Deformation Dynamics in Creasing and Folding of Board

Tuomas Turpeinen (VTT), Atsushi Tanaka (VTT), Olli Suontausta (Metsä Board), Jukka A. Ketoja (VTT)
VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P. O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
Metsä Board, P. O. Box 20, FI-02020 Espoo, Finland

ABSTRACT
Laboratory creasing and folding experiments, with dynamics similar to that of real production, were carried out to
study cracking mechanisms of coated folding box boards. The study included three double-coated board grades with
varied strength properties and thicknesses. The board deformation was followed with high-speed CCD imaging to
determine the local strain rates together with the accumulated volume change and delamination of the board. The
measured strain rates were compared with theoretically estimated creep rates. During creasing, the shear strain near
the edge of the ruler dominated the deformation. However, there was a large variation in strain rates and thus
stresses depending on the creasing geometry and board grade. Two main deformation modes were separated
depending on the relative groove width compared to the board thickness. Small strain rates during creasing led
generally to large strain rates during folding. Thus, the creasing geometry should be chosen carefully according to
the board grade, with the goal of medium-level maximal strain rates (and stresses) near the surface coating in both
operations.

INTRODUCTION
The demand for lighter packaging creates challenges to board strength during creasing and folding operations.
Stresses and their variation in forming packaging corners become large relative to structural strength when moving
towards thick and bulky boards. In principle, directions and strain and stress could alternate (e.g. between expansive
and compressive) during folding, which would cause additional complexity in the problem. Ideally, the board should
respond to the stress with creep and controlled delamination throughout the folding region, so that peak stresses
would not break the surface coating. Thus, it is important to determine fundamental requirements to prevent surface
cracking of folding box boards.
There is a long history of research of understanding deformations and stresses in creasing and folding operations
(see a review by Coffin and Nygårds [1]). Some of the most recent studies have been based on finite element
modelling of the board deformation [2, 3, 4], supported with visual inspection of the structural delamination of
samples after the operations [5]. According to modelling, strong temporal shear stresses near creased and folded
regions dominate the delamination behavior of the board. These stresses are affected both by the creasing geometry
and board thickness [1, 5].
Our approach is based on the visualization of the rapid structural changes and local strains during experimental
creasing and folding operations in the laboratory. This enables us to confirm the main features of the deformation
dynamics predicted by earlier simulations. Moreover, we investigate how the type and level of deformations during
creasing reflects a similar behavior during folding. The observed dynamics are theoretically interpreted using
existing knowledge on creep dynamics of fiber networks. This crude analysis clarifies the role of operation time
scales together with the board properties underlying stresses and possible cracking caused by folding.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Studied Boards
The laboratory creasing and folding was carried out for the following folding box boards:
• B1 (“strong”): thickness 411 µm, MD strength 17.0 kN/m
• B2 (“thick”): thickness 590 µm, MD strength 12.9 kN/m
• B3 (“normal”): thickness 422 µm, MD strength 11.0 kN/m
All these boards had a three-layer fiber network structure with a double top coating. The strongest grade B1 included
chemical pulp in the middle layer, which increased not only the tensile properties (strength, stiffness) but also the
internal bond strength. The density of this board was also higher than for the other two board grades. The other main
physical properties are given in Table 1.
 Table 1. Physical properties of the studied boards.

Physical property Board grade
B1 B2 B3
Grammage [g/m²] 299 318 239
Thickness [µm] 411 590 422
3
Density [kg/m ] 727 539 567
Internal Bond [J/m²] 253 201 186
Bend. Stiff. MD 15° [mNm] 21 35 17
Bend. Stiff. CD 15° [mNm] 10 19 8
MD 1924‐3 (100mm, 100mm/min)
Tensile Strength [kN/m] 16.99 12.94 10.98
Strain at Break [%] 1.78 1.34 1.62
Modulus of Elasticity [GPa] 4.72 2.96 3.07
CD 1924‐3 (100mm, 100mm/min)
Tensile Strength [kN/m] 8.84 7.86 6.57
Strain at Break [%] 3.73 3.54 4.21
Modulus of Elasticity [GPa] 2.30 1.37 1.55

