THE LIVED EXPERIENCE OF FORMER

OVERSEAS FILIPINO WORKERS (OFW)

RETURNING TO THEIRHOME

PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL

2023
Volume: 10
Pages: 692-698
Document ID: 2023PEMJ892
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.8132666
Manuscript Accepted: 2023-9-7
Psych Educ, 2023, 10: 692-698, Document ID:2023 PEMJ892, doi:10.5281/zenodo.8132666, ISSN 2822-4353
Research Article

The Lived Experience of Former Overseas Filipino Workers (OFW)

Returning to Their Home
Roland R. Lasin*, Jehan K. Dumiar, Raida D. Limbuna, Ohara S. Mandar, Farhanah A. Dalao,
Geraldine O. Dela Torre, Rosemika M. Mohammad, Jodimer D. Mato
For affiliations and correspondence, see the last page.
Abstract
This study about former Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) would likely focus on the challenges and
experiences that they face upon returning to the Philippines after working abroad. Many OFWs leave
the country in search of better job opportunities and higher wages, but their time abroad is often
marked by separation from their families and adjustment to new cultures. They may also struggle
with feelings of isolation and depression, as well as financial challenges. Despite these challenges,
many former OFWs are being resilient and resourceful, using their experiences abroad and small
savings to build small businesses and also receives support from the government of their home
country. This study generated four themes namely: 1. For the Future, 2. Challenges, 3. Motivation,
and 4. Coping Strategies.

Keywords: stress, poverty ,ofw worker’s, family , and educational attainment

Introduction
their families. In addition to debt and unpaid fees
relating to their overseas job, several former OFWs
“Modern Day Heroes” as the Overseas Filipino
also struggle financially. In the report of Lozada
Workers (OFW) referred to. They are heroes because
(2014) as the two former OFWs discusses their
they left their loved ones and their families to work
experiences as they return in the Philippines. Their life
abroad in order to support their families and loved
have consisted of sleeping and living on the streets,
ones with a higher salary. Aside from a greater wage,
collecting bottles for cash, and frequenting soup
the most popular and straightforward reasons why
kitchens and feeding programs to satisfy their hunger.
OFWs prefer to work abroad are to send their children
While working abroad, they contributed everything
to school, to have small homes or investments, and to
they had to their families. The researcher moves
work in a greener pasture. As a result, many of them
towards the lived experiences of the Former Overseas
have three-story homes, vast farmlands, cars, the latest
Filipino Workers. Therefore, this study is relevant and
gadgets, their children attend an expensive private
timely and must be pursued to do more findings.
school, and other luxurious lifestyles. However, the
money they placed in it required them to work hard, be Research Questions
patient, and overcome obstacles before they could
realize their ambitions. This study aims to explore Former Overseas Filipino
Workers’ lived experiences, challenges faced, and
According to the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA)
coping mech anism s amidst not returnin g
said in December 2022 that it had counted 1.83 million
abroad. Specifically, this sought to answer the
OFWs worldwide between April and September of
following questions:
2021. Given that the Department of Migrant Workers
reported that about 800,000 migrant workers were 1. What are the lived experiences of a Former OFWs?
deployed in 2022. These figures may be higher as 2. What are the challenges faced by a Former OFWs?
Filipinos aims to work abroad as they believes that 3. What are the coping mechanisms of a Former
aside from higher salaries, they can have some OFW’s?
investments as they work outside the country.

Moreover, former OFWs are those who have lived and Methodology
worked outside of the Philippines before returning
home. Many ex-OFWs encounter difficulties upon
their return home, such as trouble locating job, This study employed Heideggerian phenomenology to
acclimating to their native culture, and coping with the explore the participant's lived experiences.
emotional toll of spending so much time apart from

Lasin et al. 692/698

Psych Educ, 2023, 10: 692-698, Document ID:2023 PEMJ892, doi:10.5281/zenodo.8132666, ISSN 2822-4353
Research Article

