Nurul Afifah

1811522020
Humanoid robotics
Humanoid robotics is an emerging and challenging research field, which has
received significant attention during the past years and will continue to play a central
role in robotics research and in many applications of the 21st century. Regardless of
the application area, one of the common problems tackled in humanoid robotics is the
understanding of human-like information processing and the underlying mechanisms
of the human brain in dealing with the real world.

Ambitious goals have been set for future humanoid robotics. They are expected to
serve as companions and assistants for humans in daily life and as ultimate helpers in
man-made and natural disasters. In 2050, a team of humanoid robots soccer players
shall win against the winner of most recent World Cup. DARPA announced recently
the next Grand Challenge in robotics: building robots which do things like humans in
a world made for humans.

Considerable progress has been made in humanoid research resulting in a number

of humanoid robots able to move and perform well-designed tasks. Over the past
decade in humanoid research, an encouraging spectrum of science and technology has
emerged that leads to the development of highly advanced humanoid mechatronic
systems endowed with rich and complex sensorimotor capabilities. Of major
importance for advances of the field is without doubt the availability of reproducible
humanoid robots systems, which have been used in the last years as common
hardware and software platforms to support humanoids research. Many technical
innovations and remarkable results by universities, research institutions and
companies are visible.

The major activities of the TC are reflected by the firmly established annual
IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots, which is the
internationally recognized prime event of the humanoid robotics community. The
conference is sponsored by the IEEE Robotics and Automation Society. The level of
interest in humanoid robotics research continues to grow, which is evidenced by the
increasing number of submitted papers to this conference.

 Working & Control

Concept of Zero Moment Point:
This concept explains the dynamic balance of humanoids during walking which
requires information about the contact forces and the current and desired direction of
motion.
As per the ZMP Theory, the pressure under supporting foot can be replaced by
the appropriate reaction force acting at a certain point of the mechanism’s foot. Since
the sum of all moments of active forces with respect to this point is equal to zero, it is
termed as the Zero Moment Point (ZMP)
Some Humanoids:
1. Honda’s ASIMO (Advances Step in Innovative Mobility):
ASIMO can maneuver toward its destination without stopping by comparing any
deviation between the input map information and the information obtained about the
surrounding area from its floor surface sensor.
ASIMO is capable of interpreting the postures and gestures of humans and can
move independently in response. It can greet approaching people, follow them, move
in the direction they indicate, and even recognize their faces and address them by
name. Further, utilizing networks such as the Internet, ASIMO can provide
information while executing tasks such as reception duties. ASIMO is the world's first
humanoid robot to exhibit such a broad range of intelligent capabilities.

2. MYON
Myon, a new humanoid robot designed by the industrial design studio,
Frackenpohl Poulheim and developed by the Neurorobotics Research Laboratory at
Humboldt University in Berlin, Germany, has the special ability to continue to operate
even if some of its electronic components are damaged or separated. It’s also the first
humanoid robot in the world that can be disassembled into parts (and put back
together) while the parts which make it up continue to work steadily and
autonomously (its energy source, the central motor and its neural network remain
functioning).It has a robust “skin” made out of fiberglass.

In Future
A Peep into the Future: Pervasive Robotics
In the near future we will require small, light and cheap robots that exhibit complex
behaviors. For example, M2-M4 Macaco project has developed a portable system
which is capable of emulating the head of different creatures both aesthetically and
functionally. The pervasive robotics will concentrate its research on certain critical
aspects like Object Analysis, Social Mechanisms and Navigation.
 Medicine and Technology
In today’s world, technology plays an important role in every industry as well as
in our personal lives. Out of all of the industries that technology plays a crucial role
in, healthcare is definitely one of the most important. This merger is responsible for
improving and saving countless lives all around the world.

Medical technology is a broad field where innovation plays a crucial role in

sustaining health. Areas like biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, information technology,
the development of medical devices and equipment, and more have all made
significant contributions to improving the health of people all around the world. From
“small” innovations like adhesive bandages and ankle braces, to larger, more complex
technologies like MRI machines, artificial organs, and robotic prosthetic limbs,
technology has undoubtedly made an incredible impact on medicine.

In the healthcare industry, the dependence on medical technology cannot be

overstated, and as a result of the development of these brilliant innovations, healthcare
practitioners can continue to find ways to improve their practice – from better
diagnosis, surgical procedures, and improved patient care.

Information Technology and Medicine

Information technology has made significant contributions to our world, namely in the
medical industry. With the increased use of electronic medical records (EMR),
telehealth services, and mobile technologies like tablets and smart phones, physicians
and patients are both seeing the benefits that these new medical technologies are
bringing.

Medical technology has evolved from introducing doctors to new equipment to use
inside private practices and hospitals to connecting patients and doctors thousands of
miles away through telecommunications. It is not uncommon in today’s world for
patients to hold video conferences with physicians to save time and money normally
spent on traveling to another geographic location or send health information
instantaneously to any specialist or doctor in the world.

