Republic of the Philippines

UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES

University Town, Northern Samar

GE 9: THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL

FIRST SEMESTER, S.Y. 2020-2021

Images belong to their rightful owners. No copyright infringement intended.

Prepared and Compiled by:

RALFH LAUREN C. REYES

JERICK A. BESALO
PAULA MAE M. CAPARIC
ANGELICA JANELOU M. ANDALES
CHRISTINE NIEGAS
ANALYN OSAL
CAC, Part Time Lecturers
NAME OF STUDENT: _______________________________________________________
COURSE & YEAR: _________________________________________________________
PROFESSOR: ____________________________________________________________
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
UNIT 3: The Works of Rizal ……………………………………………………………….…... 3

Module 7: NOLI ME TANGERE ……………………………………………..………..……... 4

Overview ……………………………………………………………………………..……......... 4

Learning Outcomes …………………………………………………………………………….. 4

Textual Analysis of Noli Me Tangere …………………………………………................. 5

Summary 5
……………………………………………………………………………………..
8
Characters…………………………………………………………………………………….
1
Importance of the 3
Novel…………………………………………………………………..…

Activities …………………………………………………………………………………………. 1
4
Feedback
………………………………………………………………………………………… 1
5
Summary………………………………………………………………………………………….
1
References 5
……………………………………………………………………………………….
1
Suggested Readings………………………………………………………………………….... 6

1
6

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UNIT 3:
THE WORKS OF RIZAL

https://www.rappler.com/voices/imho/reading-understanding-appreciating-jose-rizal

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Module 7: Noli Me Tangere

OVERVIEW

In more than a century since its appearance, José Rizal's Noli Me Tangere has
become widely known as the great novel of the Philippines. A passionate love story set
against the ugly political backdrop of repression, torture, and murder, "The Noli," as it is
called in the Philippines, was the first major artistic manifestation of Asian resistance to
European colonialism, and Rizal became a guiding conscience—and martyr—for the
revolution that would subsequently rise up in the Spanish province. Written in Spanish and
published in 1887, José Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere played a crucial role in the political history
of the Philippines. Drawing from experience, the conventions of the nineteenth-century
novel, and the ideals of European liberalism, Rizal offered up a devastating critique of a
society under Spanish colonial rule.
The plot revolves around Crisostomo Ibarra, mixed-race heir of a wealthy clan,
returning home after seven years in Europe and filled with ideas on how to better the lot of
his countrymen. Striving for reforms, he is confronted by an abusive ecclesiastical hierarchy
and a Spanish civil administration by turns indifferent and cruel. The novel suggests, through
plot developments, that meaningful change in this context is exceedingly difficult, if not
impossible.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

The following are the learning outcomes we are expected to achieve by the students at the
end of this module:
 Appraise important characters in the novel and what they represent; and
 Examine the present Philippine situation through the examples mentioned in the
novel.

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TEXTUAL ANALYSIS OF NOLI ME TANGERE

 Literally translated, the Latin words “noli me tángere” means, “touch me not”
 Taken from John 20:17 when Mary Magdalene holds on to Jesus and he tells her not to
touch him.
John 20:17 “Jesus said to her: “Stop clinging to me. For I have not yet
ascended to the Father. But be on your way to my brothers and say to them,
‘I am ascending to my Father and to your Father and to my God and your
God.”
 The Noli me tángere can be regarded as a historical novel, as it has mostly fictional
characters but also historical persons like Father Burgos who lived in actual places
within a social system that was then typical of a colonized land.
 Contains 63 chapters and an epilogue.
 In the preface of his novel Rizal promises “to reproduce the condition (of the country)
faithfully, without discrimination”. He wants to sacrifice “to truth everything”.
 Rizal wrote in his dedication page in the Noli me tángere, “I will strive to reproduce thy
condition faithfully, without discriminations; I will raise a part of the veil that covers the
evil…”
 He clearly stated his intention of giving an accurate picture of the conditions in the
Philippines at the time, and this gives the reader a good idea what the main theme would
be.