Creasing Experiments
The creasing operation was simulated in the laboratory using a lab creasing device (Hanatek Carton Crease Proofer,
East Sussex, UK) (see Fig. 1). The used ruler and grooves were similar to those used on a full-sized cut and crease
machine. The separation between the neighboring rulers (see Fig. 1b) was 6.5 cm, so that the maximal crease length
in the device was 13 cm. There the thickness of the creasing ruler was 0.71 mm (2pt). The groove width varied
among the values 1.4 mm, 1.7 mm, and 2.0 mm. The groove depth was 0.85 mm in all cases.
The CD depth profile of the creasing ruler was not fully straight. This was compensated by tilting the ruler slightly
with an additional plate (visible in Fig. 1a) so that the front edge of the ruler, where the sample was located, became
horizontal. In the experiments, the sample width in cross-machine direction (CD) was only 3 cm so that the whole
sample stayed within this horizontal front region. It was also noticed that the mechanical frame of the device was not
fully rigid. For this reason, the creasing depth was not equal for different board thicknesses. In particular, for thick
board grades, the true creasing depth was lower than the set target (board thickness + 0.10 mm).
The device was operated by a mechanical handle. In the experiments, the whole creasing operation lasted typically
0.15‒0.20 s. This period compared well with an industrial operation time of 0.3‒0.5 s including the movement of a
sheet in addition to the actual creasing process.

Fig. 1. a) Hanatek Carton Crease Proofer together with the CCD camera objective and light sources. b) Creasing
ruler and groove plates with three neighboring rulers (separation 6.5 cm).
 Fig. 2. Setup for the folding test.
The creasing experiments were followed by folding of the board samples along the crease line to roughly a 90°
angle between neighboring sides. In order to control the time scale of folding (0.15‒0.20 s), we took advantage of
the mechanics of the creasing device. In the tailored setup, the folding of the board was driven by a moving ruler
plate as shown in Fig. 2. In this geometry, the sample load was not fully symmetric, which slightly affected the
deformation behavior. However, the essential qualitative features of, e.g. the delamination process, were realistically
reproduced.
Visualization and Image Analysis
In both creasing and folding experiments, the board straining and breaking mechanisms were visualized using high-
speed charge-coupled device (CCD) imaging (Y3, IDT, Tallahassee, FL, USA). The imaging frequency was 1000
Hz with 12 µm pixel size and 1280x1024 pixel resolution. Because of the high imaging frequency, very strong light
sources were necessary to have sufficient lighting to record the images.
From the obtained image sequences, we estimated the strain dynamics at different local regions of the board. These
estimates were obtained by following the movements of structural features of a board cross-section during the
experiments. To do this, we utilized an algorithm called the dense optical flow [6]. This algorithm applies image
correlation to find the local movement between two subsequent frames (Fig. 3) for each image point. We defined
also the region of interest (ROI) that essentially covers the board area at each frame. To reduce the noise, the
movement fields were averaged over ROI using a running mean with a kernel size of 70 pixels. Values outside ROI,
mostly caused by the blade and noise, were zeroed. As a part of the process, both dust particles and the background
(e.g. ruler) were filtered out from the image. By adjusting the spatial scale of the optical flow algorithm, or the
averaging kernel size, the sensitivity related to deformation details could be controlled. However, with smaller scale,
the uncertainty of the local movement increased because of a smaller region over which the local averaging was
done.

Fig. 3. Strain analysis begins with defining local movements over subsequent frames. The dark spots correspond to
colored regions used to enhance characteristic structural features. The blue lines are vectors defining the local
movement between two adjacent frames. The vectors are defined for each pixel in the image, but are shown here as
a sparser set for visualization purposes.
Fig. 4. a) Deformation of a local circle into an ellipse showing the strains along the main axes. For visualization,
the local deformation is enhanced by multiplying the main strain components by the factor of 1000 (creasing) or 500
(folding). b) Local shear strain corresponds to a tilted ellipse.

