2.

3 Linear equations

The first-order linear DEs have the form

dy
a1 (x) + a0 (x)y = b(x).
dx

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2.3 Linear equations

The first-order linear DEs have the form

dy
a1 (x) + a0 (x)y = b(x).
dx
case 1: a0 (x) = 0

case 2: a0 (x) = a10 (x)

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(ex.) Solve the first-order linear DE (x 2 + 1)y 0 + 2xy = 3x 2 .

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 dy
a1 (x) + a0 (x)y = b(x)
dx

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Method for solving the first-order linear DEs

1. Write the first-order linear DE in standard form

dy
+ P(x)y = Q(x).
dx
2. Calculate the IF µ(x) by the formula
R
P(x)dx
µ(x) = e .

3. Multiply the DE in the standard form by µ(x) and obtain

dy
µ(x) + µ(x)P(x)y = µ(x)Q(x)
dx
d
=⇒ [µ(x)y ] = µ(x)Q(x).
dx
4. Integrate the last equation and solve for y to get the solution
Z 
1
y= µ(x)Q(x)dx + C .
µ(x)
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 dy 2
(ex.) Solve the first-order linear DE + 2xy = e −x .
dx

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(ex.) Solve the DE (sin x)dy + (y cos x − x sin x)dx = 0.

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 dy 4
(ex.) Solve the IVP + 4y = e −x , y (0) = .
dx 3

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 dx 1
(ex.) Solve the IVP t 2 + 3tx = t 4 ln t + 1, x(1) = .
dt 2

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(HW) Textbook 2.3 Exercises: 1-17 odd

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