SUMMARY
 It begins with a dinner given in honor of Crisostomo Ibarra by Capitan Tiago at his house
in Calle Anloague on the last day of October.
 Ibarra is a young and rich Filipino who had just returned after 7 yrs. of study in Europe.
He was the only son of Don Rafael Ibarra, friend of Capitan Tiago, and a fiancé of
beautiful Maria Clara, supposed daughter of Capitan Tiago.
 Ibarra upon his arrival, produced a favorable impression among the guests except for
Padre Damaso who was rude to him. In accordance with a German custom, he
introduced himself to the ladies.
 During the dinner, other conversation centered Ibarra’s studies and travels abroad.
Padre Damaso was in a bad mood because he had a bony neck and a hard wing of the
chicken tinola. He tried to discredit Ibarra’s remarks.
 After dinner, Ibarra left Capitan Tiago’s house to return to his hotel. On the way, the kind
Lieutenant Guevara told him the sad story of his father’s death in San Diego.
 On hearing about his father’s sad story, Ibarra thanked the kind Spanish lieutenant and
vowed to find out the truth about his father’s death.
 The following morning, he visited Maria Clara, his childhood sweetheart. After the
romantic reunion with her, he went to San Diego to visit his father’s grave.
 It was All Saint’s Day. At the cemetery, the grave digger told Ibarra that the corpse of
Don Rafael was removed by order of the parish priest to be, buried in the Chinese
cemetery; but the corpse was heavy and it was a dark and rainy night so that he (the
grave-digger) simply threw the corpse into the lake.
 Ibarra was angered by the grave-digger’s story. He left the cemetery. On the way, he
met Padre Salvi and in a flash, Ibarra pounced on the priest, demanding redress for
desecrating his father’s mortal remains.
 Padre Salvi told him that he had nothing to do with it for Padre Damaso, his predecessor,
was the parish priest at that time and was responsible for it. Convince of Padre Salvi’s
innocence, Ibarra went away.

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Several interesting people Ibarra met in his town:

o Tasio the philosopher- the wise old man whose ideas were too advanced for his
times so that the people who could not understand called him “Tasio the Lunatic”.
o Spineless gobernadorcillo- catered the wishes of the Spanish parish friar.
o Don Filipo Lino- teniente-mayor and leader of the liberal faction in the town.
o Don Melchor- captain of the cuadrilleros. (town police)
o Don Basilio and Don Valentin- former gobernadorcillo who were prominent citizens.

 A most tragic story in the novel is the tale of Sisa, who was formerly a rich girl but
became poor because she married a gambler, and a wastrel at that. She became crazy
because she lost her two boys, Basilio and Crispin, the joy of her wretched life.
 Capitan Tiago, Maria Clara, and Aunt Isabel arrived in San Diego. Ibarra and his friends
give picnic at the lake.
 Among those present in this picnic were Maria Clara and her four girlfriends- Siñang,
Victorina, Iday, and Neneng; Aunt Isabel, Capitana Tika, Andeng, Albino, and Ibarra and
his friends. One of the boatmen was a strong and silent peasant youth named Elias.
 An incident of the picnic was the saving of Elias’ life by Ibarra.
 Another incident was the rendering of a beautiful song by Maria Clara who had a sweet
voice.
 After Maria Clara’s song, they went ashore. The luncheon was served, and everybody
enjoyed eating.
 After the meal, Ibarra and Capitan Basilio played chess and as Maria Clara and her
friends were enjoying the game “Wheel of Chance”, Padre Salvi came and tore the book
into pieces, saying that it was a sin to play such game.
 Shortly thereafter, a sergeant and four soldiers of the Guardia Civil suddenly arrived,
looking for Elias, who was hunted for (1) assaulting Padre Damaso and (2) throwing the
alferez into a mud hole.
 Fortunately Elias had disappeared, and the Guardia Civil went away empty-handed.
 During the picnic also, Ibarra received a telegram from the Spanish authorities notifying
him the approval of his donation of a schoolhouse for the children of San Diego.
 The next day Ibarra visited old Tasio to consult him on his pet project about the
schoolhouse. Tasio was pessimistic about the project of Ibarra. However, the
construction of the schoolhouse continued under the supervision of the architect called
Ñor Juan.
 Meanwhile San Diego was merrily preparing for its annual fiesta, in honor of its patron
saint San Diego de Alcala.
 In the morning of the fiesta there was a high mass in the church, Padre Damaso gave
the long sermon, in which he expatiated on the evils of the times that were caused by
certain men, who having tasted some education spread pernicious ideas among the
people.
 After Padre Damaso’s sermon, the mass was continued by Padre Salvi. Elias quietly
moved to Ibarra, who was kneeling and praying by Maria Clara’s side, and warned him to
be careful during the ceremony of the laying of the cornerstone of the schoolhouse
because there was a plot to kill him.
 Elias suspected that the yellowish man, who built the derrick, was a paid stooge of
Ibarra’s enemies.
 True to his suspicion, later in the day, when Ibarra, in the presence of a big crowd, went
down into the trench to cement the cornerstone, the derrick collapsed.
 Elias, quick as a flash, pushed him aside, thereby saving his life. The yellowish man was
the one crushed to death by the shattered derrick.
 At the sumptuous dinner that night, a sad incident occurred. The arrogant Padre
Damaso, speaking in the presence of many guests, insulted the memory of Ibarra’s
father.

