1.

Define community according to WHO

Environmental social and economic resources to sustain emotional and physical wellbeing
among people in ways that advance their aspiration and satisfy their needs in their unique
environment.

2. Difference between community and society.

Community refers to a group of people who live in a definite locality but a society refers to
a system of social relationships….. because there exists more than one community within a
society.

A society is a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction or a large social group
sharing the same spatial or social territory, typically subject to the same political authority and
dominant cultural expectations.

Types of societies

- Hunting and gathering

- Horticultural
- Pastoral
- Agricultural
- Post-industrial.

Role of a community nutritionist

a) Educating individuals and group (with a lot of contact with the public). In the
community.
b) Making policy to shape nutritional advice and guidelines for community (with less or no
contact with the public.
c) Emphasizes on health promotion and disease prevention but may include therapeutic and
rehabilitative service when needed.
d) Helps people of the community know how to select food to meet their needs.
e) Helps to understand the function of food which supplies nutrients to the community.
f) Promotion of capacity building for adopting healthy eating habits and healthy lifestyle i.e.
do health and nutritional education promotion.
Components of the community nutrition

a) Surveillance of the food chain

Is there a system that collects the data regarding all types of contaminants in the foods at all
stages of production processing and distribution to ensure the safety of foods.

b) Nutrition epidemiology

It is a sub-discipline of epidemiology and provide specific knowledge of the nutritional science.

It provides data about the diet disease relationship that transformed by public health nutrition
into practice of prevention.

c) Clinical nutrition

Clinical nutrition centres on the prevention diagnosis and management of nutritional changes in
the patients link to chronic disease and conditions primary in health case. it incorporates primary
the scientific field of nutrition and dietetics.

d) Nutrition education

Is any set of learning experience designed to facilitate the voluntary adaptation of eating and
other nutrition related behaviours conducive to health and well-being.

e) Food industry

It is a series of industrial activities directed at the production distribution, processing ,

conversion, preparation, preservation, transport, artification and packaging of foodstuffs.

It is a complex global network of diverse business that supplies most of the food consumed by
the world's population.

f) Food and nutrition policy.

It provides an overarching framework cabaret the multiple dimensions of food security and
nutrition improvement. It adds value and creates synergy two existing central and other
initiatives of government and partners.
What is public health?

1. Public health in the science and art of preventing disease, carrying life and improving quality
of life through organised effort and informed choices of society, organisations, communities and
individuals.

2. Public health refers to all organised measures (whether public or private) to prevent disease,
promote health, and prolong life among the population as a whole.

Importance of public health in nutrition.

1. It helps to design programs, systems policies and environments that aim to improve or
maintain the optimal health of populations and targeted groups.

2. It helps in primary prevention of diet-related illness of groups, communities and populations.

3. Communicate effectively to inform and educate the public preventive measures to curb
diseases.

4. Assess and monitor population health.

5. They investigate, diagnose and address health hands and the root causes.

Role of public health nutrition.

1. It promote the welfare of entire population, ensure it security and protect it from spread
of infectious diseases and environmental hazards.
2. It helps to ensure access to safe and quality care to benefit of the population.
3. Preventing the spread of communicable diseases.
4. Assuring an adequate local public health communities behaviours.

Scope of public health in nutrition.

Scope of public nutrition covers knowledge and research on nutrition problems and controlling
these by integration. It extends beyond the public health failed to include for example aspect of
economics and humanitarian assistance.

Assessing community needs.

What are community needs?

Community needs gaps between what services currently exists in our community and what
should exist.

Types of community needs.

1. Passive needs - are based on what individuals feel their needs are:

Perceived needs are subjective and standards changed based on which point of view.

2. Express news are defined by what individuals have already voiced as a need. Eg. Community
members may have complained to local officials about broken lights. These complaints are
expressed needs and can help guide you through what needs to be accomplished.

3. Absolute needs are deemed universal including those for survival i.e. food, water, safety, and
clothing. eg. If community members don't have clean running water this absolute need should be
top priority to consider.

4. Relative needs - are arena necessary based on equity and depends on current circumstances
and the room. The standard may also vary based on population differences and social context for
example providing students with access to computers isn’t necessary, but within digital literacy
now so important to education, the lack of computers might be deemed a relative need.

