can tell when the
temperature is going to change drastically. When the temperature drastically decreases or
increases it can cause chemical imbalances in the brain such as the release of serotonin. This
is one of the main causes of a migraine
7. Your pupils can tell your true feelings. Your pupils dilate when you see someone you
have loving feelings for. When you see someone you are in love with, it affects your
sympathetic nervous system, and when this area is affected your pupils can dilate.
8. If you are going to feel some pain, like getting an injection, just cough a little which will
decrease the pain a little bit. The reason why is because coughing decreases pain signals to
the brain, which causes you to feel less of it.
9.Many people get a congested nose, and a trick your body can do to clear your nasal
passages is to press your tongue against the roof of your mouth, and press your finger on
the space between your eyebrows. This makes the bone in your nose move back and forth
which will loosen the nasal passages and clear your sinuses in about 20 seconds.
10. Using ice for a tooth ache seems like a normal remedy, but if you rub the ice cube on the
area between your thumb and index finger it will ease the pain in tooth. The reason why this
works is because of the neural pathway that is in the ‘V’ shape between your thumb and
index finger that keeps pain from going to your face.
11. When a person gets scared, their hearts start beating very fast. If you blow on your
thumb you can calm your rapid heartbeat. The reason why is because there is a nerve that
controls your heartbeat and it is controlled by breathing.

12. Your sense of smell acts like a time machine because the the part of the brain that is
responsible for smell is located in the same place as the part of the brain that is responsible
for memory and emotions. That is why when you smell something from your past, you
think of the memory that is associated with it.
By,
Bhargav Khatri
(4 year BME Student)
Ganpat University, Gujarat
©FORCE Bio-Medical
Work Together, Develop Together
What Is Lithotripsy?
Lithotripsy is a medical procedure used to treat certain types of kidney stones and stones in
other organs, such as the gallbladder or the liver.
Kidney stones occur when minerals and other substances in the blood crystallize in the
kidneys, forming solid masses (stones). Stones may consist of small, sharp-edged crystals, or
smoother, heavier formations that resemble polished river rocks. They usually exit the body
naturally during urination.
How Does Lithotripsy Work?
Lithotripsy uses sound waves to break up large kidney stones into smaller pieces. These
sound waves are also called high-energy shock waves. The most common form of lithotripsy
is extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL).
Extracorporeal means “outside the body.” In this case, it refers to the source of the shock
waves. During ESWL, a special machine called a lithotripter generates the shock waves. The
waves travel into the body and break apart the stones.
Lithotripsy takes about 45 minutes to an hour to perform. You’ll likely be given some form
of anesthesia. After lithotripsy, stone debris is removed from the kidneys or the ureter
through urination.
Prepared by
Regards
C.Saravanan.
Jr.Biomedical Engineer
Force Biomedical©
CFS analysis

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis is a set of laboratory tests that examine a sample of the
fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord. This fluid is an ultrafiltrate of plasma. It is clear
and colorless.
It contains glucose, electrolytes, amino acids, and other small molecules found in plasma,
but has very little protein and few cells. CSF protects the central nervous system from injury,
cushions it from the surrounding bone structure, provides it with nutrients, and removes
waste products by returning them to the blood.
CSF is withdrawn from the subarachnoid space through a needle by a procedure called a
lumbar puncture or spinal tap. CSF analysis includes tests in clinical chemistry, hematology,
immunology, and microbiology. Usually three or four tubes are collected.
The first tube is used for chemical and/or serological analysis and the last two tubes are used
for hematology and microbiology tests.
This reduces the chances of a falsely elevated white cell count caused by a traumatic tap
(bleeding into the subarachnoid space at the puncture site), and contamination of the
bacterial culture by skin germs or flora.
*Purpose*
The purpose of a CSF analysis is to diagnose medical disorders that affect the central
nervous system. Some of these conditions are:
meningitis and encephalitis, which may be viral, bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infections.
metastatic tumors (e.g., leukemia) and central nervous system tumors that shed cells into the
CSF.
syphilis, a sexually transmitted bacterial diseasebleeding (hemorrhaging) in the brain and
spinal cordmultiple sclerosis, a degenerative nerve disease that results in the loss of the
myelin coating of the nerve fibers of the brain and spinal cordGuillain-Barré syndrome, a
demyelinating disease involving peripheral sensory and motor nerves.
*Results*
Normal results
Gross appearance: Normal CSF is clear and colorless.
CSF opening pressure: 50–175 mm H 2 O.
Specific gravity: 1.006–1.009.
Glucose: 40–80 mg/dL.
Total protein: 15–45 mg/dL.LD: 1/10 of
serum level.
Lactate: less than 35 mg/dL.
Leukocytes (white blood cells): 0–5/microL (adults and children); up to 30/microL
(newborns).
Differential: 60–80%
lymphocytes; up to 30% monocytes and
macrophages;
other cells 2% or less. Monocytes and macrophages are somewhat higher in neonates.
Gram stain: negative.
Culture: sterile.Syphilis serology:
negative.
Red blood cell count: Normally, there are no red blood cells in the CSF unless the needle
passes through a blood vessel on route to the CSF.

Prepared by
Tazeen Ahmad
Tech writer....
©FORCE BIOMEDICAL
Leukaemia
Leukaemia is a cancer which starts in blood forming tissue, usually the bone marrow. It
leads to the over-production of abnormal white blood cells, the part of the immune system
which defends the body against infection.
Blood cells are formed in the bone marrow, the spongy tissue found inside the bones. Blood-
forming stem cells divide to produce either more stem cells or immature cells that become
mature blood cells
Red blood cells that carry oxygen to all tissues of the body.
Platelets that form blood clots to stop bleeding.
⚪Granulocytes (white blood cells) that fight infection and disease.
A lymphoid stem cell becomes a lymphoblast cell and then one of three types of
lymphocytes (white blood cells):
⚪B lymphocytes that make antibodies to help fight infection.
⚪T lymphocytes that help B lymphocytes make the antibodies that help fight infection.
⚪Natural killer cells that attack cancer cells and viruses.
There are four main types of leukaemia:
Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) - Rapidly developing, affects myeloid cells.
Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) - Slowly developing, affects myeloid cells (granulocytes)
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia(ALL) - Rapidly developing, affects lymphocytes
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) - Slowly developing, affects lymphocytes.
Symptoms
Due to lack of red blood cells Weakness, tiredness, shortness of breath, light headedness,
palpitations
Infections are more frequent, more severe and last longer.
Purpura (small bruises in skin), heavy periods, nosebleeds, bleeding gums,Bleeding and
bruising due to lack of platelets
Treatment:
Chemotherapy
Radiation therapy
Targeted therapy
Stem cell transplant
Regards
C.Saravanan.
Force Biomedical©

For More Visit us @

Noninvasive deadbeat control
A deadbeat controller has been proposed for the control of pulsatile pump flow in an
implantable rotary blood pump (IRBP). lumped parameter model of the cardiovascular
system, in combination with the stable dynamical models of pulsatile flow and differential
pressure (head) estimation for the IRBP was used to evaluate the controller.
Pump speed and current were used as the only measured variables of the control system.
The control algorithm was tested using both constant and sinusoidal reference pump flow
input, under healthy and heart failure conditions. Results showed that the controller is able
to track the reference input with minimal error in the presence of model uncertainty.
For more details like our Facebook page

©FORCE BIOMEDICAL
Ultrasonic toothbrush
An ultrasonic toothbrush is an electric toothbrush designed for daily home use that operates
by generating ultrasound in order to aid in removing plaque and rendering plaque bacteria
harmless.
It typically operates on a frequency of 1.6 MHz, which translates to 96,000,000 pulses or
192,000,000 movements per minute. Ultrasound is defined as a series of acoustic pressure
waves generated at a frequency beyond human hearing.
*Background*
Electric toothbrushes have been used by the public since the early 1950s.
*Based on the speed of their vibration, can be divided into three categories: electric, sonic
and ultrasonic.*
*⚙How it works?*
Electric toothbrushes vibrate in either an up/down direction, or in a circular motion, and
sometimes in a combination of the two.
Typically, the speed of their vibration is measured in movements per minute, where
common electric toothbrushes vibrate at a speed of between a few thousand times a minute
to approximately 10,000 to 12,000 times per minute.
Sonic toothbrushes are called sonic because the speed or frequency of their vibration, as
opposed to the sound of the motor, falls within the average range that is used by people in

communication. The voiced speech of a typical adult male will have a fundamental
frequency from 85 to 180 Hz (10,200 to 21,000 movements per minute), and that of a typical
adult female from 165 to 255 Hz (19,800 to 30,600 movements per minute).
Ultrasonic toothbrushes work by generating an ultrasonic wave usually from an implanted
piezo crystal, the frequency of which technically could begin at 20,000 Hz (2,400,000
movements per minute). The most common frequency however, around which many
scientific studies have been conducted, is in the area of approximately 1.6 MHz, which
translates to 96,000,000 waves or 192,000,000 movements per minute.
*Effectiveness*
Ultrasound, in the range of 1.0 to 3.0 MHz is widely used in therapeutic medical devices for
increasing the speed of bone healing,treatment of aphthous stomatitis, gingival bleeding,
plaque removal and more.
By: *Bhargav Khatri* (Student of B.Tech in Biomedical & Instrumentation )
*Force Biomedical©*
*Work together Develop Together*
Cardiac rehabilitation (cardiac rehab)
⛹🏽Cardiac rehabilitation (cardiac rehab) is a program of *exercise, education and counselling

designed to help you recover after a heart attack or other heart conditions*. This
personalized program will help you regain your strength, prevent your condition from
getting worse and *reduce your risk of having heart problems in the future.*
⛹🏽If you have had a *heart attack, or heart surgery or have heart disease, your doctor may
recommend you join a cardiac rehabilitation program.*
*Cardiac rehab can help you*
⛹🏽Recover after a heart attack or heart surgery.
⛹🏽Prevent future hospital stays, *heart problems, and death related to heart problems.*
⛹🏽Address risk factors that can lead to *coronary heart disease and other heart problems*.
These risk factors include *high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, overweight or
obesity, diabetes, smoking, lack of physical activity, and depression* and other emotional
health concerns.
⛹🏽Adopt healthy lifestyle changes. These changes may include following a *heart healthy
diet, being physically active, and learning how to manage stress.
⛹🏽Improve your health and quality of life.
Prepared by
C.Saravanan
Force Biomedical©
For More Visit us @

International Day of Radiology
Who is a Radiologist?
A radiologist a physician who is also an imaging expert with specialized training in
obtaining and interpreting medical images obtained by using x-rays (radiographs, CT,
fluoroscopy) or radioactive substances (nuclear medicine) or by other means such as sound
waves (ultrasound) or the body's natural magnetism (MRI).
Radiologists also treat diseases by means of radiation
Subspecialties for Diagnostic Radiologists:

