CHAPTER 11

BALANCING OF
ROTATING
MACHINES
TEAM 10
PALARA, ALLYSON

RIVERA, CHRISTIAN PAULO

SALAZAR, JULIUS

SAMIA, ADRIAN
Table Of Contents
● INTRODUCTION
● UNBALANCE OF RIGID ROTORS
● ROTOR SUPPORT SYSTEM
● SETTING THE STANDARDS
● BALANCING MACHINES
● FIELD BALANCING
● DIFFICULT BALANCING TASKS

1. Fine Balancing

2. Flexible Rotors

3. Crankshaft Balancing

4. Multiple-Span Shafts
● BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Balancing of machines is important
to prevent fatigue failure in associated
structures, prevent excessive loading of
support bearings, prevent transmission
of excessive external noise and vibration,
and improve the durability and
usefulness of the machines in the
service.
UNBALANCE OF
RIGID ROTORS
 UNBALANCE OF RIGID MOTORS

Fig. 11.1. Illustration o f the three different kinds o f unbalance

When a small is fixed to the disc at a
distance from that axis, the disc is
said to be in a state of unbalance.

F = mrω2
This force is equivalent to the force
generated by a small eccentricity of
the center of mass of the disc from
the axis of rotation.

F = Meω2
The unbalance of the disc, or rotor is
defined as

u = mr
It is also possible to eliminate F
between and to see that the
eccentricity term e in m also
represents the specific unbalance of
the rotor.

e = mr/M
The term for specific unbalance is
particularly useful for reference and
comparison parison purposes, as the
effects of unbalance in practice are
found to be dependent upon the
mass of the rotor itself.
As such, unbalance is the most
common source of vibration in
rotating equipment: common rotors
include electric armatures, turbo
machinery, drive shafts, grinding
wheels, machine tool elements, and
crankshafts.
STATICS BALANCE
Many practical machines, such as
grinding wheels, industrial blowers,
and flywheels, can be considered as
though their mass were concentrated
in a single disc.
COUPLE UNBALANCE
The rotor is in static balance, yet
centrifugal forces will produce a
moment of the center of mass when
the rotor turns, and it results in a tilting
or pendulum action of the principal
inertia axis about the shaft axis at the
center of mass.
DYNAMIC UNBALANCE
When both static and a couple of
unbalance are present. principal
inertia axis is now inclined to the
geometric shaft axis, but there is also
an eccentricity at the center of mass.
ROTOR SUPPORT
SYSTEM
In an assembled machine, the rotor is
supported by a bearing and base
assembly. This must restrain the
unbalanced-excited motion of the
rotor journal.
ω0 = natural (angular) frequency of suspension, in rad /s
k = stiffness of suspension in N /m
c = damping of suspension in N /m s -1
2𝜋𝑛 𝑛
ω= ≈ 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 (angular velocity)
60 10
n = rotation speed in r/m in
solution 𝒘
𝒎𝒓( )𝟐
𝒘𝟎
𝒙𝟎 =
𝟐
𝒘 𝒘
𝑴 𝟏 − ( )𝟐 + 𝟒𝑫( )𝟐
𝒘𝟎 𝒘𝟎
 𝒘
𝒎𝒓( )𝟐
𝒘𝟎
𝒙𝟎 =
𝟐
𝒘 𝒘
𝑴 𝟏 − ( )𝟐 + 𝟒𝑫( )𝟐
𝒘𝟎 𝒘𝟎