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 She introduced to Capitan Tiago’s young Spaniards, Don Alfonso Linares de Espadaña,
cousin of Don Tiburcio de Espadaña and godson of Padre Damaso’s brother in law.
 Linares was a penniless and jobless, fortune hunter who came to the Philippines in
search of a rich Filipino heiress. Both Doña Victorina and Padre Damaso sponsored his
wooing of Maria Clara, but the latter did not respond because she loved Ibarra.
 The story of Elias like that of Sisa, was a tale of pathos and tragedy. He related it to
Ibarra.
 Elias roamed from place to place, looking for his sister. He heard later that a girl
answering to his sister’s description, was found dead on the beach of San Diego. Since
then, Elias lived a vagabond life, wandering from province to province – until he met
Ibarra.
 Elias, learning of Ibarra’s arrest, burned all the papers that might incriminate his friend
and set Ibarra’s house on fire. Then he went to prison and helped Ibarra escape.
 He and Ibarra jumped into a banca loaded with sacate (grass). Ibarra stopped at the
house of Capitan Tiago to say goodbye to Maria Clara.
 In the tearful last scene between the two lovers, Ibarra forgave Maria Clara for giving up
his letter to her to the Spanish authorities who utilized them as evidence against him.
 On her part, Maria Clara revealed that those letters were exchanged with a letter from
her late mother, Pia Alba, which Padre Salvi gave her. From his letter, she learned that
her real father was Padre Damaso.
 After bidding Maria Clara farewell, Ibarra returned to the banca. He and Elias paddled up
the PasigRiver toward Laguna de Bay. A police boat, with the Guardia Civil on board,
pursued them as their banca reached the lake. Elias told Ibarra to hide under the zacate.
 As the police boat was overtaking the banca, Elias jumped into the water and swam
swiftly toward the shore. In this way, he diverted the attention of the soldiers on his
person, thereby giving Ibarra a chance to escape.
 The soldier fired at the swimming Elias, who was hit and sank. The water turned red
because of his blood. The soldiers, thinking that they had killed the fleeing Ibarra
returned to Manila. Thus Ibarra was able to escape.
 Elias seriously wounded, reached the shore and staggered into the forest. He met a boy,
Basilio, who was weeping over his mother’s dead body.
 He told Basilio to make a pyre on which their bodies (his and Sisa) were to be burned to
ashes.
 It was Christmas Eve, and the moon gleamed softly in the sky. Basilio prepared the
funeral pyre.
 As life’s breath slowly left his body. Elias looked toward the east and murmured: “I die
without seeing the dawn brighten over my native land.” You, who have it to see, welcome
it! And forget not those who have fallen during the night.

The novel has an epilogue which recounts what happened to the other characters.
o Maria Clara, out of her loyalty to the memory of Ibarra, the man she truly loved,
entered the Santa Clara nunnery.
o Padre Salvi left the parish of San Diego and became a chaplain of the nunnery.
o Padre Damaso was transferred to a remote province, but the next morning he was
found dead in his bedroom.
o Capitan Tiago the former genial host and generous patron of the church became an
opium addict and a human wreck.
o Doña Victorina, still henpecking poor Don Tiburcio, had taken to wearing eye-glasses
because of weakening eyesight.
o Linares, who failed to win Maria Clara’s affection, died of dysentery and was buried in
Paco cemetery.
o The alferez, who successfully repulsed the abortive attack on the barracks, was
promoted major. He returned to Spain, leaving behind his shabby mistress, Doña
Consolacion.

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o The novel ends with Maria Clara, an unhappy nun in Santa Clara nunnery – forever
lost to the world.