Breast imaging:
The radiology subspecialty devoted to the diagnostic imaging and diagnosis of breast
diseases and conditions. This includes mammography, breast ultrasound, breast MRI, and
breast procedures such as breast biopsy.
Cardiovascular Radiology:
The radiology subspecialty devoted to the diagnostic imaging and diagnosis of diseases of
the heart and vascular or circulatory system(including blood and lymphatic vessels). This
includes x-rays, CT (computed tomography or CAT), ultrasound and MRI.
Chest Radiology:
The radiology subspecialty devoted to diagnostic imaging and diagnosis of diseases of the
chest, especially the heart and lungs This includes x-rays, CT (computed tomography or
CAT), Ultrasound, MRI and chest procedures, such as lung biopsy and thoracentesis or
drainage of fluid from the chest.
Emergency Radiology
The radiology subspecialty devoted to the diagnostic imaging and diagnosis of trauma and
non-traumatic emergency conditions. This includes x-rays, CT (computed tomography or
CAT), Ultrasound and MRI.
Gastrointestinal (GI) Radiology
The radiology subspecialty devoted to the diagnostic imaging and diagnosis of the
gastrointestinal (GI) or digestive tract (the stomach and intestines) and abdomen. This
includes fluoroscopy, x-rays, CT (computed tomography or CAT), Ultrasound, MRI, and GI
procedures such as biopsy and fluid and abscess drainage.
Genitourinary Radiology
The radiology subspecialty devoted to the diagnosis and treatment of the organs of the
reproductive and urinary systems. This includes x-rays, CT (computed tomography or
CAT), MRI and procedures such as biopsy, kidney stone removal, and uterine fibroid
removal.
Head and Neck Radiology
the head and neck. This includes x-rays, CT (computed tomography or CAT), Ultrasound
and MRI.

Musculoskeletal Radiology
The radiology subspecialty devoted to the diagnostic imaging and diagnosis of the muscles
and the skeleton. This includes x-rays, CT (computed tomography or CAT), Ultrasound and
MRI.
Neuroradiology
The radiology subspecialty devoted to the diagnostic imaging and diagnosis of the brain and
nervous system, head, neck and spine. This includes x-rays, CT (computed tomography or
CAT), Ultrasound and MRI.
Pediatric Radiology
children. This includes x-rays, CT (computed tomography or CAT), Ultrasound, MRI and
procedures such as fluoroscopy, biopsy and drainage of fluid or abscess collections.
Interventional Radiology
The radiology subspecialty devoted to the imaging, diagnosis and treatment of patients
utilizing minimally invasive interventional techniques. This includes imaging and treatment
of the blood vessels (such as angiography, angioplasty and stent placement), biopsy
procedures, line and tube placement, uterine fibroid removal, fluid and abscess drainage.
These may be performed with imaging guidance using x-rays, fluoroscopy, CT (computed
tomography or CAT), Ultrasound or MRI.
Nuclear Radiology
The radiology subspecialty devoted to the imaging, diagnosis and treatment of patients
using trace doses of radioactive material. This includes imaging of the heart, the skeletal
system, and most organs in the body (for example the thyroid and parathyroid glands, liver,
spleen, kidneys, lungs, etc.). It also includes the treatment of various conditions in the body
such as a hyperactive thyroid gland and thyroid cancer. The imaging modalities include
gamma imaging, PET, and PET/CT.
Radiation Oncology
The radiology subspecialty devoted to the treatment of cancer using radiation. The radiation
may be delivered from an outside x-ray source or may be placed or injected into the body.
Prepared by
C.Saravanan
Force Biomedical©
For More Visit us @
Phoropter
Phoropter is a common name for an ophthalmic testing device, also called a refractor.

*It is commonly used by eye care professionals during an eye examination, and contains
different lenses used for refraction of the eye during sight testing, to measure an individual's
refractive error and determine his or her eyeglass prescription.*
It is also used to measure the patients' phorias and ductions, which are characteristics of
binocularity.
The lenses within a phoropter refract light in order to focus images on the patient's retina.
The optical power of these lenses is measured in 0.25 diopter increments. By changing these
lenses, the examiner is able to determine the spherical power, cylindrical power, and
cylindrical axis necessary to correct a person's refractive error.
The presence of cylindrical power indicates the presence of astigmatism, which has an axis
measured from 0 to 180 degrees away from being aligned horizontally.
Phoropters are made with either plus or minus cylinders.
*Traditionally, ophthalmologists and orthoptists use plus cylinder phoropters and
optometrists use minus cylinder phoropters. One can mathematically convert figures
obtained from either type of phoropter to the other.*
*How it is used?*
1. Typically, the patient sits behind the phoropter, and looks through it at an eye chart
placed at optical infinity (20 feet or 6 metres), then at near (16 inches or 40 centimetres) for
individuals needing reading glasses.
2. The eye care professional then changes lenses and other settings, while asking the patient
for subjective feedback on which settings gave the best vision.
**Sometimes the habitual glasses Rx or an automated refractor is used to provide initial
settings for the phoropter, and sometimes a retinoscope is used through the phoropter to
measure the vision without the patient having to speak, which is useful for babies and
people who don't speak the language of the practitioner.
*Additionally:*Phoropters can also measure Heterophorias (natural resting position of the
eyes), accommodative amplitudes, accommodative leads/lags, accommodative posture,
horizontal and vertical vergences, and more.
*Components:*
*The major components of the phoropter are the battery of spherical and cylindrical lenses,*
auxiliary devices such as Maddox rods, filtered lenses, prisms, and the JCC (Jackson Cross-
Cylinder) used for astigmatism measurement.
The prismatic lenses are used to analyze binocular vision and treat orthoptic problems.
*From the measurements taken,* the specialist will write an eyeglass prescription that
contains at least 3 numerical specifications for each eye: sphere, cylinder, and axis, as well as
pupillary distance (distance between eyes, and, rarely, prism for one or both eyes.)
By: *Khushali Solanki*
(Diploma in Biomedical Engineering )

Minimally Invasive Hemorrhoid Surgery
Hemorrhoids
Hemorrhoids are clusters of veins that lie under the skin of the anus. They extend from
inside the anus (internal hemorrhoids) to just outside the anus (external hemorrhoids).
Things that cause increased pressure on these veins (pregnancy, prolonged sitting on the
toilet, straining, long-term constipation, long-term diarrhea, liver disease, etc.) cause them to
enlarge. Everyone has hemorrhoids, but not everyone is bothered by them.
*Symptoms*
Internal hemorrhoids can bleed when enlarged and inflamed. This is usually red blood that
is seen on the toilet paper or on the stool or in the toilet bowl. It is rarely a large amount of
blood, but it takes very little blood in the toilet to look like a lot.
Internal hemorrhoids can also grow large enough to prolapse, or fall out of the anus, usually
with bowel movements. They can go back in on their own, but sometimes they have to be
pushed back in. Rarely, they cannot be pushed back in, in which case you should go to the
emergency room.
External hemorrhoids form skin tags when enlarged. These are usually noticed when wiping
after bowel movements. If a blood clot forms under an external hemorrhoid, it is said to be
“thrombosed”. This tends to happen suddenly and is quite painful. If emergency care is
sought promptly, the clot can be removed by a colon and rectal surgeon, and the duration of
pain can be shortened.
Many diseases that are much more deadly than hemorrhoids have similar symptoms. Any
bleeding from the rectum should be evaluated by a doctor.
*Diagnosis*
History and physical exam are usually adequate to diagnose hemorrhoids. Anoscopy, in
which a small tube is inserted into the rectum in the doctor’s office, is the best way to see
and evaluate hemorrhoids. It is actually better for hemorrhoids than colonoscopy.
*Treatment*
Non-operative treatment
Probably 95% of patients with hemorrhoid trouble can be treated without surgery. The
principles of non-operative treatment of hemorrhoids are:
A high fiber diet or taking a fiber supplement
Having soft, formed bowel movements
Avoid sitting on the toilet beyond the time needed for each bowel movement (Do not read or
watch TV on the toilet. If you did not really need to go or are not sure if you’re done, get up
and come back if needed)
Use baby wipes instead of toilet paper if you have pain, itching or irritation
*Operative Treatment*
Minimally invasive techniques to treat hemorrhoids are good for internal hemorrhoids,
since that area has nerve endings for pressure but not for pain.

*Banding*
The internal hemorrhoid is lifted up and a tiny rubber band dropped around it, effectively
choking it off and scarring it down.
*Stapled Hemorrhoidectomy (PPH)*
A ring of rectal tissue above the internal hemorrhoids is cut out and stapled together,
drawing the hemorrhoids up and cutting off their blood supply. This is most effective for
patients with large circumferential internal hemorrhoids. This is performed in the operating
room under spinal or general anesthesia.
External hemorrhoids, unfortunately, cannot be treated with “painless” techniques because
the skin over them is very sensitive.
*Hemorrhoidectomy*
Traditional surgery for hemorrhoids involves cutting out an ellipse of skin over the
hemorrhoid (usually both the internal and external parts) and sewing it up in a straight line.
It is very effective, but the discomfort that it causes means that colon and rectal surgeons
reserve it for those who will truly benefit.
What is a spirometer and spirometry?
Spirometry is the most common of the lung function tests. These tests look at *how well
your lungs work*. Spirometry shows how well you breathe in and out. *Breathing in and out
can be affected by lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),
asthma, pulmonary fibrosis and cystic fibrosis*. (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease,
Asthma, Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis and Cystic Fibrosis)
Spirometry is the name of the test, whilst a spirometer is the device that is used to make the
measurements.
*How is it done?*
We need to breathe into the spirometer machine. *First you breathe in fully and then seal
your lips around the mouthpiece of the spirometer. You then blow out as fast and as far as
you can until your lungs are completely empty*. This can take several seconds. You may
also be asked to breathe in fully and then breathe out slowly as far as you can.
A clip may be put on to your nose to make sure that no air escapes from your nose. The
measurements may be repeated two or three times to check that the readings are much the
same each time you blow into the machine.
*What does the spirometer measure?*
Spirometry measures the amount (volume) and/or speed (flow) of air that can be inhaled
and exhaled. The most common measurements used are:
〽Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1). This is the amount of air you can blow
out within one second. With normal lungs and airways you can normally blow out most of
the air from your lungs within one second.
〽Forced vital capacity (FVC). The total amount of air that you blow out in one breath.