A community needs assessment identifies the strength and resources available in the community
to meet the needs of community members. The assessment focuses on the capabilities of the
community, including its citizens, agencies and organisations. It provides a framework for
developing and identifying services and solutions and building communities that support and
nurture children and families.

Categories of community needs assessment.

1. Policy change - this involves laws and regulations designed to guide or influence behaviour
period this can be both legislative and organisational e.g. policy changes can include raising the
age limit to buy cigarettes.
2. Systems change - this involves a change that affects all aspects of the community. This
includes the social norms of an organisation , institutions, all systems and often goes hand-in-
hand with the policy change. These changes can include prohibiting smoking in public places.

3. Environmental changes- this involves physical, social or economic factors that influence
peoples practices and behaviours.

 Physical include structural changes coma like buildings smoking only structures
(smoking zones).
 Social factors include changes in attitude and behaviour, like I need for no smoking areas.
 Economic factors include financial discintives or incentives to encourage undesired
behaviour like raising the price of cigarettes.

Significance of conducting a community needs assessment.

ii) It is a key tool that said any volunteer program you create. by conducting an assessment
before you develop a program , you insure a firm grapes on a community's gaps.

iii) It plays a critical role in guiding decision making and priority, setting for your program
while involving community members in the process.

Who should be involved in the community needs assessment?

a) Community members who feel the direct effect of a gap in services or resources.

b) Expert community leaders, like members of a school board , local government officials ,
human service providers and other professionals in the field.

c) A team of stakeholders, including community members to oversee and carry out the
assessment and guide your program planning.

Basic steps of a community need assessment.

1. Define your community.

Defining your community can give you a sense of why gaps may exists. It also helps to feel the
effect the most. You can define a community within;
a) Population: While the lives of those in your community are unique , needs are often felt by
groups of individuals.

Your goal is to understand the culture and social structure of your community to better
target your program. Further analyse your population through demographic such as age, gender ,
race , income level ethnicity and more.

b) Place – Communities and sub – communities tend to centre on place. Where people live , play
, work and gather. Places can include schools, senior centres, shelters, parks, religious
establishments and other infrastructures. Consider the physical places and attributes that matter
to members.

c) Attitudes and values - This is about what drives your community. What so the people you
serve care about? What beliefs are important to consider and respect? What are the local attitudes
towards certain issues? What biases may some hold?

2) Decide on scope – community needs are often interconnected and complicated eg. Homeless
has many underlying causes and effects. The types of community needs you choose to address
will ultimately depend on your organizations expertise and core mission.

3) Your scope should largely depend on the resources available in your community, with more
available resources allowing for a wider scope.

4) Identify assets – It’s important to figure out the types of assets you will need in your
community needs assessment to check a program. These assets also referred to as resources are
necessary for your programs.

Success Assets include:

 Organizations
 People ( Volunteers , community, members and experts)
 Funding’s
 Policies.

4. Make connection – to pull off your community needs assessment, you need to know the right
people. To get started, you should gather your contacts and reach out to community leaders
these corrections can help you assess needs and play a key part in helping you address them. Its
important to have resources , support and ample expertise available to you before implementing
a program.

5. Collect data – To conduct a community need assessment you need data. Your data will
include statistics but the numbers aren’t enough , especially when dealing with real people that
have real needs that go beyond what is quantitative, like the thought and knowledge of
community members.

Considering qualitative data in conjunction with quantitative data will give you a broader sense
of types of gaps in the community. You will be able to better identify whether needs are
perceived or relative.

Programme planning in community

Planning is the process by which a program is brought to fruition. .

How to develop / steps to program planning.

1. Analyse the situation

2. Identify your needs, purpose.

3. State a program objectives.

4. Asses your finances.

5. Plan in details.

6. Evaluate.

Steps of program planning.

1. Manage the program progress.

2. Conduct assessment.

3. Identify strategies outputs and outcomes, indicators.

4. Review the program plan.

Types of programmes.
1. Operational planning.