With more and more hospitals and practices using medical technology like mobile
devices on the job, physicians can now have access to any type of information they
need – from drug information, research and studies, patient history or records, and
more – within mere seconds. And, with the ability to effortlessly carry these mobile
devices around with them throughout the day, they are never far from the information
they need. Applications that aid in identifying potential health threats and examining
digital information like x-rays and CT scans also contribute to the benefits that
information technology brings to medicine.

Medical Equipment Technology

Improving quality of life is one of the main benefits of integrating new
innovations into medicine. Medical technologies like minimally-invasive surgeries,
better monitoring systems, and more comfortable scanning equipment are allowing
patients to spend less time in recovery and more time enjoying a healthy life.
The integration of medical equipment technology and telehealth has also created
robotic surgeries, where in some cases, physicians do not even need to be in the
operating room with a patient when the surgery is performed. Instead, surgeons can
operate out of their “home base”, and patients can have the procedure done in a
hospital or clinic close their own hometown, eliminating the hassles and stress of
health-related travel. With other robotic surgeries, the surgeon is still in the room,
operating the robotic devices, but the technology allows for a minimally-invasive
procedure that leaves patients with less scarring and significantly less recovery time.

Technology and Medical Research

Medical scientists and physicians are constantly conducting research and testing
new procedures to help prevent, diagnose, and cure diseases as well as developing
new drugs and medicines that can lessen symptoms or treat ailments.

Through the use of technology in medical research, scientists have been able to
examine diseases on a cellular level and produce antibodies against them. These
vaccines against life-threatening diseases like malaria, polio, MMR, and more prevent
the spread of disease and save thousands of lives all around the globe. In fact, the
World Health Organization estimates that vaccines save about 3 million lives per
year, and prevent millions of others from contracting deadly viruses and diseases.

Medical Technology and The Law

As technology in the world of healthcare continues to evolve, rules and
regulations concerning its use must be established and adjusted to adapt to the new
methods of administering care. Regulations like HIPAA and its Privacy and Security
Act target the concerns about the confidentiality of patient information and the steps
that must be taken to maintain privacy in our digital world. Medical providers and
healthcare administration must be careful when choosing to implement new products
and technologies into their services, and should ensure that all technologies are
“HIPAA compliant” before investing in their implementation. Other initiatives, like
the 2010 Health Care Reform bill, state the steps that must be taken by hospitals and
other care providers to integrate medical technology into their practices.

Technological innovations in the healthcare industry continue to provide physicians

with new ways to improve the quality of care delivered to their patients and improve
the state of global healthcare. Through technology’s integration with areas like
disease prevention, surgical procedures, better access to information, and medical
telecommunications, the medical industry and patients around the world continue to
benefit.
 The Positive and Negative Effects of Technology
Advantages of technology:
 Technology helps us to strengthen the relationships by keeping in contact with
old friends, the colleagues, and the co-workers, The e-mails cause speed delivery
of messages, they reduce the paper costs, The human uses technology to travel, to
communicate, to learn, to do business & to live in comfort.

 Technology enables the communication among people, it has helped you to

communicate with people all over the world through email, instant messaging,
Skype, social media, etc, Internet is the biggest advantage of us because people
could receive not only the valuable information but they could also work as
freelancer or share their experience.

 Technology is very useful for the students, They can take the courses and attain
their degree online just as any student on campus as the technology provides
many chances for the students all over the world to receive an education online.

 Technology helps the companies to save the time and gain a lot of money, They
use the technology to communicate with individuals, they can release the
information to many different people at once without calling a meeting or
requiring printing of the materials.

 Technology is very necessary in our life as it has improved the transportation, it

has mechanized the agriculture, It has improved the communication, it has
improved the education & learning process, technology has changed the world, it
is very useful to us, it plays an important role in our life but it has many bad
effects.

Bad effects of technology:

 When the children use much technology, they have not enough time to use their
imagination or to read and think deeply about the material, they find the
information but they may not remember it, they might have difficulty to develop
the social skills and the emotional reactions.

 Technology can lead to a social isolation which is characterized by a lack of

contact with other people in normal daily living such as the workplace, with
friends & in social activities, Technology can cause the tendonitis in the thumb
which is a form of repetitive strain injury caused by the frequent use of thumbs to
press buttons on mobile devices or playing too many video games.

 Technology causes a lack of privacy, where anyone can with a few flicks on the
keyboard find anyone’s address and contact information, So, they can use of
phishing, viruses and hacking that helps to find any information they wish to
obtain, they can obtain the location on Google Map and they can know the life
story on Facebook.

 When the electronic wastes add high level of toxicity in our air & land because
 they are not disposed properly, They cause deadly chemicals to the ground and
the electronics are emitting toxic fumes into the air, Technology causes lack of
empathy, The constant stream of violent scenes on the video games, TV, movies
and YouTube causes people to become desensitized to destruction of any kind.

 Technology affects on our body, it causes the neck and head pain when you look
down the devices, It causes blurred vision and migraines, and eyestrain can also
causes the headaches, it causes an extra layer of stress which was not found
before the overuse of technology.

 Technology causes a higher consumption of energy, when you don’t turn your
devices off, when you keep the computers on, the mobile devices charging, the
televisions plugged in, and all the high tech toys, So, it causes an increase in
greenhouse gas emissions.