〽FEV1 divided by FVC (FEV1/FVC). Of the total amount of air that you can blow out in one
breath, this is the proportion that you can blow out in one second.
*What can the measurements show?*
🔎Normal.
🔎An obstructive pattern.
🔎A restrictive pattern.
🔎A combined obstructive/restrictive pattern.
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Computer tomography scan
CT scan is a medical imaging method employing tomography. CT produces a volume of

data which can be manipulated through a process known as Windowing. In order to
demonstrate various bodily structures based on their ability to block the *Rontgen Beam*.
The images generated were in the Axial or Transverse plane, Orthogonal to the long axis of
the body, modern scanners allow this volume of data acquisition to be reformatted in
various planes or even as Volumetric *3D* or *4D* representation of structure.
*INSTALLATION SEGMENT OF CT SCAN*

CT scan is divided into 3 Section as follow
*POWER ROOM*: Consist of 50KVA UPS or above for backup power failure during
scanning procedure, also Including High Voltage generator which served as
*ON-point* of the machine.
*GANTRY ROOM:* The gantry is a 'donut' shaped part of CT scan that houses
the components necessary to produce and detect x-rays to create a CT image.
The x-ray tube are positioned opposite each other and rotate around the gantry aperture.
Continuous rotation in one direction without cable wrap around is possible due to the use of
slip rings. Other components within the Gantry are gantry aperture, sagittal laser alignment
light, patient guide lights, x-ray exposure indicator light, gantry control panels, external
laser alignment lights, x-ray tube, filters, collimator, and reference detector, internal
projector, x-ray tube heat exchanger (oil cooler), direct drive gantry motor, rotation control
unit, data acquisition system *(DAS)*, patient couch, sometime ECG monitor. The Couch or
Table is attached to the front side of Gantry.
*CONSOLE (COMPUTER) ROOM* The CT Technologist or Radiographer control the CT

examination from workstation console in the room opposite next to the gantry room. The

radiographer watches the patient during the study and monitors the progress of the image
acquisition during the study.
*CT Rooms are also designed to have a shielded door between the control room and the
scanner room*. If a CT room has such a door and if the design is such that a CT machine
operator is likely to leave the control room door open during patient scans to save time and
effort in reaching the patient, this can potentially result in secondary radiation striking
unshielded areas beyond the open door
*APPLICATION OF CT SCAN*
CT scanning machine of the head is typically used to detect
Bleeding of brain injury and skull fracture.
Bleeding due to a ruptured /leaking aneurysm in a patient with a sudden headache.
A blood clot or bleeding within the brain shortly after exhibit symptoms of a stroke.
Brain Tumors
Enlarged brain in patients with Hydrocephalus.
Disease / malformation of the Skull.
Evaluate the extent of bone and soft tissue damage in patients with facial trauma and
planning surgical reconstruction.
Diagnosis diseases of the temporal bone in the side of the skull
which may be causing hearing problems.
Guide the passage of the needle used to obtain a tissue sample
(Biopsy) from the brain.
*DISADVANTAGES OF CT SCAN*
CT scan is associated with a radiation which is very cancerous to patient health
CT scan should never be done to female patient with pregnant because of the exposure of
radiation risk to the fetus.
The dye *(contrast)* used in a CT is iodine based and is often a cause of
allergy. The dye can also lead to kidney failure in individuals with diabetes.
CT scan should not be repeated in children because of the repeat radiation
exposure.
CT is not very good at identifying pathology of the soft tissues.
CT is not good at identifying areas of inflammation or infection of the brain compared to
MRI.
Heart-lung machine:
heart–lung machine Operating on the human heart poses problems which inhibited surgery
on the heart until the early 1950s. Manipulation of the heart, and opening of its cavities'
interferes with its function and its ability to sustain the circulation. The heart–lung machine
is a system which takes over the function of the heart and the lungs with sufficient safety to

maintain life while the heart is stopped or opened to allow surgery on the coronary arteries
or the heart valves, or to allow repair of congenital abnormalities.
While in theory it is only necessary to bypass the function of the heart, it soon became
apparent that in practice it is simpler to bypass the function of both the heart and the lungs.
The main components of a heart–lung machine are a pump (to provide the driving force to
the blood in the arterial system), an oxygenator (for exchange of oxygen and carbon
dioxide), and a heat exchanger (to allow control of temperature of the body). The connecting
tubing and filter are other components of the heart–lung bypass circuit.
Venous blood is siphoned from the body via a tube in the right atrium of the heart, or via
two tubes in the major veins which converge on the heart. It is pumped through the
oxygenator and heat exchanger, and returned via a plastic tube into the arterial system of
the body — usually at the upper portion of the ascending aorta (see blood circulation).
The design of pump which is in most common use today is the roller pump — a simple
rotating arm carrying rollers which compress a loop of polymeric tubing against a solid
surface. Speed of rotation of the roller-bearing arm is controlled to allow a pumping rate
similar to that of the normal heart at rest (about 2.4 litres/min/m2 body surface — or
typically about 5 litres/min in an adult).
There are two main types of oxygenator in use at present. ‘Bubble oxygenators’ expose the
passing blood to a stream of gaseous bubbles composed of 95% oxygen and 5% carbon
dioxide. Gas exchange with the blood occurs on the surface of the bubbles and results in
reasonably normal levels of oxygenation of the blood and maintains carbon dioxide in the
normal physiological range. The bubble oxygenator has a sponge-like filter and reservoir to
enable gaseous bubbles to be removed from the oxygenated blood before it is pumped back
to the body.
Membrane oxygenators consist of a series of fine tubes which allow diffusion of oxygen and
carbon dioxide between the blood flowing through them and the ventilating gas
surrounding them (or vice versa).
The oxygenator also combines with a heat exchanger — a system of tubes through which the
blood passes, surrounded by circulating water at controlled temperature. This allows the
blood temperature to be maintained (counteracting the heat loss during the passage of blood
through the heart–lung machine). It also allows deliberate cooling and subsequent
rewarming of the blood, giving the surgeon the option of reducing, or even stopping, the
circulation of the blood around the body for a period of time with safety, because the oxygen
requirement of the body is reduced by hypothermia.
The connecting tubes, the oxygenator, and the pump tubing are all filled with a
physiologically compatible fluid (priming fluid) prior to final connection with the circulation
of the body. Avoidance of air bubbles in the heart–lung circuit is of vital importance.
Exposure of blood to the foreign surfaces of the heart–lung machine initiates the natural
clotting mechanisms of the body, and this must be inhibited by giving the drug heparin to
the patient before allowing the circulation to be taken over by the heart–lung machine.
Normal blood clotting is restored after the operation by the administration of protamine,
which neutralizes the heparin.

The heart–lung machine has made virtually all the advances in cardiac surgery possible.
With the function of the heart and lungs taken over temporarily by artificial means it is
possible to stop ventilation.
Robotic surgery
*Robotic surgery* is a method to perform surgery using very small tools attached to a
robotic arm.
The surgeon controls the robotic arm with a computer.
*Description*
You will be given general anesthesia so that you are asleep and pain-free.
The surgeon sits at a computer station and directs the movements of a robot. Small surgical
tools are attached to the robot's arms.
The surgeon makes small cuts to insert the instruments into your body.
A thin tube with a camera attached to the end of it (endoscope) allows the surgeon to view
enlarged 3-D images of your body as the surgery is taking place.
The robot matches the doctor's hand movements to perform the procedure using the tiny
instruments.
*Why the Procedure is Performed*

Robotic surgery is similar to laparoscopic surgery.
It can be performed through smaller cuts than open surgery.
The small, precise movements that are possible with this type of surgery give it some
advantages over standard endoscopic techniques.
The surgeon can make small, precise movements using this method. This can allow the
surgeon to do a procedure through a small cut that once could be done only with open
surgery.
Once the robotic arm is placed in the abdomen, it is easier for the surgeon to use the surgical
tools than with laparoscopic surgery through an endoscope.
The surgeon can also see the area where the surgery is performed more easily.
This method lets the surgeon move in a more comfortable way, as well.
Robotic surgery can take longer to perform. This is due to the amount of time needed to set
up the robot. *Also, many hospitals may not have access to this method.*
*Robotic surgery may be used for a number of different procedures, including:*
➡Coronary artery bypass
➡Cutting away cancer tissue from sensitive parts of the body such as blood vessels, nerves,
or important body organs

➡Gallbladder removal
➡Hip replacement
➡Hysterectomy
➡Kidney removal
➡Kidney transplant
➡Mitral valve repair
➡Pyeloplasty (surgery to correct ureteropelvic junction obstruction)
➡Pyloroplasty
➡Radical prostatectomy
➡Radical cystectomy
➡Tubal ligation
*Robotic surgery cannot be used for some complex procedures.*

*Risks*
The risks for any anesthesia and surgery include:
Reactions to medicines
Breathing problems
Bleeding
Infection
Robotic surgery has as many risks as open and laparoscopic surgery.
However, the risks are different.
*Before the Procedure*
You cannot have any food or fluid for 8 hours before the surgery.
You may need to cleanse your bowels with an enema or laxative the day before surgery for
some types of procedures.
Stop taking aspirin, blood thinners such as warfarin (Coumadin) or Plavix, anti-
inflammatory medicines, vitamins, or other supplements 10 days before the procedure.
*After the Procedure*
You will be taken to a recovery room after the procedure. Depending on the type of surgery
performed, you may have to stay in the hospital overnight or for a couple of days.
You should be able to walk within a day after the procedure. How soon you are active will
depend on the surgery that was done.
*Avoid heavy lifting or straining until your doctor gives you the OK. Your doctor may tell
you not to drive for at least a week.*
*Outlook (Prognosis)*
Surgical cuts are smaller than with traditional open surgery.
*Benefits include:*
Faster recovery
Less pain and bleeding
Less risk of infection
Shorter hospital stay
Smaller scars

*Alternative Names*
Robot-assisted surgery;
Robotic-assisted laparoscopic surgery
Laparoscopic surgery with robotic assistance
Electronic noses
Electronic/artificial noses (e-noses) are being developed as *systems for the automated
detection and classification of odors, vapors, and gases*. An electronic nose is generally
composed of a chemical sensing system (e.g., sensor array or spectrometer) and a pattern
recognition system (e.g., artificial neural network).
*Application of e-noses in medical field*
Because the sense of smell is an important sense to the physician, an electronic nose has
applicability as a diagnostic tool. An electronic nose can examine odors from the body
(e.g.,breath, wounds, body fluids, etc.) and identify possible problems. *Odors in the breath
can be indicative of gastrointestinal problems, sinus problems , infections, diabetes, and liver
problems.* Infected wounds and tissues emit distinctive odors that can be detected by an
electronic nose . *_Odors coming from body fluids can indicate liver and bladder
problems._*
*Future Application*
A more futuristic application of electronic noses has been recently proposed for
*telesurgery*. While the inclusion of visual, aural, and tactile senses into telepresent systems
is widespread,the sense of smell has been largely ignored. An electronic nose will potentially
be a key component in an olfactory input to telepresent virtual reality systems including
telesurgery. *_The electronic nose would identify odors in the remote surgical environment.
These identified odors would then be electronically transmitted to an-other site where an
odor generation system would recreate them._*
*©Force Biomedical*
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What is a Resectoscope?
A resectoscope is a *surgical instrument used to remove tissue from the uterus, prostate,
bladder, or urethra.* It is a type of endoscope, an instrument that *combines a camera and
instrumentation so doctors can view a surgical site and perform surgery through the same
incision.* Using an endoscope reduces surgical trauma, decreases healing time, and provides
minimally invasive treatment options for the patient. Endoscopic surgery, also known as
minimally invasive surgery, is a very popular option in operating rooms all over the world.