Ethical Considerations

Participants of the Study
The researcher selected 6 participants as Creswell
(1998) suggested that the recommended participants
for phenomenological studies are 5-25 and Morse
(1994) suggest at least 6. This supports a researcher on
how many participant need in the studies. The
participants are former OFWs that work overseas.
They were chosen from Parang Maguindanao Del
Norte. Also, criterion sampling has been utilized as the
study needs to narrow down the participants profiles to
get better and more specific results. According to
Adams et al. (2002; as cited in Schubotz et al., 2022),
age should be considered in a social context as older
individuals simplify stories in a way that the younger
listeners would understand. Thus, the age was asked to
keep the consistency of the gathered data. Moreover,
the interviewers were accompanied by the researcher
interviewer/translator to prevent participants from
adjusting the complexity of their stories in a more
straightforward form.Furthermore, educational
attainment was included in the interview questions to
determine the OFWs readiness for working overseas
and life in general.
For this investigation, the researchers examined ethical
considerations and followed interviewing ethical rules.
Participants in this study will be informed about the
techniques used to preserve their privacy via informed
consent and verbal confirmation. Individual or
aggregated data results cannot be connected to specific
participants.The researchers will obtain permission
from the participants to perform an audio recording
interview. The informants signed forms of agreement
to preserve the secrecy of the information supplied.
Participants signed the same consent form when
photos were required for research presentation of
results. Transcripts were carefully shredded using a
paper shredder in line with privacy regulations.
According to Bhandari (2021) ethical considerations
are a set of principles that guide your research designs
and practices. When collecting data from people,
scientists and researchers must always follow a set of
rules. Understanding real-life phenomena, studying
effective treatments, investigating behaviors, and
improving people’s lives are all common goals of
human research. What you choose to research and how
you conduct that research are both important ethical
considerations.

Data Analysis Procedure

Instrument of the Study
This case study focuses on an IPA study that focused
The researchers provided a semi-structured interview
on The Lived Experience of Former OFW's returning
guide that was specifically developed to elicit the lived
to their homes: Phenomenological Probe. IPA is a
experiences, problems, and coping mechanisms of
qualitative approach which aims to provide detailed
Former Overseas Filipino Workers. The interview
examinations of personal lived experience (Smith et
includes questions about their self-perception,
al.)IPA, or Phenomenological Analysis, used in this
motivation, fulfillment, frustration, quality time with
study because it enables researchers to ‘Lived
family, and so on. Work experience overseas, as well
experiences’’ of the participants' core meaning,
as understanding of how their absences and returns to
according to Alas (2017; Alas, 2017). It can be vital to
work effect their families and daily lives. Additionally,
analyze qualitative data since it cannot afford to
the semi-structured interview guide was validated by a
subjective interpretations. In order to further their
panel of professionals.
understanding of the phenomenon, the researchers
Data Collection Process organized the interview transcripts, observational
notes, and other relevant data phenomena (Goble et al.,
The i n t e r v i e w g u id e was c h o se n by the 2017; Crowther et al., 2017-2022). One of the best
researchers.Consist of fifteen (15) questions that might methods for removing content problems from an
total up to15 to 20 minutes. Participants were urged to interview, according to Jacobs (2019), is to record the
after each question, express any confusion or concerns. conversation and transcribe it. So, the to ensure the
The interviewer was as eager to provide. By posing veracity of the information, interviews were taped and
diverse questions about the same topic. Following the transcribed. Since the transcripts include the
interview, a full transcription and Analysis were participants' verbatim responses, the researchers
performed in order to make sense of the Information thoroughly examined them to produce an insightful
acquired. The transcription of the interview contains study.Conclusion the initial phase was achieving an
each person’s exact verbatim responses participant to initial using data and analytical understanding to create
remove any doubt about the data the contents of the themes that assemble those data. The primary goals
collection. were then as well as the experiences of the
participants, difficulties and coping techniques. The
method developed the subthemes and reports in the