 When you strain your eyes looking at the computer and the device screens, it can
cause people to need glasses much earlier in the life and using the headphones
and the ear buds can cause people to lose their hearing over time.

History Of Mobile Technology

 Mobile technology is the technology used for cellular communication. Mobile
code-division multiple access (CDMA) technology has evolved rapidly over the past
few years. Since the start of this millennium, a standard mobile device has gone from
being no more than a simple two-way pager to being a mobile phone, GPS navigation
device, an embedded web browser and instant messaging client, and a handheld
gaming console. Many experts believe that the future of computer technology rests in
mobile computing with wireless networking. Mobile computing by way of tablet
computers are becoming more popular. Tablets are available on the 3G and 4G
networks.

In the early 1980s, 1G was introduced as voice-only communication via "brick

phones".[1] Later in 1991, the development of 2G introduced Short Message Service
(SMS) and Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) capabilities, allowing picture
messages to be sent and received between phones. In 1998, 3G was introduced to
provide faster data-transmission speeds to support video calling and internet access.
4G was released in 2008 to support more demanding services such as gaming
services, HD mobile TV, video conferencing, and 3D TV. 5G technology has been
planned for the upcoming future.

4G networking
4G is the current mainstream cellular service offered to cell phone users,
performance roughly 10 times faster than 3G service. One of the most important
features in the 4G mobile networks is the domination of high-speed packet
transmissions or burst traffic in the channels. The same codes used in the 2G-3G
networks are applied to 4G mobile or wireless networks, the detection of very short
bursts will be a serious problem due to their very poor partial correlation properties.
Recent study has indicated that traditional multilayer network architecture based on
the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model may not be well suited for 4G mobile
network, where transactions of short packets will be the major part of the traffic in the
channels. As the packets from different mobiles carry completely different channel
characteristics, the receiver should execute all necessary algorithms, such as channel
estimation, interactions with all upper layers and so on, within a very short period of
time.

Operating systems
Many types of mobile operating systems (OS) are available for smartphones,
including Android, BlackBerry OS, webOS, iOS, Symbian, Windows Mobile
Professional (touch screen), Windows Mobile Standard (non-touch screen), and Bada.
The most popular are the Apple iPhone, and the newest: Android. Android, a mobile
OS developed by Google, is the first completely open-source mobile OS, meaning
that it is free to any cell phone mobile network.

Since 2008 customizable OSs allow the user to download apps like games, GPS,
utilities, and other tools. Users can also create their own apps and publish them, e.g. to
Apple's App Store. The Palm Pre using webOS has functionality over the Internet and
can support Internet-based programming languages such as Cascading Style Sheets
(CSS), HTML, and JavaScript. The Research In Motion (RIM) BlackBerry is a
smartphone with a multimedia player and third-party software installation. The
Windows Mobile Professional Smartphones (Pocket PC or Windows Mobile PDA)
are like personal digital assistants (PDA) and have touchscreen abilities. The
Windows Mobile Standard does not have a touch screen but uses a trackball,
touchpad, or rockers.

Channel hogging and file sharing

There will be a hit to file sharing, the normal web surfer would want to look at a
new web page every minute or so at 100 kbs a page loads quickly.[clarification
needed] Because of the changes to the security of wireless networks users will be
unable to do huge file transfers because service providers want to reduce channel use.
AT&T claimed that they would ban any of their users that they caught using peer-to-
peer (P2P) file sharing applications on their 3G network. It then became apparent that
it would keep any of their users from using their iTunes programs. The users would
then be forced to find a Wi-Fi hotspot to be able to download files. The limits of
wireless networking will not be cured by 4G, as there are too many fundamental
differences between wireless networking and other means of Internet access. If
wireless vendors do not realize these differences and bandwidth limits, future wireless
customers will find themselves disappointed and the market may suffer setbacks.

Impacts on the modern family

Increasing mobile technology use has changed how the modern family interacts
with one another through technology. With the rise of mobile devices, families are
becoming increasingly "on-the-move",and spend less time in physical contact with
one another. However, this trend does not mean that families are no longer interacting
with each other, but rather have evolved into a more digitized variant. A study has
shown that the modern family actually learns better with usage of mobile media,[3]
and children are more willing to cooperate with their parents via a digital medium
than a more direct approach. For example, family members can share information
from articles or online videos via mobile devices and thus stay connected with one
another during a busy day.

This trend is not without controversy, however. Many parents of elementary school-
age children express concern and sometimes disapproval of heavy mobile technology
use. Parents may feel that excessive usage of such technologies distracts children
from "un-plugged" bonding experiences, and many express safety concerns about
children using mobile media. While parents may have many concerns are, they are not
necessarily anti-technology. In fact, many parents express approval of mobile
technology usage if their children can learn something from the session. for example,
through art or music tutorials on YouTube. Future of smartphones The next
generation of smartphones will be context-aware, taking advantage of the growing
availability of embedded physical sensors and data exchange abilities. One of the
main features applying to this is that phones will start keeping track of users' personal
data, and adapt to anticipate the information will need. All-new applications will
come out with the new phones, one of which is an X-ray device that reveals
information about any location at which the phone is pointed.