where
𝒌
𝒘𝟎 =
𝒎

𝒄
𝑫=
𝒌𝒎
Characteristic response of a single
bearing suspension system,
illustrating the distinction between a
hard-bearing (rigid) balancing
machine and a soft-bearing one.
The existence of unbalance in one
plane will excite vibrations in both
suspension systems depending on
geometric location of the unbalance
on the moment of inertia of the rotor,
and on the support characteristics.
This interaction is called the cross
effect between the two support
systems.
SETTING THE
STANDARDS
SETTING THE STANDARDS
Ideally, a completely balanced machine would show no
unbalance at all. In practice, though, owing to machining
tolerances, mechanical play, run-out, misalignment distortion
etc., perfect balance can never be achieved. In any production
or maintenance situation an appropriate residual unbalance,
"balance quality" or vibration tolerance must be selected which
depends on the performance required from the machine and
the economics of the balancing process.
SETTING THE STANDARDS
In the fifties much work was done in West Germany to
collect the experiences of engineers w orking in this field. VDI
2060, "Beurteilungsmaßstäbe für den Auswuchtzustand
rotierender, starrer Körper", has now been adopted
internationally as recommendation ISO Standard 1940, "Balance
Quality of Rotating Rigid Bodies". The recommendations relate
acceptable residual unbalance to the maximum service speed
of the rotor and associate various types of representative rotors
with ranges of recommended quality grades (Figs. 1 1 4 and 1
1.5).
SETTING THE STANDARDS
The quality grade, G, (equivalent to the product 𝐞𝝎 for
an unrestrained rotor) is introduced, as it enables the physically
observed behavior of machines running at different speeds to
be compared. The values of G in the Standard are numerically
equivalent to the eccentricity 𝑒 in 𝜇𝑚 for a rotor running at 9500
RPM. The quality grade, or unbalance, of a rotor can be
assessed using a calibrated balancing machine.
For machines in service, unbalance vibrations are
influenced considerably.
Balancing Grades for Various Groups of
Representative Rigid Rotors
Quality e𝝎 (1) (2)
Rotor types - General example
Grade G mm/sec
Crankshaft-drives (3) of rigidly mounted slow marine diesel engines with
G 4000 4000
uneven number of cylinders (4).

G 1600 1600 Crankshaft-drives of rigidly mounted large two-cycle engines.

Crankshaft-drives of rigidly mounted large four-cycle engines. Crankshaft-

G 630 630
drives of elastically mounted marine diesel engines.

G 250 250 Crankshaft-drives of rigidly mounted fast four-cylinder diesel engines (4).

Crankshaft-drives-of fast diesel engines with six and more cylinders (4).
G 100 100
Complete engines (gasoline or diesel) for cars, trucks and locomotives (5).

Car wheels, wheel rims, wheel sets, drive shafts. Crankshaft-drives of

elastically mounted fast four-cycle engines (gasoline or diesel) with six and
G 40 40
more cylinders (4). Crankshaft-drives for engines of cars, trucks and
locomotives
Balancing Grades for Various Groups of
Representative Rigid Rotors
Quality e𝝎 (1) (2)
Rotor types - General example
Grade G mm/sec
Drive shafts (propeller shafts, cardan shafts) with special requirements. Parts
of crushing machinery. Parts of agricultural machinery. Individual com
G 16 16 ponents of engines (gasoline or diesel, for cars, trucks and locomotives.
Crankshaft-drives of engines with six and more cylinders under special
requirements.
Parts of process plant machines. Marine main turbine gears (merchant
service). Centrifuge drums. Fans. Assembled aircraft gas turbine rotors. Fly
G 6.3 6.3 wheels. Pump impellers. Machine-tool and general machinery parts. Normal
electrical armatures. Individual com ponents of engines under special
requirements.
Gas and steam turbines, including marine main turbines (merchant service).
Rigid turbo generator rotors. Rotors. Turbo-compressors. Machine-tool
G 2.5 2.5
drives. Medium and large electrical armatures with special requirements.
Small electrical armatures. Turbine-driven pumps.
Tape recorder and phonograph (gramophone) drives. Grinding-machine
G1 1
drives. Small electrical armatures w ith special requirements.

G 0.4 0.4 Spindles, discs, and armatures of precision grinders. Gyroscopes.

Balancing Grades for Various
Groups of Representative
Notes:
1. 𝜔 = 2 𝜋 n/60 ≈ n/10, if n is measured in revolutions per
minute and 𝜔 in radians per second.

2. In general, for rigid rotors with two correction planes, one

half of the recommended residual unbalance is to be taken for
Rigid Rotors

each plane; these values apply usually for any two arbitrarily
chosen planes, but the state of unbalance may be improved
upon at the bearings. For disc-shaped rotors the full
recommended value holds for one plane.
Balancing Grades for Various
Groups of Representative
Notes:
3. A crankshaft-drive is an assembly which includes the
crankshaft, a fly wheel, clutch, pulley, vibration damper,
rotating portion of connecting rod, etc.