Lasin et al. 693/698

Psych Educ, 2023, 10: 692-698, Document ID:2023 PEMJ892, doi:10.5281/zenodo.8132666, ISSN 2822-4353
Research Article
end. Addressing the topics. These techniques were
applied to make sure the information was reliable and
accurate.
Results and Discussion
Based on the data collected, the following themes are
(1) For the Future, (2) Challenges, (3) Motivation, and
(4) Coping Strategies. Likewise, the following
subthemes were identified from the data-gathering
based on their perspectives.
For the Future
Former OFWs work overseas to fulfill the needs of
their families or love ones. According to the
participants, working abroad is the best way to support
the needs of their family in everyday needs even
though they are far away from their family. Being an
OFW is hard for them because it needs courage and
handwork. As cited in the article entitled ‘’Is Being An
OFW Worth’’ one of the main reasons parent leave
their family is to be able to provide the needs of their
family.
Responsibilty
According to the responses of the participants, as a
member of the family it is their responsibility to help
their family. The participants have the same answer
when they are asked with the same question as
participant 1. She said that when you are living with
your family it is your responsibility to return the
kindness they did to you.
‘’Syempre, bilang isang pamilya hindi na talaga
mawawala ang resposibilidad mo sa iyong pamilya.
Kaya nga ako nandito para gampanan ko yung
pagiging responsibilidad ko sakanila’’
In the answer of participant number 1, she percieves
that one of her reason working abroad is to take
responsibilty for her family.
“Nagtrabaho ako sa ibang bansa para matustusan ko
ang pangangailangan ng pamilya ko, at bilang
nakakatanda rin sa pamilya ako yung inaasahan nila
so, responsibilidad ko na tulungan sila at iahon sa
kahirapan kahit na mahirap rin ang dinanas ko sa
pagtatrabaho sa ibang bansa para narin maka bayad sa
utang na loob sa aking pamilya”
This data could imply that the former OFWs work in
other country to support the needs and take
Lasin et al.
responsibility for them to live a better life even though
they also struggle there in other country. According to
Department of Labor and Employment, despite poor
working conditions, OFW chose to work abroad to
provide their families adequate needs.
According to Gundra et al. (2021), the concept of
“Utang na loob “refers” to an obligation to
appropriately repay a person who has done one a
favor. Additionally, Hornedo ( 2000) said that utang na
loob triggers within us that makes us feel that we must
repay something as a sign of respect because it is given
to us by another person or people.
Challenges
Financial
Based on the responses of the participants, financial
problem is oneof the problem they experience as they
go back here in the Philippines because of lack of
savings. According to Talisayon (2011), the primary
motivation for OFWs to work abroad is to save, but
sad to say, they fell victim to what we called
“Unsound financial Management” in which many
Filipinos failed to save even after the end of their
contracts. This problem have experience by the former
OFW as participant 3 said that not being able to save
while working abroad is a big problem when you go
home to your family.
“Pumunta ako sa ibang bansa para magtrabaho at
makaipon, pero dahil sa gastusin ng pamilya halos
lahat ko na ipadala sakanila yung pera na sinasahod ko
kaya konti nalang natitira sa akin, so dahil dun
pagbalik ko ng pinas hindi sapat yung ipon ko para
suportahan ang pamilya ko”
This evidence shows that having a plan or financial
plan helps people to save the money they have earn
with their handwork. According to Manning (2023), A
financial plan can provide financial guidance so that
you’re prepare to meet your obligations and objectives.
Furthermore, participant 2 a former OFW that has
saving, said that, her saving really help her to support
her financial needs as she go backs here in the
Philippines without stable job waiting for her.
“Napakalaking tulong ng naging ipon ko sa
pagtatrabaho sa ibang bansa habang nandito ako sa
pinas na walang pinagkikitaang hanap buhay,Medyo di
kami masyadong nahihirapan sa ngayon gawa ng pag
iipon naming dati ng pera sa ibang bansa.laking
pasasalamat ko’na din sa partner ko dahil habang nag
tratrabaho ako sa ibang bansa ay tinutulog din nya ako
694/698
Psych Educ, 2023, 10: 692-698, Document ID:2023 PEMJ892, doi:10.5281/zenodo.8132666, ISSN 2822-4353
Research Article
mag ipon .”
Participant 2 knows the feeling of not having a savings
while working abroad because she also experienced
that feeling in her first timer as an OFW.
Unemployment
According to A.C Pigon unemployment means, all
those who are willing to work are not able to find job.
An OFW works abroad because of unemployment but
when they go back here in the Philippines they become
unemployed also for them to struggle financial
problem.
As said by participant 4 unemployment makes her to
decide to work abroad but for only a limited time only.
“Kaya ako pumunta sa ibang bansa dahil sa wala
naman akong mahanap na trabaho dito,gawa din ng
sobrang taas ng standards pag nag a apply ng trabaho.
Kaya nag apply ako ng trabaho sa ibang bansa pero
hindi naman habang buhay e tatanggapin nila tayo
doon para magtrabaho. Ngayon na umuwi ako dito sa
pinas nawalan na naman ako ng trabaho at pagkukunan