2. Strategic planning.

3. Tactical planning.

4. Contingency planning.

Components/ elements

1. Objective distinction

2. Policies.

3. Programme.

4. Methods.

Models of strategic planning

1. Basic strategic

2. Issue based strategic

3. Alignment.

4. Scenario strategic plan/issue.

Methods

1. Analysis / Assessment.

2. Strategic formulation.

Principles

- It is based on analysis on fact of the situation.

- It selects, problems based on needs & interest people.
- It determine absolute.
- Has permanence with flexibility.
- Has a balance with emphasis e.g. age, races.
- Has a definite plan of work.
 - It is a educational process.
- It involves local people and institutions.
- Provides for evaluation of results.

Importance of programme planning.

- It provides direction – For determining the actions to be taken.

- Planning decreases chances of risk.
- Planning decreases overlapping wasteful activities.
- Planning encourages innovative ideas new approaches.
- Planning aids decision making.

Objectives of programme planning.

- To boast growth of economy.

- To modernise various sectors.
- Managing community nutrition service and community nutrition in action.

What is community action?

Communication is an activity that increases understanding engagement and empowerment of

communities in the design and delivery of local services.

Community action includes a broad range of activities and is something described as social
action or community engagement. Which activities can vary in the objectives and and the rule
the community place, the type of activities involved their scale and their integration within the
within the council. What they have in common is that they all involve greater engagement of
local citizen in the planning design of local services.

Forms / Importance of community action.

The action is about putting communities at the heart of their own. Local services involving
communities in the design and the delivery of services can help to achieve a number of
objectives including:

- Building community and social capacity. Helping the community to share knowledge,
skills and ideas.
 - Community resilience - helping the community support itself.
- Prevention - a focus on early access to services or support engagement in design cross-
section collaboration and partnerships.
- Maintaining and creating wealth for example helping people into employment or
developing community enterprises.

Role of community

The wrong the community players can include community consultation joint planning, joint
design, joint delivery and community-led activities.

The type of activity can include.

- Asset transfer either through formal transfer two bodies such as punish council and
community interests companies or transfer this management to local communities and
voluntary groups.
- Making better use of resources, such as council owned buildings to support community
led activities.
- Community engagement and decision making for example through public engagement
events where the community able to advise the local priorities call design or commission
service.
- Community networks
- Community grants

Community and the action process.

Community action refers to the process of building social relationships in pursuit of common
community interest and maintaining local life.

The meteor shower is seen as being the foundation of the community development process
because it encompasses deliberate and positive effects designed to meet the general needs of all
local residence. This process represents multiple and diverse interest in the locality and
consequently provides a more comprehensive approach to community development.

Action process is intended to benefit the entire community and to cut across divides that may
exist (class, race, and social) after analysing from an emotional social need.
In the process of computing development, reflection focus on improvement of social well-being
and involves people working together in pursuit of the general interests. This power is
manifested in the ability of individuals to come together and work towards a common goal ls.

When diverse individuals and their organisations interact with one another they begin to
mutually understand the needs and wants that are common to all residents. Such actions provide
local residents with the ability to retain community identities, maintain local control over
decision-making, and address their own development needs. It is a central component of
community and social well-being.

Stages of community action process.

1. The first stage, initiation, focuses on promoting awareness of the issue related to the action.
Initiations and the spread of interest focus when community members recognise and define an
issue as being a problem order need and begin to discuss it as a potential focus for group action.

2. The second stage focuses on the organisation of sponsorship. This step addresses the the
structures, organisations and resources available within and outside of the community. Search are
important in relation to assessing community needs and the development of action effort to
address perceived problem.

3. The third stage is goal setting and strategy development. The story develops targets for action
and identifies strategies for achieving community decided goals.

4. The fourth stage is recruitment and mobilization of needed resources including people , money
and materials. Community members possess a variety of experience, skills, funding, material,
network and other resources vital to achieving desired community goals. Organising and
maximizing these resources significantly impact the success of community action effects.

5. The final stage involves the application of these resources in the implementation of plans to
achieve the desired goal. At this stage, specific actions are taken , assessed, adjusted and
implemented again.

