Steam Power Plant Design using Thermal analysis in Cycle

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Abstract

The correlation between heat, energy, and temperature is the subject of the branch of physics

known as thermodynamics. It has multiple principles that outline how various systems respond to

changes in energy. Many power facilities, including steam power plants, have been created to

conduct electricity by employing these principles. In accordance with the steam pressure, it can

be classified into several types. In this project report, we examined the operation and

componentry of steam power plants. Additionally, we studied various other types of power

plants and how they operated. Following that, we created three different designs for Rankine

cycle steam power plants using the software Cyclepad. For every design, we employed several

parameters, including steam temperature, condenser pressure, and boiler pressure. To determine

which design and settings result in the most effective thermal efficiency, this needed to be done.

The thermal efficiency significantly relates to how well steam power plants operate. The manual

was used to help determine the values of the various parameters. Each cycle's TS diagram was

also created. We came to the conclusion that one design is the greatest fit and explained why the

other concept are not in discussion section.

Keywords: Thermodynamics, Rankine cycle, Thermal efficiency, Carnot efficiency, Steam

power plant, , Steam pressure.

 Table of Contents
Abstract............................................................................................................................................2

1 Introduction..............................................................................................................................5

1.1 Problem Statement............................................................................................................5

1.2 Definition of the problems................................................................................................6

2 Different Types of Power Plants for Energy Generation.........................................................7

2.1 Nuclear Power Plants........................................................................................................7

2.2 Hydroelectric Power plant................................................................................................7

2.3 Coal-Fired Power plant.....................................................................................................8

3 Main components of Steam power plant:................................................................................8

3.1 Boiler.................................................................................................................................9

3.2 Turbine..............................................................................................................................9

3.3 Condenser........................................................................................................................10

3.4 Pumps..............................................................................................................................10

3.5 Generator.........................................................................................................................11

4 Conclusion.............................................................................................................................11

5 References..............................................................................................................................12
List of Figures

Figure 1:Layout of modern steam power plant................................................................................5

Figure 2:Components of nuclear power plant.................................................................................7

Figure 3:Components hydroelectric power plant............................................................................8

Figure 4: Components coal-fired power plant.................................................................................8

Figure 5:Layout of steam power plant.............................................................................................9

Figure 6: Block diagram of boiler...................................................................................................9

Figure 7:Block diagram of steam turbine......................................................................................10

Figure 8: Block diagram of condenser...........................................................................................10

Figure 9:Block diagram of pump...................................................................................................11

Figure 10: Block diagram of generator..........................................................................................11

1 Introduction

The science of thermodynamics examines the ideas of heat, temperature, and the interactions

between heat and other types of energy. A steam power plant's boiler, steam turbine, generator,

and various auxiliary equipment are its main components. High temperature and pressure steam

are produced by the boiler. The steam turbine transforms steam's thermal energy into mechanical

energy. After that, the generator turns the mechanical energy into electrical energy. We'll help

ensure a steady supply of electricity and lessen the impact on the environment with our highly

effective and environmentally friendly power plants. It has a number of principles that specify

how various processes react to changes in energy. These regulations have been used to create

several power facilities, such as steam and thermal power plants, that generate energy. Steam is

produced in these power plants using boilers, turbines, pumps, condensers, and generators, which

are subsequently utilized to produce electricity. Based on its pressure, steam can be divided into

a number of categories, including supercritical and subcritical. We researched at how steam

power plants function and its parts in our project report. We also studied a number of different

power plants and how they functioned. Then, using Cyclepad software, we designed three

potential proposals for Rankine cycle steam power plants.

Figure 1:Layout of modern steam power plant

1.1 Problem Statement

The subordinate products of various power plants that are discharged into the atmosphere are one

of the factors contributing to the degradation of the world's existing ecosystem. The demand for

electricity is also extremely high, in addition to the fact that the quality of the air is declining.

These factors drove us to examine the operation of steam power plants and create three distinct

Rankine cycle designs with various parameters. This procedure will demonstrate which settings

will result in the best thermal efficiency, which is directly related to the amount of power

generated.

1.2 Definition of the problems

During the process of producing electricity, power plants—especially those that use fossil fuels

like coal and oil—emit a number of byproducts into the atmosphere. These subproducts include

particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and several other pollutants, as well as

greenhouse gases (including carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide). These emissions are a

factor in a number of environmental problems. Power generation systems are under more strain

due to the increasing demand for electricity globally. Higher energy consumption has been

caused by accelerated industry, urbanization, population increase, and technological

improvements. This is because many power plants use coal, which is a common fuel source used

worldwide. Compared to all other fuel types, it emits the most carbon dioxide (CO2) per volume

of power. Additionally, it releases sulfur and nitrogen, two other gases that significantly

contribute to global warming, climate change, air pollution, acidification, and eutrophication. We

can switch to nuclear power plants because they release the fewest wastes and are the safest way

to generate electricity, but doing so will be expensive and time-consuming.