The resectoscope includes a *wide angle microscope that allows for complete visualization
of the surgical site*. Attached is a wire loop that is electrically activated. When the surgeon
turns the loop on, it can be dragged over the tissue in question to remove it for the purpose
of removing a sample or performing an ablation. The loop cauterizes the site as it moves,
limiting bleeding and eliminating the need for stitches.
For procedures involving the urethra, bladder, and prostate, the instrument can be
introduced through the urethra. Doctors who need to access the uterus may enter through
the vagina or make an incision on the abdomen to access the uterus, depending on the
patient and the preference of the surgeon. The instrument is *very small, and a large
opening is not required.*
Resectoscopes are used in *surgical procedures performed for the purpose of taking tissue
for biopsy,* removing growths such as fibroids, or ablating diseased and damaged tissue.
*Gynecological surgeons and urologists are the most likely to candidates to use this surgical
equipment.* They receive special training to learn how to handle the resectoscope safely and
efficiently with their patients.
Patients are usually *anesthetized* during procedures that require a resectoscope. When the
doctor has finished, the incision used to introduce the tool can be closed, if an incision
needed to be made, and the patient can be moved into recovery. Patients usually experience
some pain, bleeding, and soreness as the body recovers from the procedure. Using a
resectoscope is far less invasive, however, than older surgical treatments for conditions like
fibroids.
When a surgeon recommends a procedure, it is a good idea for patients to ask why the
procedure is being recommended, if there are any alternatives available, and what will
happen during the surgery. It is also strongly recommended to ask about aftercare and
recovery times so that patients know what to expect after surgery.
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What Is Plethysmography?
📿Plethysmography uses *blood pressure cuffs or other sensors to measure 🗜 changes in

volume in different parts of your body*.
🐾 *Limb plethysmography* is used to measure *blood flow in your arms and legs*. *Lung
plethysmography* is used to measure the *capacity of your lungs.* 🌱
📿Plethysmography measures changes in *volume in different areas of your body.* It
measures these changes with blood pressure cuffs or other sensors. These are attached to a
machine called a *Plethysmograph.*
📿 Plethysmography is especially effective in *detecting changes caused by blood flow.* It
can help your doctor determine if you have a blood clot in your *arm or leg.* It can also help
your doctor calculate the volume of air your lungs can hold.
💉 *When Is Plethysmography Taken?*

📿Your doctor may order a limb plethysmography if you *show signs of blood clots in your
legs. 💢Symptoms of blood clots include redness, warmth, swelling, and tenderness.*
📿Plethysmography is not as accurate as an arteriogram, which is more commonly used to
identify blood clots. But it’s *less invasive and less expensive.* These factors make it more
appealing to many individuals.
🔸You doctor may order a lung plethysmography if you have 💢*symptoms of upper
respiratory problems. These symptoms include pain or discomfort while breathing and
shortness of breath.* Your doctor can’t diagnose the underlying cause of your problem from
plethysmography alone. However, an abnormal test result can confirm if something is
preventing your lungs from holding as much air as they should.🌱
Light therapy
Light therapy or phototherapy, classically referred to as heliotherapy, consists of exposure to

daylight or to specific wavelengths of light using polychromatic polarised light, lasers, light-
emitting diodes, fluorescent lamps, dichroic lamps or very bright, full-spectrum light.
One common use of the term is associated with the treatment of skin disorders, chiefly
psoriasis, acne vulgaris, eczema and neonatal jaundice.
Light therapy which strikes the retina of the eyes is used to treat circadian rhythm disorders
such as delayed sleep phase disorder and can also be used to treat seasonal affective
disorder, with some support for its use also with non-seasonal psychiatric disorders.
*Medical uses*
*Skin conditions*
The treatments involve exposing the skin to ultraviolet light. The exposures can be to small
area of the skin or over the whole body surface, like in a tanning bed. It was found that this
is the safest treatment, full body phototherapy can be delivered at doctor's office or at home
using a large high power UVB booth.
*Psoriasis*
For psoriasis, UVB phototherapy has been shown to be effective.A feature of psoriasis is
localized inflammation mediated by the immune system. Ultraviolet radiation is known to
suppress the immune system and reduce inflammatory responses. In UVB phototherapy the
exposure time is very short, seconds to minutes depending on intensity of lamps and the
person's skin pigment and sensitivity. The time is controlled with a timer that turns off the
lamps after the treatment time ends.
*Vitiligo*
One percent of the population suffer from vitiligo, and narrowband UVB phototherapy is an
effective treatment.
*Cancer*

According to the American Cancer Society, there is some evidence that ultraviolet light
therapy may be effective in helping treat certain kinds of skin cancer, and ultraviolet blood
irradiation therapy is established for this application.
*Other skin conditions*
Phototherapy can be effective in the treatment of eczema, atopic dermatitis, polymorphous
light eruptio.
*Wound healing*
Low level laser therapy has been studied as a potential treatment for chronic
wounds.Reviews of the scientific literature do not support the widespread use of this
technique due to inconsistent results and low research quality.Higher power lasers have also
been used to close acute wounds as an alternative to stitching
*Techniques*
- Photodynamic therapy
( Photodynamic therapy)
-Light boxes
*Side effects*
Side effects of light therapy for sleep phase disorders include jumpiness, headache, eye
irritation and nausea.
Some non-depressive physical complaints, such as poor vision and skin rash or irritation,
may improve with light therapy.
What is digital medicine

Changes in health care are a fundamental part of social and intellectual evolution. The
modern practice of scientific medicine depends on the existence of the written and printed
word to store medical information. Because computers can transform information as well as
store it, new digital tools cannot only record clinical data, they can also generate medical
knowledge.
In doing so, they make it possible to develop "digital medicine" that is potentially more
precise, more effective, more experimental, more widely distributed, and more egalitarian
than current medical practice. Critical steps in the creation of digital medicine are careful
analysis of the impact of new technologies and coordinated efforts to direct technological
development towards creating a new paradigm of medical care.
Anatomical axis
An anatomical plane is a hypotheticalplane used to transect the human body, in order to
describe the location of structures or the direction of movements. In human and animal
anatomy, three principal planes are used:
*The sagittal plane* (anteroposterior) is a plane parallel to the sagittal suture. It divides the
body into left and right.

*The coronal plane* (frontal) or frontal plane divides the body into dorsal and ventral (back
and front, or posterior and anterior) portions.
*The transverse plane * (horizontal) or axial plane divides the body into cranial and caudal
(head and tail) portions.
Arthritis
Arthritis is very common but is not well understood. Actually, “arthritis” is not a single
disease; it is an informal way of referring to joint pain or joint disease. There are more than
100 different types of arthritis and related conditions. People of all ages, sexes and races can
and do have arthritis, and it is the leading cause of disability in America. More than 50
million adults and 300,000 children have some type of arthritis. It is most common among
women and occurs more frequently as people get older.
🏂Common arthritis joint symptoms include swelling, pain, stiffness and decreased range of
motion. Symptoms may come and go. They can be mild, moderate or severe. They may stay
about the same for years, but may progress or get worse over time. Severe arthritis can result
in chronic pain, inability to do daily activities and make it difficult to walk or climb stairs.
Arthritis can cause permanent joint changes. These changes may be visible, such as knobby
finger joints, but often the damage can only be seen on X-ray. Some types of arthritis also
affect the heart, eyes, lungs, kidneys and skin as well as the joints.
There are different types of arthritis:
Degenerative Arthritis
Osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis. When the cartilage – the slick,
cushioning surface on the ends of bones – wears away, bone rubs against bone, causing pain,
swelling and stiffness. Over time, joints can lose strength and pain may become chronic.
Risk factors include excess weight, family history, age and previous injury
When the joint symptoms of osteoarthritis are mild or moderate, they can be managed by:
🐾Balancing activity with rest
🐾Using hot and cold therapies
🐾Regular physical activity
🐾Maintaining a healthy weight
🐾Strengthening the muscles around the joint for added support
🐾Using assistive devices
🐾Taking over-the-counter (OTC) pain relievers or anti-inflammatory medicines
🐾Avoiding excessive repetitive movements
🏌If joint symptoms are severe, causing limited mobility and affecting quality of life, some of
the above management strategies may be helpful, but joint replacement may be necessary.
🏊🏽Osteoarthritis can prevented by staying active, maintaining a healthy weight, and
avoiding injury and repetitive movements.
⛹🏽 Inflammatory Arthritis:
A healthy immune system is protective. It generates internal inflammation to get rid of

infection and prevent disease. But the immune system can go awry, mistakenly attacking the
joints with uncontrolled inflammation, potentially causing joint erosion and may damage
internal organs, eyes and other parts of the body. Rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis
are examples of inflammatory arthritis. Researchers believe that a combination of genetics
and environmental factors can trigger autoimmunity.
🏇🏼With autoimmune and inflammatory types of arthritis, early diagnosis and aggressive
treatment is critical. Slowing disease activity can help minimize or even prevent permanent
joint damage.
Infectious Arthritis:
A bacterium, virus or fungus can enter the joint and trigger inflammation. Examples of
organisms that can infect joints are salmonella and shigella, chlamydia and gonorrhea
(sexually transmitted diseases) and hepatitis C (a blood-to-blood infection, often through
shared needles or transfusions). In many cases, timely treatment with antibiotics may clear
the joint infection, but sometimes the arthritis becomes chronic.
🏄🏼 Metabolic Arthritis
Uric acid is formed as the body breaks down purines, a substance found in human cells and
in many foods. Some people have high levels of uric acid because they naturally produce
more than is needed or the body can’t get rid of the uric acid quickly enough. In some
people the uric acid builds up and forms needle-like crystals in the joint, resulting in sudden
spikes of extreme joint pain, or a gout attack. Gout can come and go in episodes or, if uric
acid levels aren’t reduced, it can become chronic, causing ongoing pain and disability.
Diagnosing Arthritis:
Arthritis diagnosis often begins with a primary care physician, who performs a physical
exam and may do blood tests and imaging scans to help determine the type of arthritis. An
arthritis specialist, or rheumatologist, should be involved if the diagnosis is uncertain or if
the arthritis may be inflammatory. Rheumatologists typically manage ongoing treatment for
inflammatory arthritis, gout and other complicated cases. Orthopaedic surgeons do joint
surgery, including joint replacements. When the arthritis affects other body systems or parts,
other specialists, such as ophthalmologists, dermatologists or dentists, may also be included
in the health care team.
What Can Be Done About Arthritis?
There are many things that can be done to preserve joint function, mobility and quality of
life. Learning about the disease and treatment options, making time for physical activity and
maintaining a healthy weight are essential. Arthritis is a commonly misunderstood disease.
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Laryngoscopy