Conclusion

The importance of organising diverse local residents to help shape community development
cannot be overstated. By providing a comprehensive assessment of local conditions that
represents all segments of the community more efficiently and successful programs can be
developed. The input and guidance from local residents allow development to build upon the
unique conditions and character of the community and allow local decision-making to remain in
the locale. All of these create an environment where active local residents directly shape the
community and its well-being.

Example of community actions.

- Helping the angry and low homeless.

- Building a house with the habitat for humanity
- Donate your old clothes
- Volunteer at a soup kitchen
- Donate eyeglasses to an organisation that collects and distribute them to the people in
need.
- Donate non-perishable food to food banks
- Donate blankets to a homeless shelter.

Types of communities

You can classify every type of community by the purpose that brings them together.

1. Interest- in community of people who share the same interest or passion

2. Action- communities of people trying to bring about change.

3. Place - communities of people brought together by geographic boundaries.

4. Practice- communities of people in the same profession or undertake the same activities.

5. Circumstances - communities of people brought together by external events/situations.

Community action initiatives.

Community action initiatives provide grant and training opportunities of community based
organisations across BC to develop and deliver innovative projects that respond to needs of
individuals and families experiencing mental health and love substance use challenges.
The action plan - is a plan that contains enough details to achieve an objective or goal. This
typically includes an outline of goals, objectives, measurements, action steps and responsibilities
for each step. The action plan is an actual document presented with the following elements.

- Cover page
- Executive summary or letter from the state of community top elected officials.
- The table of contents
- Community profile
- An introduction to the plan
- An explanation of how the plan was developed.

Community action planning which develops the capacity of the communities to take appropriate
actions for their own development is the framework for the implementation of actions decided by
the communities. It is important that the community itself prepares the community action plan.

In some cases action plans our communication device that represent an extreme simplification of
complex programs and projects. For example, a city might use an action plan to communicate
plans to improve a neighbourhood with more green space, facilities, living streets and improved
train service.

Core values of community actions

- Strength and interest of people

- Listening and learning
- Relationships
- Dignity: we are sensitive to the beliefs, needs and capabilities of our culturally diverse
customers and staff.
- Collaboration.
- Flexibility.
- Development.
- Accountability.

1. Strength and interest of people.

We believe that all people desire access to resources that will allow them to meet their basic
needs. We believe people want access to opportunities that will empower them to reach their full
potential. We believe each and every person possessed an array of strength and that opportunity
always exist to build upon the strengths.

2. Listening and learning.

The people we serve are the most knowledgeable resource. We will only be effective if we
successfully engage and listen to them as you work with them to address the issues that impact
our lives.

3. Relationships.

Strong working relationships are critical to our success and these relationships must be built on a
foundation of honesty, compassion and respect.

4. Dignity.

We are sensitive to beliefs, needs and capabilities of our culturally and diverse customers and
staff.

5. Collaboration

We recognize that developing partnerships and building collaborations are essential to building
infective solution and high-quality programs.

6. Flexibility

We believe that real change can best be achieved when we challenge ourselves and the systems
in which we work to be creative and flexible.

7. Development

We have an environment that provides support, resources and opportunity for high staff
achievement.

8. Accountability.
We understand that resources are scarce and the needs in our communities are great. We
therefore believe we have an obligation to be good steward’s under-20 lies our resources
strategically and thoughtfully.

Delivery and evaluation

- Principle of delivery
- Approaches
- Models of delivery
- Ways to improve delivery of services
- Phases of delivery of services
- How to measure service delivery.
- Purpose

Evaluation

- Definition
- Methods of evaluation
- Methods of data collection
- Process of evolution
- Evaluation of natural health ABCD (anthropometric, biochemical.....)
- Limitations of evolution
- Importance of evaluations
- Components of evaluation
- Tools of evaluation.
- Community health program
- Community nutrition
- Components.
- Evolution- steps of evaluation.
- Population - components of health initiatives.
- Determinants of population health.
- Difference between population health and public health.
 - Theories and models.
- Challenges
- Needs assessment
- Objective of nutrition program
- Role
- Benefits of nutrition program
- Indicators of how to know improvement of malnourished child.
- How you do nutrition assessment
- How to develop plan of action
- Nutrition surveillance
- Definition of terms
- Health promotion
- Function of public health
- Global global population affected by anaemia.