The straining of local area shows up as the movement of neighboring points at different speeds. The main axes of
local straining were determined by tensor analysis [7] and visualized as ellipses. For visualization, the local
deformation was enhanced by multiplying the main strain components (Fig. 4a) by the factor of 1000 (creasing) or
500 (folding). E.g. scaling by the factor 1.2 corresponded to 0.02% strain for creasing and 0.04% strain for folding.
Shear strains have a leading role for both creasing and folding deformations [3, 4]. Such strains are visible as a tilted
main axis in the visualization (see Fig. 4b). Supplementary visualizations included the accumulated local volume
change from the beginning of the test and the delaminated area during folding.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Deformation Dynamics during Creasing
Fig. 5 shows a typical strain rate field (i.e. local strains between two subsequent frames) observed during creasing.
The main feature during compression is the strong shear strain near the edge regions of the ruler. As seen for the
frame at 60 ms, the shear strain extends beyond this region decaying gradually when moving away from the ruler. In
the very center, one finds compressive strains in the thickness direction of the board. At about 120 ms, the ruler
stops and the strain rate almost vanishes. After that, the local strain rates turn in opposite directions from those at 60
ms. This describes an immediate elastic recovery of the board structure while moving the ruler out. In particular, the
area straight under the ruler expands in all directions as shown in the image at 180 ms. However, a part of the
deformation caused by creasing is plastic and remains there even after the creasing operation is completed.
The above qualitative dynamics with shear strain region near the ruler edge and vertical compression straight under
the ruler was observed for most studied cases. This includes Board B1 with all groove widths and Board B2 with
1.7-mm groove width. We call this type I deformation (see Fig. 6). Sometimes the shear deformation inside the
board structure crossed over to expansive MD strain when approaching the central top surface. This was seen
especially for a wide groove geometry (Board B2, 2.0 mm groove and B3, 1.7 mm groove).
In the case of bulky board and a relatively narrow groove (Boards B2 and B3 with the 1.4 mm groove width), the
qualitative strain dynamics could be quite different as shown by type II in Fig. 6. Away from the center, the
deformation field was similar to the typical shear strain found near the ruler edge. However, straight under the ruler
the board was squeezed into the narrow groove with MD compression. This was associated with a simultaneous
strong expansion in the thickness direction of the board leading to the increased local volume straight under the ruler
(see Fig. 7b). The delamination of the board structure can be expected to be strong in this type II deformation. When
moving the ruler out, the strain directions turned opposite, closing any formed cracks inside the board. The volume
changes for both types of deformations are shown in Fig. 7.
 Time
(ms)
30

60

90

180

Fig. 5. Typical strain rate dynamics in a creasing operation for Board B1 with a 1.4-mm groove width. The images
show the deformation field at different moments during the ruler compression (30−90 ms) and during the immediate
elastic recovery at 180 ms when raising the ruler out.

Fig. 6. Different qualitative deformation types in creasing. In the type I deformation, the ruler imposes shear
stresses near its edges and a vertical compression underneath. The type II deformation corresponds to a case where
the board is squeezed into a groove leading to opposite strain directions from the type I deformation under the ruler.
This special behavior was sometimes observed for bulky board and a relatively narrow groove.
 a) b)

Fig. 7. a) Typical local volume change of type I deformation at the moment of maximal local strain rates. Board B2
for a 1.7 mm groove width at 58 ms. b) The local volume change of type II deformation at the moment when the
local strain rate is maximal. The shown volume expansion corresponds to a moment when the ruler is moving in (i.e.
not to elastic recovery). Despite the groove-forced MD compression under the ruler, the volume expands due to
expansion in the thickness direction. Board B2 with 1.4 mm groove width at 76 ms.

The main axis of an ellipse gives the local strain rate in units of 1/s. The maximal value of the strain rate during
creasing was determined for all studied cases in the top area of the board where the shear was highest. The results
are presented in Fig. 8. The strain rate is much higher for the narrow 1.4 mm groove width for the boards B2 and B3
(type II deformation) compared to the other cases for the same board, where normal vertical compression under the
ruler is observed (type I deformation). On the other hand, the strain rates remain very low for the 2.0 mm groove for
boards B1 and B2 causing perhaps too-small plastic deformations in them to perform well in folding.
The presence of chemical pulp in the B1 board type seems to slow down the maximal strain rate considerably as
shown in Fig. 8. Moreover, the strain rate is not as sensitive to the groove width as for boards B2 and B3. Board B3,
with the lowest internal board strength and bending stiffness, shows clearly higher local strain rates for all groove
widths than the other two boards.

Fig. 8. Maximal local strain rate for the various studied cases. The values have been obtained by comparing the
maximal main axis length L of ellipses to the original circle radius R during creasing. L/R-1 = f Δԑ / 10-3s; i.e.
Δԑ/s=103(L/R-1)/f, where f=1000 is the scaling factor in visualization and 10-3 s is the time step between subsequent
frames.