Laryngoscopy is an examination that lets your doctor look at the back of your throat, your
voice box (larynx) and vocal cords with a scope (laryngoscope). There are two types of
laryngoscopy, and each uses different equipment.
*Indirect laryngoscopy*
Indirect laryngoscopy is done in a doctor's office using a small hand mirror held at the back
of the throat. Your doctor shines a light in your mouth and wears a mirror on his or her head
to reflect light to the back of your throat. Some doctors now use headgear with a bright light.
Indirect laryngoscopy is not done as much now because flexible laryngoscopes let your
doctor see better and are more comfortable for you.
*Direct fiber-optic (flexible or rigid) laryngoscopy*
Direct laryngoscopy lets your doctor see deeper into your throat. The scope is either flexible
or rigid. Flexible scopes show the throat better and are more comfortable for you. Rigid
scopes are often used in surgery
*Why It Is Done*
Find the cause of voice problems, such as a breathy voice, hoarse voice, weak voice, or no
voice.
find the cause for trouble swallowing, a feeling of a lump in the throat, or mucus with blood
in it.
Check injuries to the throat, narrowing of the throat (strictures), or blockages in the airway.
©FORCE BIOMEDICAL
Mammography
Mammography is specialized medical imaging that uses a low-dose x-ray system to see
inside the breasts. A mammography exam, called a mammogram, aids in the early detection
and diagnosis of breast diseases in women.
An x-ray (radiograph) is a noninvasive medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat
medical conditions. Imaging with x-rays involves exposing a part of the body to a small dose
of ionizing radiation to produce pictures of the inside of the body. X-rays are the oldest and
most frequently used form of medical imaging.
Three recent advances in mammography include digital mammography, computer-aided
detection and breast tomosynthesis.
Digital mammography
It also called full-field digital mammography (FFDM), is a mammography system in which
the x-ray film is replaced by electronics that convert x-rays into mammographic pictures of
the breast. These systems are similar to those found in digital cameras and their efficiency
enables better pictures with a lower radiation dose. These images of the breast are

transferred to a computer for review by the radiologist and for long term storage. The
patient’s experience during a digital mammogram is similar to having a conventional film
mammogram.
Computer-aided detection: (CAD) systems search digitized mammographic images for
abnormal areas of density, mass, or calcification that may indicate the presence of cancer.
The CAD system highlights these areas on the images, alerting the radiologist to carefully
assess this area.
Breast tomosynthesis: It is also called three dimensional (3-D) mammography and digital
breast tomosynthesis(DBT), is an advanced form of breast imaging where multiple images of
the breast from different angles are captured and reconstructed ("synthesized") into a three-
dimensional image set. In this way, 3-D breast imaging is similar to computed tomography
(CT) imaging in which a series of thin "slices" are assembled together to create a 3-D
reconstruction of the body.
What does the equipment look like?
A mammography unit is a rectangular box that houses the tube in which x-rays are
produced. The unit is used exclusively for x-ray exams of the breast, with special accessories
that allow only the breast to be exposed to the x-rays. Attached to the unit is a device that
holds and compresses the breast and positions it so images can be obtained at different
angles.
Breast tomosynthesis is performed using digital mammography units, but not all digital
mammography machines are equipped to perform tomosynthesis imaging.
Benefits
Imaging of the breast improves a physician's ability to detect small tumors. When cancers
are small, the woman has more treatment options.
The use of screening mammography increases the detection of small abnormal tissue
growths confined to the milk ducts in the breast, called ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS).
These early tumors cannot harm patients if they are removed at this stage and
mammography is an excellent way to detect these tumors. It is also useful for detecting all
types of breast cancer, including invasive ductal and invasive lobular cancer.
No radiation remains in a patient's body after an x-ray examination.
X-rays usually have no side effects in the typical diagnostic range for this exam.
Risks
There is always a slight chance of cancer from excessive exposure to radiation. However, the
benefit of an accurate diagnosis far outweighs the risk.
The effective radiation dose for this procedure varies. See the Safety page for more
information about radiation dose.
False Positive Mammograms, Five percent to 15 percent of screening mammograms require

more testing such as additional mammograms or ultrasound. Most of these tests turn out to
be normal. If there is an abnormal finding, a follow-up or biopsy may have to be performed.
Most of the biopsies confirm that no cancer was present. It is estimated that a woman who
has yearly mammograms between ages 40 and 49 has about a 30 percent chance of having a
false-positive mammogram at some point in that decade and about a 7 percent to 8 percent

chance of having a breast biopsy within the 10-year period.

Women should always inform their physician or x-ray technologist if there is any possibility
that they are pregnant. See the Safety page for more information about pregnancy and x-
rays.
X Ray
X rays play important and significant role of the inspection of various diseases. X ray was
invented in 1895 by physicist Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen of Germany. X ray are extensively
used in modern medicine for detection of fracture in bones, presence of Tumour, infection of
lungs, Kidney and other vital organs of body. X rays are also used in the treatment of
Tumour and abnormal condition in the body.
The uses of the X rays in an industrial including:
1. INDUSTRIAL RADIOGRAPHY AND FLUOROSCOPY: Industrial radiography

involving the interior inspection of surface of an object by X rays and photographic films the
atomic arrangement within an object. The material object may be identified X ray passing
through an object under inspection fall on the photographic film. The shadow that formed
on the film gives information regarding the non uniformity, change of material.
While Fluoroscopy is used in industry for inspection of manufactured articles before final
approval. It is used in the inspection of fruits before packing, canned foods, transmitting
tubes and other assembled articles. Fluoroscopy is very similar to industrial radiography but
for the difference X rays image instead of being photographed is projected on the fluorescent
screen.
2. X RAY THICKNESS GAGES: These are extensively in rolling mills for measuring the
thickness of metal. This is achieved my passing the X rays through the metal sheet and
measuring the gages with the help of electrical transducer. The intensity of the X rays on
emergence from the sheet, ionization chambers and Geiger Tubes may be employed for this
types of measurement.
3. IDENTIFICATION OF OBJECT THROUGH X RAY DIFFRACTION: When an X rays

beam falls on thin substance, major portion of the beam gets and passing
through the substance but still a small portion gets scattered. If the objects under study are
completely surrounded by a sphere of photographic film to record the diffracted rays, them
this films show the maximum intensity lines arranged according to the objects may be
identified.
Different method can be used to obtain X rays diffraction patterns for
object of the different types. For an object in form of Thin section. The photographic film for
recoding X ray diffraction pattern is mounted on the same side opposite from the X ray
source.
In case of object, in form of fine powder placed in a container.

In the case of solids of relatively greater thickness, the photographic film is mounted on the
same side of the sample to the source of X ray. In this instance the films recorded scattered
radiation which is mostly reflected from the object under study or investigation.
Differences between CT scan and MRI
It was back in 1895 when a German scientist, Wilhelm Roentgen, first used ionized radiation
to take the X-ray by pointing a beam of ionized rays through a part of the body. Today, the
world of radiology has seen great changes with the introduction of highly sophisticated
imaging equipment.
The CT and MRI scans have really revolutionized the world of radiology because both these
technologies offer highly accurate images. Many people think both these technologies work
in the similar way and have no different uses.
The truth is that there is a subtle difference between CT scan and MRI. Keep reading to clear
your confusions.
Both MRI scans and CT scans provide diagnostic images of your internal organs. However,
both technologies work in a very different way to accomplish great results. Here's more
about the difference between CT scan and MRI:
1. Definition
CT scan or Computed Tomography uses a combination of X-rays and computer technology
to produce detailed, cross-sectional image of the body. Your doctor orders a CT scan to see
the shape, size and position of structures that are deep within your body, such as tissues,
organs or tumors. You should not have a CT scan performed if you're pregnant.
MRI or Magnetic Resonance Imaging is another commonly used diagnostic imaging
technique used to produce cross-sectional images of your body. The difference is that it
doesn't use any radiation. The MRI tool makes use of a sophisticated computer and
magnetic fields to take high-resolution images of your soft tissues and bones. It is important
to inform your doctor about any metal clops, implants or other metal objects you have in
your body before undergoing an MRI scan.
2. Purpose
The purpose of ordering a CT scan is to have a closer look at the soft tissues and organs in
your body. It will also help diagnose an infection, and surgeons may also use CT scans to
identify masses and tumors, or to reach the right area during a biopsy. CT scans also help
with the study of blood vessels.
MRIs are usually ordered to diagnose any abnormalities throughout the body, such as
tumors and brain aneurysms. Your doctor may order an MRI scan if he or she gets
inconclusive results through other imaging scans.
3. Time Length
It takes less time during CT scans to take diagnostic images than an MRI scan. A CT scan

may take up to 5 minutes to take an image, whereas MRIs may take about half an hour on
average (quick in 15 minutes and long in 2 hours) to take an image.
4. Image Specifics
CT scans provide good details about your bony structures, and the best thing is that a CT
scan can take a diagnostic image of soft tissues, bones and blood vessels at the same time. It
can also provide impressive soft tissue details, especially when done using intravenous
contrast. As it has a fast imaging speed, it offers images with higher resolution and
reasonably less motion artifact.
MRIs are usually less detailed as compared to CT scans, but they provide more soft tissue
details. MRIs are usually ordered when it is important to see subtle differences between
different types of soft tissues.
5. Radiation
CT scans involves radiation, which is usually between 2 and 10 mSv. It's the nearly the same
as that you usually receive from background radiation in 3-5 years. Since the radiation can
be quite strong, it is, therefore, important for pregnant women to avoid CT scans, unless it's
absolutely necessary.
MRIs don't involve any ionizing radiation whatsoever, which is the reason why they are a
better choice in so many situations.
6. Effects on the Body

An important difference between CT scan and MRI is related to the effects they create on the
body. Since CT scans use radiation, they carry greater risks.
MRIs have no biological hazards, but you may be allergic to the contrast dye, which make it
not suitable for you if you have liver or kidney disorders.
7. Comfort Level
CT scans are a lot more suitable for claustrophobics,whereas MRIs can be quite stressful due
to claustrophobia. It often feels irritating and unsettling to stay still on a hard table for an
extended period of time.
8. Limitation
You cannot get MRIs if you have metal implants in your body. That's mainly because MRIs
use magnetic fields. CT scans is the only choice in case you have a metal object in your body.
However, you may not be able to fit into a conventional CT scanner if you're heavier than
450 lbs. Similarly, you may be over the table's weight limit in MRIs if your body weight is
over 350 lbs.
9. Cost
You will find CT scans a lot more affordable as compared to MRIs.