Program planning

This is a multi-step process that generally begins with definition of the problem and development
of an evaluation plan.

It can also be defined as the process by which a program is conceived and brought to fruition.

Steps to program planning.

Although specific steps may vary they usually include feedback loop with the finding from
program evaluation being used for program improvements.

1. Determine your personal needs.

2. Consider your program options

3. Set goals.

4. Structure your program and write it down.

5. Keep a log and a volunteer program.

Types of program planning.

I. Manage the planning process.

II. Conduct a situational assessment.
III. Identify goals, population at interest and outcomes.
IV. Identify strategies, activities output process.
V. Develop indicators.
VI. Review the program plans.

Principles of program planning.

a) It is based on analysis on the facts of the situation. Effective program must starts with people
and situation as they are built towards the ultimate goals of better living.

b) It selects problem based on needs and interests of local people.

Choice at problem must be an among those brought out by the analysis of facts regarding what
are felt and unfelt needs.

c) It determines definite objective and solutions which office satisfaction.

In order to hold interest there must be set or working objectives and solutions offered should be
within reach and will give satisfaction on achievements.

d) It has permanence of with flexibility.

A program should be prepared to last long and in a way that flexibility in meeting the changing
needs and interest of the people.

e) It has balance on emphasize.

It cover the majority of people important interest. It must be comprehensive enough to embrace
age groups and races at all levels.

f) It has a definite plan of work.

I a plan of work is a procedure arranged as to enable to what, where, why, who and how the job
will be done. A good plan of work will bring success to the planned program.

g) It is an educational process.

The program planning is an excellent teaching device as it teaches people to think, reason and
make a decision act through participation.

The people who do planning may part in local surveys and neighbourhood observation which
give them opportunity to learn about their own community and area and increase their
process.

h) It is a continuous process.

Since it is viewed as an education process and education is seen as a continuous process, it

is held that is a continuous process since new knowledge will never be exhausted.

i) It involves local people and their institutions, this is essential since people become
interested when invited and give better support to the program.

j) It provides for evaluation of results.

Since it is based on procedures of decision making, evaluation is key to make intelligent

decision aimed at achieving the stated objectives.

Importance of program planning.

i) Planning provides direction.

It ensures that objectives are certainty asserted so that they serve as a model for determining
what action should be taken and in what direction.

ii) Planning decreases the chances of risk.

By determining in prior the task to be completed, it notes the way to deal with changes and
unpredictable effects.

iii) Planning decreases overlapping and wasteful activities. It works as the foundation of
organising activities and purposes of distinct branches, department and people. It assist in
avaoiding chaos and confusion since it guarantees precision in understanding and action, work is
conducted easily without delays.

iv) Planning encourages innovative ideas.

Since it is the primary function of management, new approaches can take form or actual plan.

Planning aids decision making.

It encourages one to look into the future and have a decision amongst several alternatives plan or
action.

Objectives or program planning.

- To boost growth of economy.

- To attain economic equality and social justice.
- To attain economic self-valance.
- To modernise various sectors.

Delivery and evaluation.

Delivery – it is a process of relaying information from the source to pre defines destination.

Evaluation – is the collection, analysis and interpretation of any information about any aspect of
program of education or training.

It is carefully collective information about a program in order to make necessary about the
program.

Methods of evaluation.

i) Develop a conceptual model or the plan and identify key evaluation points – ensures that all
participants and stakeholders understand the planned structure and expected outcomes.

ii) Create evaluation question and define measurable outcomes. Outcomes may be divided into
short term and long term. It can also be defined by the number of people affected by the plan
verses the overall changes that will occur at the end.
iii) Develop an appropriate evaluation design. A proper and successful evaluation both highlights
most useful information about the plan objectives and addresses its shortcomings.

iv) Collect data.

v) Analyse data and present to interested audience.

Importance of evaluation.

- Helps ensure objectives are met.

- Identifying successes.
- Identifying problems and weakness so they can be rectified.
- Providing information to aid further development.
- Providing evidence of the benefits of impacts.
- Guiding future plan.
- Contributing to securing funding for future development.

Evaluation process.

- Decide the purpose of evaluation process.