Deformation Dynamics during Folding

Concerning the visualization of deformations, special attention was given to analyzing any observed changes
between extensive and compressive stresses a) when moving from one spatial region to the other or b) during
increasing fold angle. Such alternating stress directions can be related to local buckling of the internal board
structure. The local stress oscillation can accelerate creep and dominate the deformation behavior and delamination
during folding [8].
 a) b)

Fig. 9. a) Typical strain field in folding at a moment (54 ms after bending was begun) when the local strain rate is
maximal. The orange circle defines the region where maximal strain rate was recorded. Board B1 creased with 1.4
mm groove width. b) The accumulated local volume change caused in the board by folding.

A typical development of strain field for asymmetric folding is described in Fig. 9. The inner creased region expands
mainly in the thickness direction, while considerable shear is seen close to the outer surface. The delamination
processes become visible at rather low bending angles. Next to the delaminating region, the volume compression of
the board can be significant, especially near the outer surface. Despite different spatial domains, the strain
development as a function of time within each region is surprisingly systematic. In other words, no sudden changes
in the direction or magnitude of the strain velocity are observed.
Fig. 10 compares the maximal local strain rates for folding to those obtained during creasing for the various
experimental cases. The values in folding have been determined close to the outer coating layer in the region where
shear strain rates were highest during creasing (the area shown by the orange circle in Fig. 9a). In general, the
obtained values are clearly larger and their relative scatter is smaller than in the case of creasing. There is a tendency
to have higher strain rates during folding if the strain rates have remained relatively low during creasing. For the
thick grade B2, this trend is clearest. With proper delamination caused by creasing, it is possible to reduce stresses
during folding considerably. For the normal grade B3, for which significant strain rates were achieved with all
groove widths during creasing, the strain rate in folding varies only little. On the other hand, the strongest grade, B1,
probably did not delaminate properly during creasing because of low strain rates shown in Fig. 8. This led to rather
irregular variation of the maximal strain rates during folding.

Fig. 10. Maximal local strain rate in folding decreases with increasing creasing deformation.
Theoretical Interpretation
The maximal strain rates estimated for the various experimental cases can be compared to the creep rates obtained
from theoretical models existing in the literature. The mechanisms underlying the observed experimental behavior
depend on the extent by which creep deformations are able to re-distribute stresses during the very fast creasing and
folding operations. The extrapolation to short time scales is done with the help of master curve formalism for creep
[8]. This implies for the creep rate [9, 10]:
/ / /
1 (1)

We estimated the various parameters in Eq. (1) using data provided by Brezinski [8] for handsheets. According to
Brezinski, a=0.23 and A=0.003 1/MPa with elastic modulus of 10.0 GPa. Moreover, his data suggests that A is
roughly inversely proportional to the elastic modulus Emod. Thus, we assumed
(2)

The value of the constant B0=10-6 1/s for fitted to the long-term behavior, giving the right order-of-magnitude also
for the short-term power-law creep strain. Furthermore, Brezinski’s data suggests
(3)

Eq. (1) can be used to estimate crudely the stress level that is required to achieve the maximal measured strain rates
when creep strain approaches the strain at break. These estimates are given in Table 2. The estimated stresses are
generally at the same order of magnitude but below the strengths of the boards. For a given board, the calculated
stresses vary only little in different cases because of the exponential dependence of creep rate on stress (see Eq. (1)).
Here the comparison is made with the MD strength, corresponding to the direction in which the strength is expected
to be the greatest. For the thickest board, B2, the estimated stress required to achieve the measured strain rate
becomes very close to the strength value in all cases of folding and for the smallest groove width of 1.4 mm in
creasing. Thus, there is a possibility for an irregular failure of the fiber network near the high-stress area leading to
surface cracking. On the other hand, the board B1 is so strong that it can stand the estimated stresses in all cases.
Creep rate can be greatly affected by moisture content as shown by Fig. 16 by Ketoja [11]. For the board B2, the
estimated maximal stress would drop by 20% if the creep rate would increase roughly by an order of magnitude. The
master curve for moisture change [11] suggests that even a slight 1.0−2.0% increase in moisture content could be
sufficient to have this increase in creep rate. Thus, the cracking tendency can be quite sensitive to the moisture
content of the board during folding.
In principle, the time scale of creasing and folding operation could be increased also so that the maximal creep rates
would stay low enough to prevent possible critical failures of the fiber network. However, even a significant
reduction in production speed would have a rather small effect because of the power law form of the short-term
creep dynamics. Initial creep rate is high but the creeping slows down rapidly [10].

