INTRODUCTION TO

NUMERICAL METHODS
PREPARED BY:
Engr. ROLANDO C. RAFAELA, JR.
SOLUTION TO ENGINEERING PROBLEMS

ANALYTICAL NUMERICAL
METHOD METHOD

An analytical solution A numerical solution

involves framing the means making guesses
problem in a well- at the solution and
understood form and testing whether the
calculating the exact problem is solved well
solution. enough to stop.
FALLING PARACHUTIST PROBLEM

𝐹
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 → 𝑎 = 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛:
𝑚
𝑔 = 9.8 𝑚Τ𝑠 2
𝑑𝑣 𝐹
= 𝑚 = 68.1 𝑘𝑔
𝑑𝑡 𝑚 𝑐 = 12.5 𝑘𝑔Τ𝑠
𝑑𝑣 𝐹𝑈 + 𝐹𝐷
=
𝑑𝑡 𝑚 9.8 × 68.1 −
12.5
𝑣 𝑡 = (1 − 𝑒 68.1 𝑡 )
𝑑𝑣 −𝑐𝑣 + 𝑚𝑔 12.5
=
𝑑𝑡 𝑚
𝑣 𝑡 = 53.39(1 − 𝑒 −0.18𝑡 )
𝑑𝑣 𝑐
=𝑔− 𝑣
𝑑𝑡 𝑚 ANALYTICAL METHOD
𝑔𝑚 −
𝑐
𝑣 𝑡 = (1 − 𝑒 𝑚 𝑡)
𝑐
FALLING PARACHUTIST PROBLEM

60

TIME VELOCITY 50

0 0.00
40
2 16.40

VELOCITY
4 27.77 30

6 35.64
20
8 41.10
10 44.87 10

12 47.49
0
∞ 53.39 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
TIME
FALLING PARACHUTIST PROBLEM

60

𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑃2
50

40 ∆𝑣
VELOCITY

30 𝑃1
∆𝑡
20
𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒
∆𝑣 𝑣𝑖+1 − 𝑣𝑖
=
10
∆𝑡 𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑡𝑖

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
TIME
FALLING PARACHUTIST PROBLEM

𝑑𝑣 𝑐 12.5
=𝑔− 𝑣 𝑣𝑖+1 = 𝑣𝑖 + (9.8 − 𝑣 )(𝑡 − 𝑡𝑖 )
𝑑𝑡 𝑚 68.1 𝑖 𝑖+1
𝑑𝑣 ∆𝑣 𝑣𝑖+1 − 𝑣𝑖 𝑣𝑖+1 = 𝑣𝑖 + (9.8 − 0.18𝑣𝑖 )(𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑡𝑖 )
≅ =
𝑑𝑡 ∆𝑡 𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑡𝑖
𝑣𝑖+1 − 𝑣𝑖 𝑐 NUMERICAL METHOD
= 𝑔 − 𝑣𝑖
𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑡𝑖 𝑚
𝑐
𝑣𝑖+1 = 𝑣𝑖 + (𝑔 − 𝑣𝑖 )(𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑡𝑖 )
𝑚

𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 + 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 × 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒

EULER’S METHOD
FALLING PARACHUTIST PROBLEM

60

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
TIME VELOCITY 50
0 0.00
40
2 19.60
𝐴𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

VELOCITY
4 32.00 30
6 39.85
20
8 44.82
10 47.97 10
12 49.96
∞ 53.39 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
TIME
EXAMPLE
 EXAMPLE

𝑆𝑜𝑙′ 𝑛:
𝑔𝑚 𝑚
𝑑𝑥 𝑔𝑚 −
𝑐
න 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑑𝑡 + න 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
=𝑣 𝑡 = 1−𝑒 𝑚 𝑡 𝑐 𝑐
𝑑𝑡 𝑐
𝑔𝑚 𝑚 𝑢
𝑔𝑚 𝑐
− 𝑚 𝑡 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑡+ 𝑒 +𝐶
න 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑑𝑡 −න𝑒 𝑑𝑡 𝑐 𝑐
𝑐 𝑔𝑚 𝑚 − 𝑐 𝑡
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑡+ 𝑒 𝑚 +𝐶
𝐿𝑒𝑡, 𝑐 𝑐
𝑐 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦, 𝑥 0 = 0
𝑢=− 𝑡
𝑚
9.8 × 68.1 68.1 − 12.5
𝑐 0= 0+ 𝑒 68.1 0 + 𝐶 → 𝐶 = −290.87
𝑑𝑢 = − 𝑑𝑡 12.5 12.5
𝑚
𝑚 𝑥 𝑡 = 53.39 𝑡 + 5.45𝑒 −0.18𝑡 − 290.87
− 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑡
𝑐
 EXAMPLE

𝑆𝑜𝑙′ 𝑛: TIME DISTANCE DISTANCE

(Analytical) (Numerical)
𝑑𝑥 𝑔𝑚 −
𝑐
𝑡 0 0 0
=𝑣 𝑡 = (1 − 𝑒 𝑚 )
𝑑𝑡 𝑐
1 5.56 8.79
𝑑𝑥 ∆𝑥 𝑥𝑖+1 − 𝑥𝑖 2 18.92 24.94
≅ =
𝑑𝑡 ∆𝑡 𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑡𝑖
3 38.87 47.21
𝑥𝑖+1 − 𝑥𝑖 𝑔𝑚 −
𝑐
= (1 − 𝑒 𝑚 𝑡) 4 64.32 74.62
𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑡𝑖 𝑐
5 94.38 106.30
𝑔𝑚 𝑐
− 𝑚 𝑡
𝑥𝑖+1 = 𝑥𝑖 + (1 − 𝑒 ) 𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑡𝑖 6 128.28 141.56
𝑐
7 165.40 179.80
9.8 × 68.1 12.5
− 68.1 𝑡
𝑥𝑖+1 = 𝑥𝑖 + (1 −𝑒 ) 𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑡𝑖 8 205.19 220.54
12.5
9 247.22 263.37
𝑥𝑖+1 = 𝑥𝑖 + 53.39(1 − 𝑒 −0.18𝑡𝑖+1 ) 𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑡𝑖
10 291.13 307.93
EXAMPLE

350

300

250

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
200
DISTANCE

150

100
𝐴𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
50

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
TIME
SEATWORK