CHARACTERS
A. Main Characters

1. Ibarra (Juan Crisóstomo Ibarra y Magsalin)

Son of a Filipino businessman, Don Rafael Ibarra, he studied in Europe for seven
years. Ibarra is also María Clara's fiancé. Upon his return, Ibarra requested the local
government of San Diego to construct a public school to promote education in the
town.

Image source: Noli Me Tangere Wiki

2. María Clara (María Clara de los Santos y Alba)

She was raised by Capitán Tiago, San Diego's cabeza de barangay and is the most
beautiful and widely celebrated girl in San Diego. In the later parts of the novel, María
Clara's identity was revealed as an illegitimate daughter of Father Dámaso, former
parish curate of the town, and Doña Pía Alba, wife of Capitán Tiago. In the end she
entered local covenant for nuns Beaterio de Santa Clara.

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Image source: Noli Me Tangere Wiki

3. Capitán Tiago (Don Santiago de los Santos)

He is a Filipino businessman and the cabeza de barangay or head of barangay of the
town of San Diego. He is also the known father of María Clara. He is also said to be
a good Catholic, friend of the Spanish government and was considered as a Spanish
by colonialists. Capitán Tiago never attended school, so he became a domestic
helper of a Dominican friar who taught him informal education. He married Pía Alba
from Santa Cruz.

Image source: Noli Me Tangere Wiki

4. Padre Dámaso (Dámaso Verdolagas)

A Franciscan friar and the former parish curate of San Diego. He is best known as a
notorious character who speaks with harsh words and has been a cruel priest during
his stay in the town. He is the real father of María Clara and an enemy of
Crisóstomo's father, Rafael Ibarra. Later, he and María Clara had bitter arguments
whether she would marry Alfonso Linares or go to a convent. At the end of the novel,
he is again re-assigned to a distant town and is found dead one day.

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Image source: Noli Me Tangere Wiki

5. Elías
He is Ibarra's mysterious friend and ally. Elías made his first appearance as a pilot
during a picnic of Ibarra and María Clara and her friends. He wants to revolutionize
the country and to be freed from Spanish oppression.

Image source: Noli Me Tangere Wiki

6. Filosofo Tacio (Pilosopo Tasyo)

Seeking for reforms from the government, he expresses his ideals in paper written in
a cryptographic alphabet similar from hieroglyphs and Coptic figures hoping "that the
future generations may be able to decipher it" and realized the abuse and oppression
done by the conquerors. His full name is only known as Don Anastacio. The
educated inhabitants of San Diego labeled him as Filosofo Tacio (Tacio the Sage)
while others called him as Tacio el Loco (Insane Tacio) due to his exceptional talent
for reasoning.

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Image source: Noli Me Tangere Wiki

7. Sisa
Sisa, Crispín, and Basilio represent a Filipino family persecuted by the Spanish
authorities. Narcisa or Sisa is the deranged mother of Basilio and Crispín. Described
as beautiful and young, although she loves her children very much, she cannot
protect them from the beatings of her husband, Pedro.

Image source: Noli Me Tangere Wiki

8. Crispín
He is Sisa's 7-year-old son. An altar boy, he was unjustly accused of stealing money
from the church. After failing to force Crispín to return the money he allegedly stole,
Father Salví and the head sacristan killed him.

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Image source: Noli Me Tangere Wiki

9. Basilio
He is Sisa's 10-year-old son. An acolyte tasked to ring the church bells for the
Angelus, he faced the dread of losing his younger brother and falling of his mother
into insanity.

Image source: Noli Me Tangere Wiki

B. Other Characters
1. Padre Hernando de la Sibyla – a Dominican friar. He is described as short and has
fair skin. He is instructed by an old priest in his order to watch Crisóstomo Ibarra.
2. Padre Bernardo Salví – the Franciscan curate of San Diego, secretly harboring lust
for María Clara. He is described to be very thin and sickly. It is also hinted that his
last name, "Salvi" is the shorter form of "Salvi" meaning Salvation, or "Salvi" is short
for "Salvaje" meaning bad hinting to the fact that he is willing to kill an innocent child,
Crispin, just to get his money back, though there was not enough evidence that it
was Crispin who has stolen his 2 onzas.