10. History
Sir Godfrey Hounsfield invented the very first CT scanner in the UK, which was used for a
patient's brain-scan in 1971. MRI scanners became available in 1981, but have now become
as popular as CT scanners.
How Stethoscopes Work?

Sound has been used as a diagnostic tool for millennia.
You can learn a lot with an ear to a person's chest -- that the heart valve isn't fully closing,
for instance ("whoosh"), or that the bowel is obstructed ("gurgle"). Listen a bit lower and you
can determine the size of the liver.
Stethoscope Basics
In a basic acoustic stethoscope, which is still the most common type in use today, you're
looking at three main sections and a total of five crucial parts.
Chestpiece: This is the part that contacts the patient, capturing sound. There are two sides of
the chestpiece. On one side is the diaphragm, a flat, metal disc that in turn contains a flat,
plastic disc. The diaphragm is the larger component of the chestpiece. On the other side is
the bell, a hollow, bell-shaped piece of metal with a tiny hole on top. The bell is better at
picking up low-pitch sounds, such as heart murmurs (the aforementioned "whoosh"); the
diaphragm excels in the higher-pitch range, which includes normal breath sounds and
heartbeats ("lub-lub").
Tubing: A Y-shaped configuration of rubber tubes runs from the chestpiece to the headset.
The sounds picked up by the chestpiece initially travel through a single tube, eventually
splitting into two channels as they near the headset so the listener can hear it in both ears.
Stethoscope tubing typically ranges from about 18 to 27 inches (45 to 68 centimeters) long.
Headset: The rubber tubing ends at a set of metal tubes that carry the sound to the eartips in
the listener's ears. The eartips are made of soft rubber, not only for comfort but also to create
a seal that helps block out environmental noise.
Picking Up Sounds:
If you've read How Hearing Works, you know that sound is essentially a disturbance in air
pressure. When you strum a guitar string, for instance, that string vibrates (just as our vocal
chords do when we speak). Those vibrations cause fluctuations in air pressure as they move
outward, traveling in waves. When these waves of pressure variations reach our eardrums,
our eardrums vibrate, and our brains interpret those vibrations as noise.
Our eardrums, like the larger side of a stethoscope's chestpiece, are diaphragms.
When a doctor or nurse places a stethoscope diaphragm on a patient's chest, sound waves
traveling through the patient's body cause the flat surface of the diaphragm to vibrate. Those
vibrations would travel outward if the the diaphragm were a standalone device, but because
the vibrating object is attached to a tube, the sound waves are channeled in a specific
direction.
Each wave bounces, or reflects, off the inside walls of the rubber tube, a process called
multiple reflection. In this way, each wave, in succession, reaches the eartips, or rubber nubs
on the ends of the device, and finally the listener's eardrums.

The waves of high-pitch sounds, like breath and heartbeats, are traveling at higher
frequencies, meaning they cause a greater number of pressure fluctuations in a given time
period. Higher-pitch sounds will directly vibrate the surface area of the large, flat disc (and
the plastic disc inside). This basically means the sound waves caused by the opening and
closing of an artery, for instance, are the same ones that travel through the stethoscope
tubing to the listener's ears.
The bell works somewhat differently. Rather than picking up the vibrations caused by the
artery's movement directly, it picks up the vibrations in the skin caused by that movement.
The smaller, hollow bell contacts the patient with less surface area -- just the thin, metal rim.
Lower-pitch sounds, which may have a harder time vibrating the large diaphragm, still
vibrate the skin as they move outward. The skin then vibrates the bell.
Because the vibrations hitting the chestpiece are funneled into a narrow tube, instead of
being allowed to travel outward at will, more of them reach the eardrum. In this way, the
sounds they're carrying are amplified.
It's a neat trick. Using a stethoscope, a person more than 2 feet (0.6 meters) away from a
patient's chest can hear louder heart sounds than a person whose ear is in direct contact with
the patient. Diagnostically, this makes the stethoscope an invaluable medical tool.
Uses and Producer for Pulse Oximetry.
What is pulse oximetry?

Pulse oximetry is a test used to measure the oxygen level (oxygen saturation) of the blood. It
is an easy, painless measure of how well oxygenis being sent to parts of your body furthest
from your heart, such as the arms and legs. A clip-like device called a probe is placed on a
body part, such as a finger or ear lobe. The probeuses light to measure how much oxygen is
in the blood. This information helps the health care provider decide if a person needs extra
oxygen.
Why might I need pulse oximetry?

Pulse oximetry may be used to see if there is enough oxygen in the blood. This information
is needed in many kinds of situations. It may be used:
During or after surgery or procedures that use sedation.
To see how well lung medicines are working.
To check a person’s ability to handle increased activity levels.
To see if a ventilator is needed to help with breathing, or to see how well it’s working.
To check a person has moments when breathing stops during sleep (sleep apnea).

Pulse oximetry is also used to check the health of a person with any condition that affects
blood oxygen levels, such as Heart attack, Heart failure, Chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD), Anemia, Lung cancer, Asthma, Pneumonia.
Your healthcare provider may have other reasons to advise pulse oximetry.
What are the risks of pulse oximetry?

All procedures have some risks. The risks of this procedure may include:
1. Incorrect reading if the probe falls off the earlobe, toe, or finger.
2. Skin irritation from adhesive on the probe.
Your risks may vary depending on your general health and other factors. Ask your
healthcare provider which risks apply most to you. Talk withhim or her about any concerns
you have.
How do I get ready for pulse oximetry?

Your healthcare provider will explain the procedure to you. Make sure to ask any questions
you have about the procedure. If a finger probe is to be used, you may be asked to remove
fingernail polish.Your healthcare provider may have other instructions for getting ready.
What happens during pulse oximetry?

You may have your procedure as an outpatient. This means you go home the same day. Or
it may be done as part of a longer stay in the hospital. The way the procedure is done may
vary. It depends on your condition and your healthcare provider's methods. In most cases,
pulse oximetry will follow this process:
A clip-like device called a probe will be placed on your finger or earlobe. Or, a probe with
sticky adhesive may be placed on your forehead or finger.
The probe may be left on for ongoing monitoring. Or it may be used to take a single reading.
The probe will be removed after the test.
What happens after pulse oximetry?

You can go home after the test, unless you are inthe hospital for another reason. You may go
back to your normal diet and activities as instructed by your healthcare provider. Your
health care provider may give you other instructions after the procedure.Next stepsBefore
you agree to the test or the procedure make sure you know:
The name of the test or procedure.

Artificial pancreas:
US regulators have approved the first ‘artificial pancreas’, a device that automatically
adjusts insulin levels on the basis of blood-sugar levels.
The US Food and Drug Administration approved the device, which is made by Medtronic of
Dublin, on 28 September to treat type 1 diabetes.
The artificial pancreas measures blood sugar every five minutes and relies on an insulin
pump to adjust insulin levels accordingly.
Types of intensive care Ventilator
Ventilators for home use are small, lightweight and run on electricity. They can be powered
by the internal battery for brief trips outside the home, and can sit on a bedside stand, cart or
wheelchair and be used for travel. Most feature various levels of gas/air-flow pressure,
volume, rate and duration to control breathing or to wean a patient off the ventilator.
The two main categories of ventilators include:
Noninvasive ventilators »
These devices provide breathing support through an external interface, such as a mask or
nasal prongs.
Invasive ventilators »
Patients on long-term ventilation may require ventilation through an endotracheal tube
inserted through the mouth or nose, or through a tracheostomy tube inserted into an
incision in the in the neck.
Noninvasive ventilators
These ventilators provide breathing support through an external interface, such as a mask or
nasal prongs. They can be used for several hours a day or just during sleeping hours.
Noninvasive ventilators are positive airway pressure ventilators that use positive pressure
to force gas or air into a patient's lungs. Breathing can be triggered by either the patient or
the machine. The constant flow permits the patient to easily take spontaneous breaths,
making these ventilators a simple, reliable mechanical design.
There are four types of positive pressure ventilators.
Volume-cycled ventilators
Volume-cycled ventilators deliver a preset volume of gas/air or “tidal” volume and then
allow passive exhalation. This type is ideal for patients with acute respiratory distress
syndrome or bronchospasm, since the same tidal volume is delivered regardless of airway
resistance or compliance.
Pressure-cycled ventilators

Pressure-cycled ventilators deliver gases at a preset pressure and allow passive exhalation.
The benefit is a decreased risk of lung damage from high inspiratory pressures. The
disadvantage is that the tidal volume delivered can vary with changes in lung resistance and
compliance if the patient has poor lung compliance and increased airway resistance.
This ventilator is often used for short-term therapy. Some have the capability to provide
both volume-cycled and pressure-cycled ventilation. These combination ventilators are also
commonly used in critical care environments.
Flow-cycled ventilators
Flow-cycled ventilators deliver oxygenation until a preset flow rate is achieved during
inhalation.
Time-cycled ventilators
Time-cycled ventilators deliver oxygenation over a preset time period. The ventilators are
not used as frequently as the volume-cycled and pressure-cycled ventilators.
Two other commonly used ventilators include:
Continuous positive airway pressure ventilators
Continuous positive airway pressure ventilators increase the work of breathing by forcing
the user to exhale against resistance. This ventilator provides a continuous flow of air at the
same level of pressure during inhalation and exhalation to help keep the airway open. This
is especially helpful for obstructive sleep apnea. But this is not considered a true ventilator
because it doesn’t assist with breathing.
Bi-level positive airway pressure ventilators
Bi-level positive airway pressure ventilators deliver air at two pressures for inhalation and
for exhalation. This type of ventilator helps treat neuromuscular disease with a spontaneous
timed mode or backup rate that initiates breaths, particularly at night.
A variety of nasal or facial masks and attachments are available, and can be customized for
the best fit.
What does my dialysis machine do?
The dialysis machine mixes and monitors the dialysate. Dialysate is the fluid that helps
remove the unwanted waste products from your blood. It also helps get your electrolytes
and minerals to their proper levels in your body. The machine also monitors the flow of
your blood while it is outside of your body. You may hear an alarm go off from time to time.
This is how the machine lets us know that something needs to be checked.
*What are those plastic jugs sitting in front of my machine?*

The plastic jugs hold the liquids used to mix the dialysate. The machine mixes the dialysate,
which is made up of an acidified solution, bicarbonate and purified water. The acidified
solution contains electrolytes and minerals. You may hear it referred to as “acid.” The other
solution is bicarbonate or bicarb, which is like baking soda. Both are mixed inside the

machine with purified water. While you are dialyzing, dialysate and your blood flow
through the dialyzer (but they never touch). Fresh dialysate from the machine enters your
dialyzer throughout your treatment. Impurities are filtered out of your blood into the
dialysate. Dialysate containing unwanted waste products and excess electrolytes leave the
dialyzer and are washed down the drain.
*How does my blood get in and out of my body?*

Blood tubing carries your blood from your access to the dialyzer. The blood tubing is
threaded through the blood pump. You’ll see the blood pump turning in a circular motion.
The pumping action of the blood pump pushes your blood through the dialyzer and back
into your body.
*What’s in the syringe that’s attached to my machine?*

Blood tends to clot when it moves through the blood tubing. To prevent this the nurse will
give you a drug called “heparin.” Your doctor orders the amount of heparin you get at each
treatment. That amount of heparin is drawn up into a syringe then placed on the machine
into the “heparin pump.” The heparin pump is programmed to release the right amount of
heparin into your blood tubing during your treatment. The heparin prevents your blood
from clotting.
*How does the machine keep me safe?*

One problem that may occur during dialysis is that air gets into the blood tubing. To prevent
this from happening, blood tubings have two air traps built into them. One trap is before the
dialyzer and the other is after it. These traps catch any air that may get into the system. If air
does get past these traps an internal machine air sensor shuts down the blood pump and an
alarm will sound. All blood flow is stopped until the air is removed.
*Why are there so many alarms*?