2 Different Types of Power Plants for Energy Generation

These sections describe various power plant types, as well as their parts and fuel types:

2.1 Nuclear Power Plants

Nuclear fission, in which an atom's nucleus splits into two smaller nuclei and releases a

considerable quantity of energy, is the process used in nuclear power plants to produce

electricity. Nuclear reactions produce heat that is used to create steam that powers a turbine that

is connected to a generator. Uranium or plutonium are commonly used as fuel in nuclear power

reactors.

Figure 2:Components of nuclear power plant

2.2 Hydroelectric Power plant

Hydroelectric power plants use the energy of moving water to produce electricity. Typically,

they entail building dams on rivers to create reservoirs. Through the use of turbines, the water

that has been stored is released, turning generators to provide power. Hydroelectric power

facilities are thought of as energy sources that are clean and renewable.
 Figure 3:Components hydroelectric power plant

2.3 Coal-Fired Power plant

Coal power stations are traditional thermal power plants that use the steam produced by burning

coal to turn a turbine and provide electricity. These facilities employ coal as their fuel source and

steam power plant technology. Because there are many coal reserves and because coal is

relatively inexpensive, coal power plants have historically been employed extensively.

Figure 4: Components coal-fired power plant

3 Main components of Steam power plant:

A steam power plant produces electricity utilizing a variety of various components as its primary

fuel source. The quantity of thermal efficiency produced with the aid of the Rankine cycle

directly correlates with the amount of electricity produced.

 Figure 5:Layout of steam power plant

The following explanations provide details on several components utilized in the construction of

steam power plants:

3.1 Boiler

Operates an electric generator through a turbine. A specialized component called a boiler is

where heat energy is transmitted to water to create high-pressure steam. In a steam power plant, a

boiler's main job is to transport heat energy from a fuel source to turn water into steam. In order

to generate energy, the steam from the boiler is then used to power a steam turbine that is

attached to a generator.

Figure 6: Block diagram of boiler

3.2 Turbine
Produces mechanical energy from high-pressure steam that is then utilized to power an electrical

generator to produce electricity. The fluid dynamics principle underlies the turbine's operation.

High-pressure steam is used by the turbine to extract energy and transform it into rotating

mechanical energy. The shaft of an electrical generator is propelled by this energy, and the

generator's final product is electricity.

Figure 7:Block diagram of steam turbine

3.3 Condenser

Responsible for recycling and reusing low-pressure steam from the turbine in the boiler by

condensing it back into water. The steam cycle is completed by the condenser when it transforms

the low-pressure, low-temperature steam leaving the turbine into water. This is accomplished

through the elimination of the steam's latent heat of vaporization, which causes the

steam condensation.

Figure 8: Block diagram of condenser

3.4 Pumps
Accountable for preserving the proper pressures and temperatures for the flow of feedwater,

condensate, and water.

Figure 9:Block diagram of pump

3.5 Generator

Electrical energy from mechanical energy. It is attached to the turbine and rotates in response to

it. The generator generates electricity by using the technique of electromagnetic induction, which

includes the interaction of a magnetic field with wire coils that are electrically conductive.

Figure 10: Block diagram of generator

4 Conclusion

We researched at how steam power plant’s function and its parts in our project report. We also

studied a number of different power plants and how they functioned. We observed that nuclear

power plants are renowned for their high energy density, little operating carbon emissions, and

ability to provide power continuously. But they also present issues with safety, public perception,

and garbage disposal. Hydroelectric power plants are regarded as a renewable energy source and

offer benefits including no fuel expenditures, no pollutants, and a long lifespan. Their execution,

however, necessitates adequate locations, the availability of water supplies, and potential effects

on local residents and ecosystems. Because there are many coal reserves and because coal is
relatively inexpensive, coal power plants have historically been employed extensively.

Nevertheless, they are linked to serious environmental problems such air pollution, greenhouse

gas emissions, the production of coal ash and other waste products. Steam power plant

technology is a type of power plant which transform thermal energy into mechanical energy,

which is ultimately converted into electrical energy. Despite the fact that each type of energy has

pros and cons of its own, there is an increasing focus on switching to cleaner and more

sustainable energy sources, such as renewable energy, in order to reduce negative environmental

effects and address climate change concerns. However, steam power plants have all of these

characteristics which satisfy the rising need for electricity while limiting environmental damage

and lowering dependency on limited fossil fuel supplies. 

5 References