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3. El Alférez or Alperes – chief of the Guardia Civil. Mortal enemy of the priests for
power in San Diego and husband of Doña Consolacion.
4. Doña Consolacíon – wife of the Alférez, nicknamed as la musa de los guardias
civiles (The muse of the Civil Guards) or la Alféreza, was a former laundrywoman
who passes herself as a Peninsular; best remembered for her abusive treatment of
Sisa.
5. Doña Victorina (Doña Victorina de los Reyes de Espadaña)
She is an ambitious Filipina who classifies herself as a Spanish and mimics Spanish
ladies by putting on heavy make-up.
6. Don Tiburcio de Espadaña – Spanish Quack Doctor who is limp and submissive to
his wife, Doña Victorina.
7. Teniente Guevara - a close friend of Don Rafael Ibarra. He reveals to Crisóstomo
how Don Rafael Ibarra's death came about.
8. Alfonso Linares – A distant nephew of Tiburcio de Espanada, the would-be fiancé
of María Clara. Although he presented himself as a practitioner of law, it was later
revealed that he, just like Don Tiburcio, is a fraud. He later died due to given
medications of Don Tiburcio.
9. Tía Isabel - Capitán Tiago's cousin, who raised Maria Clara.
10. Governor General (Gobernador Heneral) – Unnamed person in the novel, he is the
most powerful official in the Philippines. He has great disdains against the friars and
corrupt officials, and sympathizes Ibarra.
11. Don Filipo Lino – vice mayor of the town of San Diego, leader of the liberals.
12. Padre Manuel Martín - he is the linguistic curate of a nearby town, who says the
sermon during San Diego's fiesta.
13. Don Rafael Ibarra - father of Crisóstomo Ibarra. Though he is the richest man in San
Diego, he is also the most virtuous and generous.
14. Dona Pía Alba - wife of Capitan Tiago and mother of María Clara. She died giving
birth to her. In reality, she was raped by Dámaso so she could bear a child.
15. Salomé - Elías' sweetheart. She lives in a little house by the lake, and though Elías
would like to marry her, he tells her that it would do her or their children no good to
be related to a fugitive like himself.

IMPORTANCE OF THE NOVEL

 The theme of ‘Noli me Tangere’ comes from the Gospel of John. John tells that when
Jesus showed himself after the Resurrection, it was first to Mary Magdalene.
 Jesus called her and she turned round and saw him. But Jesus did not want her to
touch him. He said literally to her, “Do not cling to me, because I have not yet
ascended to the Father.
 But go to the brothers and tell them: I am ascending to my father and your Father, my
God and your God.”
 He focuses on an administration crawling with self-seekers, out to make their fortune
at the expense of the Filipinos, so that the few officials who are honest and sincere
are unable to overcome the treacherous workings of the system, and their efforts to
help the country often end up in frustration or in self-ruin.
 The Noli is Rizal's exposé of corrupt friars who have made the Catholic religion an
instrument for enriching and perpetuating themselves in power by seeking to mire
ignorant Filipinos in fanaticism and superstition.
 According to Rizal, instead of teaching Filipinos true Catholicism, they control the
government by opposing all progress and persecuting members of the ilustrado
unless they make themselves their servile flatterers.
 Rizal does not, however, spare his fellow countrymen.

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 The superstitious and hypocritical fanaticism of many who consider

themselves religious people;
 the ignorance, corruption, and brutality of the Filipino civil guards;
 the passion for gambling unchecked by the thought of duty and responsibility;
 the servility of the wealthy Filipino towards friars and government officials;
 the ridiculous efforts of Filipinos to dissociate themselves from their fellowmen
or to lord it over them--all these are ridiculed and disclosed.
 Rizal nevertheless balances the national portrait by highlighting the virtues and good
qualities of his unspoiled countryman:
o the modesty and devotion of the Filipina, the unstinting hospitality of the
Filipino family,
o the devotion of parents to their children and children to their parents,
o the deep sense of gratitude, and
o the solid common sense of the untutored peasant.
 It calls on the Filipino to recover his self-confidence, to appreciate his own worth, to
return to the heritage of his ancestors, and to assert himself as the equal of the
Spaniard.
 It insists on the need of education, of dedication to the country, and of absorbing
aspects of foreign cultures that would enhance the native traditions."