Table 2. Estimated stress that leads to the maximal strain rate measured in creasing and folding experiments based
on Eq. (1). The values are calculated at measured strain at break (see Table 1) and with the measured elastic
modulus in MD.
CREASING FOLDING
Board grade Groove width MD strength Max strain rate Estimated stress Max strain rate Estimated stress
(mm) (MPa) (1/s) (MPa) (1/s) (MPa)
B1 1.4 41.3 1.01 32.6 3.7 33.9
1.7 41.3 0.72 32.3 4.7 34.1
2.0 41.3 0.43 31.8 4.2 34.0
B2 1.4 21.9 2.50 19.5 3.6 19.7
1.7 21.9 0.54 18.5 4.7 19.9
2.0 21.9 0.26 18.1 5.0 19.9
B3 1.4 26.0 3.42 21.4 4.4 21.6
1.7 26.0 1.34 20.8 4.5 21.6
2.0 26.0 2.32 21.2 4.5 21.6
CONCLUSIONS
Using high-speed CCD imaging with correlation analysis, we were able to confirm the existence of local shear
strains in laboratory experiments for three double-coated board grades with varied strength and thickness. Such
deformations had been earlier predicted by model simulations. The shear strain near the edge of the ruler dominated
the creasing deformation of a board. The strain rates and thus stresses varied tremendously depending on the
creasing geometry and board properties. We were able to distinguish two qualitatively different deformations modes
depending on the compression-expansion directions right under the creasing ruler. The second deformation mode
appeared when relatively thick board was forced into a narrow groove. This resulted in unexpected expansion in the
thickness direction of the board, not reported in earlier model simulations.
Concerning board properties, thickness is very important, especially in folding, whereas stiffness affects the creasing
behavior but is less important in subsequent folding. The cracking mechanisms depend on the extent by which creep
deformations are able to re-distribute stresses during very fast creasing and folding operations. Board moisture
content affects creep rate and thus stresses. Creasing or folding speed has less importance because a major part of
creep strain develops very quickly (during the first tens of milliseconds) and is not very sensitive to changes in
operation time.
In conclusion, the creasing geometry should be carefully chosen according to the board grade seeking medium-level
maximal strain rates (and stresses) in both creasing and folding operations. The strains can also be affected by the
board structure and moisture content.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We are grateful for helpful discussions with Markku Leskelä and Pekka Suokas and for support from the
FinnCERES Materials Bioeconomy Ecosystem.

REFERENCES
1. Coffin, D. W. and Nygårds, M., “Creasing and folding”. Proc. 16th Fundam. Res. Symp., Oxford, 69–136
(2017).
2. Nygårds, M., Just, M. and Tryding, J., “Experimental and numerical studies of creasing of paperboard”, Int. J.
Solids Structures 46: 2493–2505 (2009).
3. Huang, H. and Nygårds, M., “A simplified material model for finite element analysis of paperboard creasing”,
Nord. Pulp Pap. Res. J., 25(4): 505–512 (2010).
4. Huang, H. and Nygårds, M., “Numerical and experimental investigation of paperboard folding”, Nord. Pulp
Pap. Res. J., 26(4): 452–467 (2011).
5. Huang, H., Hagman, A. and Nygårds, M., “Quasi static analysis of creasing and folding for three paperboards”,
Mech. Mater., 69: 11–34 (2014).
6. Farnebäck, G., “Two-frame motion estimation based on polynomial expansion”, Image Anal., 1: 363–370
(2003).
7. Lubliner, J., “Plasticity Theory”, Dover Publications, revised edition, ISBN 0-486-46290-0 (2008).
8. Brezinski, J. P., “The creep properties of paper”, Tappi, 39(2): 116 (1956).
9. Habeger, C. C. and Coffin, D. W. (2000), “Role of stress concentrations in accelerated creep and sorption-
induced physical aging”, J. Pulp Pap. Sci., 26(4): 145–157 (2000).
10. Ketoja, J. A., Tanaka, A., Asikainen, J. and Lehti, S. T., “Creep of wet paper”, Proc. International paper physics
conference 2007, Gold Coast, Australia. 5 pp
11. Ketoja, J., Chapter 8 (“Rheology”, p. 295-318) in "Paper physics", ed. K. Niskanen, Finnish Paper Engineers'
Association/Paperi ja Puu Oy, 2nd edition (2008).
 Deformation Dynamics in
Creasing and Folding of Board
Tuomas Turpeinen1, Atsushi Tanaka1, Olli
Suontausta2, Jukka Ketoja1
1: VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd
2: Metsä Board
 Motivation
• There is need for lighter
packaging with stronger and
stiffer structures
• Boxes add value to the product
• The aesthetics of a box is an
important factor
Folding box board
Creasing and folding of paperboard