- Identifies relevant stakeholders.
- Decide what to evaluate
- Choose the methods of data collection.
- Collect the data.
- Analyse the data.
- Present the findings.
- Use the findings for the purpose identified.
- Review the evaluation process and identify future actions and priorities.

Managing community nutrition services and community nutrition in action.

Community nutrition – is the process of helping individuals and group develop healthy eating
habits in order to promote wellness and prevent disease.

Nutrition services – means a nutritional assessment and intervention for individuals who are
identified as being at nutritional risk and includes development of a nutrition care plan ,
including appropriate means of nutrition intervention i.e. nutrition required feeding modification.

Community nutrition services is by referral to support individuals and families to improve their
nutrition and promote well being. This service offers advice and information on eating for well
being dietary choices and lifestyles habits.

Nutrition – is the science of food the nutrient and other substances there in their action
interaction and balance in relation to health and disease and the process by which the
organization , ingests, digests , absorbs , transports , utilizes and excretes food substances.

In addition , nutrition must be concerned with certain social economic cultural and psychological
implication of food and eating.

Types of nutrition care services.

- Assessing the nutrition needs of individuals and groups and determining resources and
constraints in the practice setting.
- Establishing priorities, goals and objectives that meet nutrition needs and are constraints
with available resources.
- Providing , implementing and managing nutrition care system and
- Evaluating, making changes in and maintaining appropriate standards of quality in food
and nutrition care services.

TIERS OF NUTRITION SERVICES.

Nutrition services are provided throughout the continuum of care in:

 - Acute and ambulatory care.
- In skilled nursing and long-term care.
- In home health agencies.
- In community based nutrition programs.

Basic nutrition services include;

- Educating individuals on basic principle of a healthy diet.

- Screening individuals to identify needs for more complex nutrition services.
- Reinforcing essential aspects of counselling provided by the nutrition professional.
This basic nutrition services can be provided by a multitude of health care professionals
with a small amount of training in nutrition.

Complex nutrition services.

Nutrition therapy include nutrition assessment i.e evaluation of nutrition requirement.

Counselling gazed towards the nutrition management of specific conditions and follow up care
as appropriate.

Nutrition therapy requires health professionals who have a broad base of nutrition knowledge
and experience.

They need to be able to define who should receive nutrition therapy, when nutrition therapy is
most likely to be effective, the specific intervention should be and the nature follow up needed
specific knowledge is necessary to judge when feedings should begin and end as well as what
and how much should be provided.

Health care professionals.

Specializing in nutrition.

1. Registered dietitian – is the registered professional to oversee food and nutrition services in
acute and long term care.

2. Certified nutrition specialist.

3. Dietetics technician. Registered work under dietitian and provide services e.g. screening for
nutrition for nutrition risk.

Certified dietary manager work under supervision of a dietitian.

Other health care professionals.

1. Physicians – Responsible for prescribing nutrition therapy

2. Pharmacists – They are always in unique position to provide nutrition information to patients
as part of the discharge process or in outpatient pharmacies.

They can integrate pharmaceutical treatment with diet, counsel patients about drug food
interactions as they relate to drug behaviour ability.

3. Registered nurses – coordinates patients care work with dietitian and other health care team
members to identify nutrition problems and reinforces the importance of nutrition interventions.

Who is qualified to provide basic nutrition education or advices?

- Basic nutrition education can be provided by a number of different professionals in the

course of health care.
- It can occur during individual’s consultation on with patients or in a group setting.
- This type of interaction has been defined as any activity intended to encourage patients to
improve their dietary habits.
- Information is basic can be the importance of nutrition in relation to risk factors or known
disease conditions.

Who is qualified to provide nutrition therapy?

- The dietitian has strong academic and clinical training in nutrition science, food services
incitement composition of foods and behaviour change related to food intake.
- The dietarian is the main advocate for nutrition therapy in the overall care plan and
understanding how nutrition therapy relates to other forms of treatment.

Importance of nutrition services.

- Healthy diet promotes healthy pregnancy outcomes

- Supports normal growth.
- Development and aging.
- Help to maintain a healthy body weight.
- Reduce the risk of chronic disease.