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FEEDBACK
Hola mis queridos estudiantes! Se divierten leyende este modulo?
“Hello my dear Students! Are you having fun reading this module?”
If you finished reading all the important information in this module I hope you fully
appreciate why we need to study this subject as part of our curriculum in the tertiary level. It
is a need for us to tackle this in order to know its implication to our present time and how
could we shape our society by instilling values and patriotism to the minds of our youth.
This module is concerned with the general overview of the life of Dr. Jose Rizal. The
purpose is to let the students have a review of what they learned in their high school studies
on Rizal’s life. The students, being citizens of this country, are expected to have knowledge
of the man who was the foremost of the initiators of national consciousness more than a
hundred years ago.
This module enables the students to refresh their knowledge of Jose Rizal’s biography,
which they might have missed or forgotten. In behalf of the students, this module is designed
to provide an overview of some of the important aspects of the hero’s life in higher education
and his life abroad.
Do the required Learning Activities to test yourself on how much you have learned the
lesson. Answers key are provided at the last part of the module but make sure not to attempt
to peek at them unless you already finished all the learning activities in each lesson.
If you are able to answer all the learning tasks without any mistake, congrats you may
now proceed to the next module. If you get a score less than 75 percent of the total number
of items, I suggest reading again the lesson and try to answer the said activities. If you get
more than 76 percent of the total number of score try to review and focus to those items that
you fail to get the correct answer. Don’t worry, all is well, sooner or later you will be able to
get all the correct answer.
Congratulations! You did a great job! Rest and relax a while then move on to the next
Module. Good luck!

SUMMARY
This novel has a lot of symbolism and real-life events that opened the eyes of the
Filipino people during the Spanish colonization to start the revolution and overthrow the
Spanish colonizers. Every character in Noli Me Tangere has a role that depicts different
roles in Philippine society to fight for the freedom of the country. Jose Rizal represented his
persona as Crisostomo Ibarra who was a rich character yet he was rebellious who fought for
the freedom of the Spaniards while Elias who was poor and oppressed by the Spaniards but
he sacrificed his life so that Crisostomo can escape because he believed that Crisostomo
has a better chance to fight against the Spaniards. Elias’ sacrifice paved the way to
Crisostomo Ibarra’s revenge against the Spaniards in the sequel of the novel “El
Filibusterismo”. Noli Me Tangere is a novel that was an advisory for the Filipinos to fight
against the colonizers and today’s reminder of our history. The characters and the events in
the story resemble our life, culture, and beliefs of Filipino people. This literary piece will mark

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in our hearts the values that the novel tells us to be a good role model that will benefit our
country. Reading this literary piece will make us realize the true meaning of nationalism and
be a catalyst for change.

REFERENCES
 Constantino, Renato. "Our task: to make Rizal obsolete" in This Week, Manila
Chronicle (14 June 1959).
 Daroy, Petronilo. Rizal contrary essays. Quezon City: Guro Books, 1968.
 Almario. Virgitio. Si Rizal: Nobelista. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press,
2008.
 Rizall Jose. Noli Me Tangere. Trans. Virgilio Almario or Soledad Maximo Locsin.
 Anderson, Benedict. Why Counting Counts: A Study of Forms of Consciousness and
Problems of Language in Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. Quezon City:
Ateneo de Manila University Press, 2008.
 "Introduction" in Necessary Fictions: Philippine Literature and the Nation, 1946-1980.
Quezon City, Ateneo de Manila University Press, 2000.

SUGGESTED READINGS
 Nelson, Gloria Luz. “Mga Pananaw hinggil sa ugnayan ng talambuhay at lipunan,”
in Diestro D, et al. Si Heneral Paciano Rizal sa Kasaysayang Pilipino. Los Banos:
UPLB Sentro ng Wikang Filipino, 2006.
 C. Wright Mills. “The Promise,” The Sociological Imagination. Oxford University
Press, 1959, http://legacy.lclarck.edu/`goldman/socimagination.html
 P. Sztompka. “Great Individuals as Agencies of Change” The Socioloy of Social
Change. Wiley. 1993.
 John Schumacher. “Rizal in the Context of the 19th Century Philippines” The Making
of a Nation: Essays on Ninteenth-Century Filipino Nationalism. Quezon City: ADU
Press. 1991.
 Zaide G., Zaide S. Jose Rizal: Life, Works and Writings of a Genius, Writer,
Scientist and National Hero. Quezon City. All-Nations Publishing Co., Inc.,
 Ocampo A. Rizal Without the Overcoat. Philippines. Anvil Publishing. 2018
 Ocampo A. Meaning & History: The Rizal Lectures. Philippines. Anvil Publishing.
2013
 Film: “Ganito Kami Noon, Paano Kayo Ngayon?” directed by Eddie Romero (1976)

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