The machine continuously monitors the pressures created by your blood inside the blood
tubing and dialyzer. It also monitors the blood flow, temperature and proper mixture of the
dialysate. If any of these go out of range, the machine lets us know by sounding an alarm,
blinking lights and shutting down blood or dialysate flow. It also lets us know if your blood
pressure is too low or high. Oh yes, it also alarms when it’s time to alarms.
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Laparoscopic surgery

Laparoscopic Surgery also calledminimally invasive surgery (MIS), bandaid surgery, or

keyhole surgery, is a modern surgical technique in which operations are performed far from
their location through small incisions (usually 0.5–1.5 cm) elsewhere in the body.
There are a number of advantages to the patient with laparoscopic surgery versus the more
common, open procedure. Pain and hemorrhaging are reduced due to smaller incisions and
recovery times are shorter. The key element in laparoscopic surgery is the use of a
laparoscope, a long fiber optic cable system which allows viewing of the affected area by
snaking the cable from a more distant, but more easily accessible location.
There are two types of laparoscope: (1) a telescopic rod lens system, that is usually
connected to a video camera(single chip or three chip), or (2) a digital laparoscope where the
charge-coupled device is placed at the end of the laparoscope
💉
Also attached is a fiber optic cable system connected to a 'cold' light source (halogen or
xenon), to illuminate the operative field, which is inserted through a 5 mm or 10 mm
cannula ortrocar. The abdomen is usuallyinsufflated with carbon dioxide gas. This elevates
the abdominal wall above the internal organs to create a working and viewing space. CO2 is
used because it is common to the human body and can be absorbed by tissue and removed
by the respiratory system. It is also non-flammable, which is important because
electrosurgical devices are commonly used in laparoscopic procedures.
Different types of stethoscopes have different uses to provide

specialized care.
If someone asks you to imagine a stethoscope, you would probably conjure up an image of
an acoustic stethoscope. Acoustic stethoscopes are the most common and recognizable type
of stethoscope.
*Fetal*
The fetus is important enough to get its own type of stethoscopes. Fetal Stethoscopes serve
only one purpose; to monitor developing babies. Fetal Stethoscopes can also be called
FetoScopes and old ones are known as Pinard Horns.
*Electronic*
You can even link certain electronic stethoscopes to recording devices. This allows for
detailed study of the noises made by the patient by multiple doctors at different times.
When recording sounds from stethoscopes, doctors can also wear headphones which lets
them be even more thorough in their examination.
*Doppler*

Doppler stethoscopes are another type of electronic stethoscope. This stethoscope measures
the Doppler effect of ultrasound waves. Our organs reflect doppler waves and this
stethoscope allows us to monitor them.
This type of stethoscope is best used to study moving objects in the body, such as the heart
and other organs.
Doppler stethoscopes are commonly used to monitor babies in the womb with weak
heartbeats.
*©FORCE BIOMEDICAL*
Good day to all
Monitor & ventilator test

Connect a test lung to patient connection
Set the system. switch on
Set the BTV switch to bag
Set the controls
*Ventilator* :
Tidal volume :400ml
IE: 1:2
*Anesthesia*
O2 flow
All other gases
Set the BTV to vent
Push the o2 flush button to fill the bellows
Set o2 flow control to 5 L/min
Set the ventilator controls and alram limits to clinically appropriate level
turn all vaporizer off
Open the APL valve
set the BTV switch to bag
Make sure that breathing system is correctly connected
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Types of needles:
A syringe is a simple pump consisting of a plunger that fits tightly in a tube to assist
pushing liquids or solids into an object either through a needle, tubing, or a nozzle. The
most common use of a syringe is to administer injections into the body. Syringes come in

both a disposable all-in-one unit with the needle attached or with the plunger and tip
separate. Syringes come in a number of designs in order to properly choose a tip that best
suits the needed application. The common tip styles are luer lock, slip tip, catheter tip, and
eccentric tip 1. Also the needles come in a variety of gauges or thicknesses, and lengths
depending on what and where you will be administering.
The two common needle types you will come across are the polypropylene slip hub and the
luer lock hub. The luer lock hub is specific to the luer lock syringe barrel as it uses threads to
screw on and attach. The slip tip polypropylene hubs work with the rest of the other
common types of syringes. These syringes slip over the barrel tip and compress for easy
installation and removal.
These needles also have the option of having different thicknesses between 14 gauge to 30
gauge and lengths between ¼” and 2”. Shorter needles are usually for injections for right
under the skin, longer lengths for getting past muscles, finer gauges for less pain, and
thicker gauges for long needles and thicker skinned individuals
Some common syringe barrel types are the luer lock, normal slip tip, catheter tip and
eccentric tip. Most needles will work with each type of syringe barrels as they use the
polypropylene attachment as seen above. A regular slip tip syringe is very common as the
needle installation and removal is quick and simple. A catheter tip is commonly used for
injecting through tubing or where a regular slip tip needle is larger than the standard slip
tip.
Eccentric tips are common when one needs to get very close to parallel with the skin. The tip
is just about in line with the outer body of the barrel to give one that close needed access.
This is common when one is trying to inject into a surface vein and you don’t want to
penetrate through both walls of that vein.
The final syringe type one will come across is the luer lock. As stated earlier, the barrel and
the needle tip simply twist together to give a more permanent These also have been
designed to make a more leak free connection between the male end on the barrel and the
female needle counterpart.
External Organs – A Step Closer to Artificial Livers
The liver is an important organ: it is classified as one of the 5 vital organs, and, alongside the
brain is the only organ for which no long-term artificial replacement is possible (although
dialysis is a viable option in the short term). *The liver is thought to have over 500 different
functions: everything from removing poisons, cleaning waste, managing the immune
system, and producing proteins*. Most of these functions require a biological component
and cannot be replaced by purely mechanical devices. The liver is able to grow and
regenerate itself when inside the body. However, all attempts to foster growth of this organ
outside the body have failed miserably, until now.
Engineers at MIT have made significant headway in *growing liver cells outside of the body.
Like most other human cells, liver cells (also called hepatocytes) require signals, hormones
and other growth factors from the body in order to survive, let alone grow*. Discovering

which signals are required is baffling, given that the cells will not survive without the right
combination of over twelve thousand potential molecules. To figure out the identities of
these signaling molecules, the team managed to create a window by intermingling human
liver cells with mouse fibroblast cells in specifically arranged layers, allowing the screening
of over 12000 molecules until the correct combination of signals was discovered. The cocktail
that they uncovered is a mix of 12 different molecules, all essential to maintaining the cells,
and with which the cells can be cultured and grown in a laboratory.
The team has already begun work on the next step of an externally grown organ: *getting
blood vessels to grow properly, which involves a plan to develop a 3d printer to place layers
of liver and endothelial cells (that line blood vessels) capable of seeding the right cells in the
right places to grow a new organ,* and because the printed cells could be grown from host
ones, they will theoretically be perfectly compatible
Blood Gas Analyser(ABG, BGA)
*What does it do?*

*It measures pH and blood gas* ie; concentration of hydrogen ions (pH), partial pressure of
carbon dioxide (pCO2) and partial pressure of oxygen (pO2), in whole blood. It may also
measure electrolytes and metabolites.
eg. Electrolytes: cK+ (potassium ion concentration), cNa+, cCa2, cCl-
Metabolites: cGlu (glucose), cLac (lactate), ctBil (total bilirubin )
*Physiology*
The *pH value of blood, serum or plasma is an indicator* of the balance between the blood,
renal (kidney), and lung (respiratory) systems, and is one of the most tightly controlled
parameters in the body.
The *pCO2 value of arterial blood is used to assess how well the body eliminates carbon
dioxide, a by-product of metabolism*. The pO2 value of arterial blood is a measure of how
well the body is able to absorb oxygen in the lungs. *Electrolytes and metabolites give
further information about body chemistry*.
*How it works?*
Blood is collected from the patient and introduced into the analyser. The analyser aspirates
the blood into a measuring chamber which has *Ion Selective Electrodes* (IE electrodes that
are sensitive only to the measurement of interest).
The pH electrode compares *a potential developed at the electrode tip with a reference
potential, the resulting voltage is proportional to the concentration of hydrogen ions*, [H+].
The pCO2 electrode is a pH electrode with a Teflon or silicone rubber CO2 semi permeable
membrane covering the tip. CO2 combines with H2O in the space between the membrane

and the electrode tip to produce free hydrogen ions in proportion to the partial pressure of
CO2. The voltmeter, although actually measuring [H+], is calibrated in pCO2.
For pO2, oxygen permeates a polypropylene membrane and reacts chemically with a
phosphate buffer. The O2combines with water in the buffer, producing current in
proportion to the number of oxygen molecules. The *current is measured and expressed as
partial pressure of oxygen*.
After measurement the blood is automatically expelled into a waste container and the
sample path is cleaned, ready for the next sample
*Typical values*
PH of blood is normally maintained within the very narrow range *7.38 to 7.44.* Typical
values for pCO2 in *adult male arterial blood are 34 to 35 mmHg. Typical values of pO2 in a
resting male arterial blood sample are 80 to 90 mmHg*.
NABH Guidelines
Dear friends
regarding
Biomedical Equipment (calibration): NABH team accepted as per below.
1. Bp apparatus
Do 1 Bp apparatus calibration from NABL accreditation company and do all Bp apparatus in

hospital and prepare certificate (in house report) do sticker as per the reference by calibrated
one
2. Monitors, defibrillator, ECG, Ventilator, workstation: take validation / calibration

certificates direct from company itself.
3. Diathermy's, TCM, HEARTLUNG MACHINE, OT lights, OT tables, Laproscope

equipments: pms report is enough from company with checklist or from biomedical in
house pm report.
4. Syringe pumps, infusion pumps: take calibration certificate from belonging company
5. ICP monitor: need pms report only from company
6. Adult Weighing scales, nebulisers, physiotherapy eqt. : need pms in house report by
biomedical