4. For the present purposes, slow diesel engines are those

with a piston velocity of less than 9 m/s; fast
Rigid Rotors

diesel engines are those with a piston velocity of greater than

9 m/s.
Balancing Grades for Various
Groups of Representative
Notes:
5. In complete engines the rotor mass comprises the
sum of all masses belonging to the crankshaft-drive
described in footnote 3 above.
Rigid Rotors

Fig. 7 1.4. Maximum residual unbalance corresponding to

recommended Balance Quality Grades, G, as laid down in
ISO 1940 (1973)
SETTING THE STANDARDS
Other useful Standards related to balancing equipment itself
include ISO 2953 "Balancing Machines — Description and
Evaluation" and ISO 2371 "Field Balancing Equipment —
Description and Evaluation” .
In all cases, these Standards represent committee decisions
made by groups of engineers for the guidance of others:
experience is often required to indicate how they can be
interpreted best for any given balancing problem.
BALANCING
MACHINES
Balancing machines are devices used
to balance rotating parts, such as
wheels, rotors, and fans, to ensure
their smooth operation and reduce
wear and tear.
TWO MAIN TYPES OF BALANCING
MACHINES:
1. Dynamic
2. Static
FIELD BALANCING
Field balancing is a process of
dynamically balancing a rotating
machine while it is in operation, in its
intended operating environment.
TWO MAIN TYPES OF FIELD
BALANCING
1. Single-plane balancing
2. Two-plane balancing
DIFFICULT
BALANCING
TASKS
FINE BALANCING
To achieve unbalance quality grades as low as G1 and
G O.4 for equipment such as record players and gyroscopes,
special techniques are required. For example, at G 0.4 a rotor
running at 6000 r/min will require an eccentricity of the center
of mass of less than 0.63 𝜇𝑚. Considering that instrument ball
bearings may themselves be manufactured to a radial run-out
tolerance of 1 𝜇𝑚, whilst the typical tolerance on fine machining
(boring, turning, grinding) is 25 𝜇𝑚, it is clear that the unbalance
introduced at all stages of production and assembly must be
controlled to achieve precision. This will necessitate balancing
at the final stage.
FINE BALANCING
Simple support rollers, or prismatic blocks which are
used to support the rotor journals for general-purpose tasks on
industrial balancing machines, are inadequate in these cases.
For grades better than G1 the rotor should be mounted in its
own support bearings on the balancing machine; for grade G
0.4 the rotor should be driven as it would in service, so that the
actual service environment in term s of electrical and
aerodynamic effects may be reproduced. Examples are
gyroscopes excited by a half-stator assembly, and turbo-
chargers driven by compressed air.
FLEXIBLE ROTORS
Refer to rotating machinery
components that are designed to
have some degree of flexibility or
elasticity, in contrast to rigid rotors
which are solid and do not deform
under load.
This flexibility can provide several
benefits, including:

● Vibration damping
● Torsional stiffness
● Torsional natural frequency
● Dynamic balancing
There are various ways to make a
rotor flexible, such as using flexible
couplings, adding compliance in the
bearings, or designing the rotor with
CRANKSHAFT BALANCING
Refers to the process of evenly
distributing the weight of the
crankshaft and its components so
that it rotates smoothly and without
vibration.
The process of crankshaft balancing involves several
steps, including:

1. Measuring the weight of the crankshaft and its

components.

2. Calculating the balance factor of the crankshaft.

3. Adding or removing material from specific points on

the crankshaft to achieve the desired balance factor.

4. Re-checking the balance of the crankshaft to ensure

that it meets the desired specifications.
There are various ways to make a
rotor flexible, such as using flexible
couplings, adding compliance in the
bearings, or designing the rotor with
MULTIPLE SPAN SHAFTS
Refer to a type of shaft configuration
that consists of multiple shafts
connected in series.
SELECTED
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ADKINS, F.E. and "Dynamic Balancing at Heaton Works". Parsons,
GRAY, A.: Newcastle upon Tyne, 1960

BISHOP, R.E.D. and "The Vibration and Balancing of an Unbalanced Flexi-

GLADWELL, G.M.L.: ble Rotor". J. Mech. Eng. Sci., Vol. 1, No. 1. June
1959

BRUNNENGRABER, H. "Messverfahren in der Auswuchttechnik". Messen

and DRUST, P.: und Prufen / Automatik May 1978

BISHOP, R.E.D., "On the use of Balancing Machines for Flexible Rotors". ASME Paper No. 71-Vibr.-73
PARKINSON, A.G.:

BISHOP, R.E.D. and "The Vibration and Balancing of an Unbalanced Flexible Rotor". Journal Mechanical
GLADWELL, G.M.L.: Engineering Science
Vol. 1, No. 1. 1959

EL-HADI, I.: "Zusammenstellung, Kritische Untersuchung and Weiterentwicklung der Verfahren

zum Auswuchten betriebsmaBig aufgestellter Maschinen mit starren und mit
elastischen Laufern". Diss. Darmstadt 1962
REFERRENCES AND
TEMPLATES
Mechanical Vibration and Shock Measurements by Professor
Jens Trampe Broch Dipl Ing. E T.H.

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