Coffin, D. W. and Nygårds, M., “Creasing and folding”. Proc. 16th Fundam. Res. Symp., Oxford,
69–136 (2017).
Creasing
 Methods: Optical Flow
• An algorithm to detect (apparent) motion between two
adjacent frames in video

Frame 1 Optical flow Frame 2

 Methods: Optical Flow
• The algorithm defines the local transition vectors
• From the transition vectors we can calculate the local
strain rate by tensor analysis
Laboratory creasing setup
Hanatek Carton Crease Proofer together

High speed camera

& Lights
 Optical Flow of creasing
• High speed imaging of the creasing process (of B1)
• The background (including blade is removed)
• Blue vectors describes the OF between adjacent video frames
 Strain analysis of creasing
• Typical strain rate dynamics in for Board B1 with a 1.4-mm groove width
• The images show the deformation field during the ruler compression (30−90 ms) and
during the immediate elastic recovery at 180 ms when raising the ruler out.
• Part of deformation is plastic

Huang, H. and Nygårds, M., “A simplified material model for finite element analysis of paperboard
creasing”, Nord. Pulp Pap. Res. J., 25(4): 505–512 (2010).
Two types of deformation in creasing

• “Normal type”: Especially with • Bulky board and a relatively

wide groove geometry compared
to the board
• The ruler imposes shear stresses
near its edges and a vertical
compression underneath.
narrow groove
• The board is squeezed into a
groove leading to opposite strain
directions from the type I
deformation under the ruler
Optical Flow of folding
Strain analysis of folding
 Samples
B1 ”Strong” B2 ”Thick” B3 ”Normal” Physical property Board grade
B1 B2 B3
Thickness [µm] 411 590 422 Grammage [g/m²] 299 318 239
Thickness [µm] 411 590 422
MD Strength 17.0 12.9 11.0 3
Density [kg/m ] 727 539 567
[kN/m]
Internal Bond [J/m²] 253 201 186
Bend. Stiff. MD 15° [mNm] 21 35 17
Bend. Stiff. CD 15° [mNm] 10 19 8
MD 1924‐3 (100mm, 100mm/min)
Tensile Strength [kN/m] 16.99 12.94 10.98
Strain at Break [%] 1.78 1.34 1.62
Modulus of Elasticity [GPa] 4.72 2.96 3.07
CD 1924‐3 (100mm, 100mm/min)
Tensile Strength [kN/m] 8.84 7.86 6.57
Strain at Break [%] 3.73 3.54 4.21
Modulus of Elasticity [GPa] 2.30 1.37 1.55
 Max strain rate during creasing
• Determined from the top area of the board

Groove width [mm]

“Strong” “Thick” “Normal”

 Max strain rate creasing vs folding
• The values in folding have been
determined close to the outer
coating layer in the region where
shear strain rates were highest
during creasing
 Comparison to modeled creep rates
• Estimated stress that leads to the maximal strain rate measured in creasing and folding
experiments based on master-curve creep formalism
• Calculated at measured strain at break and with the measured elastic modulus in MD.

CREASING FOLDING

Board grade Groove width MD strength Max strain rate Estimated stress Max strain rate Estimated stress
(mm) (MPa) (1/s) (MPa) (1/s) (MPa)
B1 1.4 41.3 1.01 32.6 3.7 33.9
1.7 41.3 0.72 32.3 4.7 34.1
2.0 41.3 0.43 31.8 4.2 34.0
B2 1.4 21.9 2.50 19.5 3.6 19.7 Stresses become
1.7 21.9 0.54 18.5 4.7 19.9 close to network
2.0 21.9 0.26 18.1 5.0 19.9 strength
B3 1.4 26.0 3.42 21.4 4.4 21.6
1.7 26.0 1.34 20.8 4.5 21.6
2.0 26.0 2.32 21.2 4.5 21.6

1. Brezinski, J. P., “The creep properties of paper”, Tappi, 39(2): 116 (1956).
2. Habeger, C. C. and Coffin, D. W. (2000), “Role of stress concentrations in accelerated creep and sorption-induced physical aging”, J. Pulp Pap. Sci., 26(4): 145–157
(2000).
 Conclusions
• High speed imaging and optical flow is a suitable method
for analysing the creasing and folding process
• The creasing parameters need to be selected according
to the board properties
• High strain rates during creasing will decrease the strain
rates during the folding