Wax both , Lab weighing scales , micro pippets, cetrifuge, water bath, oven, incubator,
neonatal incubators, infant warmers, digital/manual thermometers of Refrigerator:
need to be done calibration from accreditation company(NABL/NABH)
Microtome, tissue processor: need pms report by biomedical is enough
All analysers, bio safety cabinet, laminar flow: need calibration certificate from same
company accepted
7. Radiology Equipments: need to be done QA from registered AERB accreditation company

safety tools certificate submission to AERB is must n should need in biomedical as well as in
radiology department it's in online now in ELORA website .
8. Ultrasound, ECHO: state PNDT registration certificate from DMHO n pms report need
------------------------
Files Must and should be in Biomedical Engineering department.
1. Main asset list of all equipments department wise with asset number to the equipment
with summary sheet.
2. Pms reports of all equipment as per the equipment

PMS schedule month wise file (year calendar) to be prepared
3. Installation reports of all equipment
4. IQ, PQ, OQ, for all analysers in lab equipment.
5. Biomedical Calls /complaints management register/logbook (start to till date)
6. BIOMEDICAL SOP files as per team number (if team 5 in Biomedical Department, sop
files should prepare on every name)
7. Purchase order: releasing protocols and PO file Of Equipment and Spares
8. Equipment. Condemnation report file: minutes of meeting report n condemned

equipment list to be filed by signing by condemnation committee
(Committee members:
1.GM-hospital/CHA(chief hospital administrator,

2.Manager-finance
3. CEO(optional)
4. Manager/HOD- biomedical
5. Medical superintendent
Prepared by: biomedical engr name

Approved by: Medical director /CEO )
9. AERB REGISTRATION certificates from AERB for all radiology EQT. File as well as state
registration from DMHO.
10. Every year prenatal test not doing report should submit in DMHO office on Dr.
personnel name whoever doing ultrasound and echo , letter on ₹ 50 stamp/bond
paper ,which prepared by layer with Dr. sign , this photocopy should file in biomedical
department after submission to DMHO. (answer by biomedical engineer n this letter
submission done by biomedical as per new law in PNDT law in India since 2014)
11. Stock register (optional)
12. All equipment should be placed by cal/pms stickers with updated dates & every dept.
having biomedical maintenance requisition book, slips of received and issued eqt after
repair which should file in BMED.
This is my personnel experience and I succeed without NC's for biomedical dept. from
NABH TEAM in my period of job where I did in India.
-----------------------------------
Author is Mr. Rajendra Prakash (10yrs experience in Biomedical, NABH & NABL)
Currently working in AFRICA, Abuja, Nigeria,
If any quires regarding this message most welcome to contact him via
Email: rpbme123@gmail.com
All The Best
©FORCE BIOMEDICAL
Work Together Develop Together

Career Guidance – Medical Transcription / Coding Job
*Medical Transcription Job - Biomedical Engineering*

✍ Medical transcription is part of the healthcare industry that renders and edits *Doctor
dictated reports, procedures, and notes* in an electronic format in order to create files
representing the treatment history of patients. Pertinent up-to-date confidential patient
information is connected to a written text documented by a *Medical Transcriptionist (MT)*.
This report is referred to by many as a *Medical Record*. Working in *MT* leads to a
mastery in medical terminology and editing, ability to listen and type simultaneously, and
learn anatomy, grammar and punctuation. One may develop the ability to follow verbal and
written instructions.
It is a career option in the field of healthcare administration. There is an advantage of getting

specialized in a field by working exclusively for a specific type of doctor specialized in a
certain field.
👉Working as MT helps to understand the basic medical terminology and also gives an idea
of how healthcare works. *Learning medical transcription, a biomedical engineer can relate
to the equipment as for what it is being used.* MT field gives us a brief knowledge of
*anatomy and physiology, disease processes, signs and symptoms, medication, and
laboratory values* related to a specialty or specialties which allows us to learn how the
equipment can work for a patient with these criteria.
✍In some companies, it also involves *dictation and transcription related to the equipment*
that the doctor uses, and to troubleshoot as necessary.
Working as an MT develops excellent *written and oral communication skills.* Upon

experience, it also provides work from home opportunity if one requires it.
⭕It can be very confusing weighing all your career choice options. This is an important
decision for you as you invest your time, money, and effort. If you're serious about a
medical office career, particularly in medical transcription, this is the place to evaluate what
you've heard and check to make sure it's all true.
⭕ *Physicians examine patients in hospitals, clinics and medical offices, then dictate
important information about the patient's history, physical examination, diseases,
procedures, laboratory tests and diagnoses*. They use medical terminology, often with
heavy accents, and often speak so quickly that you must have extensive training to know
what is typically included in a medical report in order to understand what they are saying.
Since medical transcriptionists typically work from home, our course teaches medical
transcription at home, the way it will be done on the job. *A career in medical transcription
is ideal for those who are able to work independently without someone standing over them
telling them what to do.*

*The Right Career*

Medical Transcription may be the right career for you if you are able to *work behind a
computer for hours at a time, independently, with very little interaction with others*.
Excellent spelling and hearing skills are necessary as well as a good understanding of
grammar and punctuation.
Prepared by,
Ms. Nazmeen Hisam
Trainee biomedical engineer
Hyderabad, India.
*I Support BME*
©Force Biomedical
Useful Information – MS (Biomedical Engineering) in

Germany
Admission procedures Step by step
Types of universities
There are two types of universities in Germany
1) University of Technology these Universities are research based
2) University of applied sciences these Universities are practical oriented
*Admission process*
1) General Test Scores
*IELTS or TOEFL or GRE*
2) Language Requirements:
German language certificate(A2-level) from *GOETHE* or any equivalent institution
3) Other Required Documents:
*SOP, LOR, CV AND all study memos*.
(The above requirements will *change* based on the type of University we choose)
Application process can done through university assist or we can do by our own by
following instructions which are provided in university website.
We can apply for summer / winter semesters
Summer semester starts from January
Winter semester starts from October
U
After getting admission letter
1) Very first step after getting admission letter from university is opening blocked account
2) All non EU students are required to provide their own living expenditures while they are
studying in Germany

3) After getting admission letter we have to apply for visa. This can only be issued once we
deposited a specific amount of money in a German bank (e.g. Deutsch Bank)
4) In India we can open blocked account in Kotak bank.
Reference website:
please visit http://www.daad.de/en/
Prepared by Ms Sahithimadhuri Chowadary

BE (BME) 2012-2016, Osmania University, Hyderabad
If any information please refer

Mr. Fredrick Johnson
B.Tech (BME -2010-2014) Sri Rama Krishna Engineering College, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu
Currently Pursing MS (Nanoelectronics) in Otto-von-Guericke-Universitat magbeburg,
Germany
Email ID: fredrickjohnson7@gmail.com

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FORCE Biomedical Journalist Team Page 1

44. Monitor & ventilator test

From pharmaceuticals to the design and manufacture of medical supplies or equipment,

1. Biomedical engineers created the first bionic arm.

2. Artificial organs are the result of biomedical engineering.

FORCE Biomedical Journalist Team Page 2

4. There’s an amazing future in this field

5. It’s more of a woman’s game.

We proud to be biomedical Engineers

The 10 greatest medical inventions of the last 50 years

10. Active Bionic Prosthesis (Wearable Robotic Devices)

9. Health IT (Especially Mobile/Wireless Devices)

8. Molecular Breast Imaging (MBI)

FORCE Biomedical Journalist Team Page 3

6. Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART)

5. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

4. Minimally Invasive Robotic Surgeries

2. The Artificial Heart

1. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Computerized Tomography (CT)

FORCE Biomedical Journalist Team Page 4

History of Biomedical Engineering

FORCE Biomedical Journalist Team Page 5

1940: *Cardiac catheterization.*

Some examples of Biomedical Engineering Innovations

*Minimally invasive surgeries*: This is a type of surgical procedure where instead of

FORCE Biomedical Journalist Team Page 6

Future for BME

Biomedical engineering is an interdisciplinary field , where the biomedical engineer can

FORCE Biomedical Journalist Team Page 7

Why Biomedical Engineers are not appointed in all

In Every Hospital in the world

Why don't we try to change this phenomenon

FORCE Biomedical Journalist Team Page 8

1) Less new vacancies unless resigned by existed employees

Young Biomedical Engineers should find employment opportunities in hospitals where

Reasons: Why BME's are not appointed in all hospitals

May be Biomedical Equipment under AMC / CMC contract

Without biomedical engineers how Doctors/Surgeons perform Treatment / surgeries??

How can "WE" approach and Convince the Hospital Management

FORCE Biomedical Journalist Team Page 9

FORCE Biomedical Journalist Team Page 10

FORCE Biomedical Journalist Team Page 11

for more news plz like 👍🏻below link

FORCE Biomedical Journalist Team Page 12

FORCE Biomedical Journalist Team Page 13

FORCE Biomedical Journalist Team Page 14

External Counter Pulsation therapy (ECP)

This is a procedure performed on individuals with angina or Heart failure or

FORCE Biomedical Journalist Team Page 15

-Severe aortic regurgitation or aortic stenosis

Skin-Like Bandage Could be the Next Biomedical Band-Aid

A new biomedical ‘bandage’ uses conducting nanowires to offer therapeutic stimulation.

FORCE Biomedical Journalist Team Page 16

Blade-Free LASIK -The World’s Most Advanced LASIK

FORCE Biomedical Journalist Team Page 17

COMMON TYPES OF HOSPITAL INFUSION PUMP

FORCE Biomedical Journalist Team Page 18

ADVANTAGES OF INFUSION PUMP

🌹Provide an accurate flow of fluids or drugs over a prescribed period.

COMMON PROBLEMS WITH INFUSION PUMP

FORCE Biomedical Journalist Team Page 19

12 Things You Did Not Know Your Body Can Do

1940: Cardiac catheterization.

Minimally invasive surgeries: This is a type of surgical procedure where instead of

INSTALLATION SEGMENT OF CT SCAN

CONSOLE (COMPUTER) ROOM The CT Technologist or Radiographer control the CT

Why the Procedure is Performed

Robotic surgery cannot be used for some complex procedures.

What are those plastic jugs sitting in front of my machine?

How does my blood get in and out of my body?