para sa gastusin”
She added that being an unemployed have in the
Philippines is not easy because of the high value of the
products that she need to provide for her love ones.
“Napakihirap nang walang trabaho dito sa pinas kasi
hindi naman bumababa yung bilihin kasi tumataas. Oo
nagtrabaho ako sa ibang bansa pero nauubos rin yung
na ipon ko sa daming gastusin”
Additionally, according to McClelland (2000) the
impacts of unemployment on the families include
poverty include poverty and hardship. Unemployment
triggers the former OFWs to go back abroad to work
again to have a better income. Furthermore, the
researchers found out that former OFWs have
tendency to go back working abroad that their family
struggles with them as they share with same answer
with the participant number 6. She said that she rather
struggles in other country than seeing her family starve
to death.
“Mas gugustuhin ko pang maghirap sa ibang bansa
kesa makita ko yung pamilya ko na mamatay sa
gutom, at least doon kahit naghihirap ako mayroon
akong kinikita kahit papaano nakakapada ako ditto sa
Pilipinas.”
In addition, participant 3 said that because high value
of product and high cost of living she rather work
Lasin et al.
abroad.
“Dahil sa taas ng gastusin dito sa pinas wala akong
magagawa kundi bumalik sa iabang bansa para
magtrabaho ayaw ko man iwan yung mhal ko sa buhay
pero wala akong choice dahil walang ibang inaasahan
kondi ako lang.”
Their responses implies that unemployment and
having a high cost of living here in the Philippines
triggers them to work abroad to support their family.
And being an OFW is not just a personal choice but A
work that has a personal reason to pursue it.
Poverty
According World Bank Organization, poverty is about
not having enough money to meet basic needs
including food, clothing, and shelter. Because of
poverty that former OFWs feels like they have no
choice but to go back working abroad to make their
families life better.
Furthermore, participant number 1 shared that because
of poverty her children need to stop attended school.
“Dahil sa kahirapan, wala akong nagawa nang nahinto
sa pagaaral yung anak ko kasi wala naman akong sapat
na pera pang pa aral sa kanya”
Another cause of poverty to the former OFWs they are
in debth because of borrowing a money that is a lot
interest. Participant 3 said that she has a lot borrowed
money because of poverty.
“Grabe yung pagkabaon ko sa utang”
Educational Support
Education is very important to OFWs especially to
their children that’s why OFWs work abroad to
support the education she decided to go back working
in other country fulfill the needs of her children in
terms of
“Kaya rin ako nagtrabaho sa iabng bansa para mapag
aral ko yung mga anak at iba ko pang mga
pamangking . Lalo na ngayon sobrang mahal ng
matrikola sa coleheyo kaya kung minsan naga double
job ako dito sa Sauidi para malaki ang mapadala
education.ko sa buwanans ”
Participant 5 and 6 also shared the same response with
this story.
Lack of Education
695/698
Psych Educ, 2023, 10: 692-698, Document ID:2023 PEMJ892, doi:10.5281/zenodo.8132666, ISSN 2822-4353
Research Article
Lack of education has been one of the problem around
the world. Additionally, Drew (2022) said that
education is essential for moving up in life as he
discusses academic achievement.
In this study, the participants’ responses proves that
Drew’s (2022) statement was more likely to be correct;
that lack of education removes ease in life. Participant
4 said that she is working in other country because
cant find a stable job here in the Philippines because of
her educational attainment.
“Ang hirap hirap mag hanap ng trabaho dito sa pinas
lalong lalo na pag wala kang tinapos. Kinukuha kasi
nila is yung mga nakapagtapos at may experience. Eh
pano naman kami na walng tinapos?”
Respectively, 3 of the participant are graduated from
Highschool level and the rest of the participant only
attended elementary level as gathered in the interview.
This data show why their only option is to work
abroad than staying here in the philippines.
Motivation
High Salary
OFWs works abroad because of the high salary they
will get. According to an article “Reasons Why
Filipino Work Abroad” that was published on 2021,
Filipino prefer to work across the world instead of
their own home country is because of the low job
opportunities and unfair wage enforced by the
Philippines government. As what participant 6 said
that other participants have the same responses.
Participant 6 said that one of the motivation for her to
choose to work abroad is the high salary.
“Isa sa mga rason kaya pinili kong mag trabaho sa
ibang bansa ay isa na doon yung sweldo na binibigay
nila. Parang yung sweldo ko doon sa ibang bansa is
sweldo ko na dito sa pinas ng tatlong buwan”
Additionally, participant 3also added that having this
high salary is a big help for them.
“Ang laking tulong ng pera na nakukuha ko sa ibang
bansa para makapadala dito sa Pilipinas para sa mga
anak ko”
Those stories relates all of the participants as they
decided to go to other country because of high salary.
Family
Family is one of the reason why OFWs chose to work
Lasin et al.
abroad even though they will get far away for their
love ones. According to the gathered data, OFW
strength comes from their families to continue working
far away, they answered that there family is their
motivation to continue their life overseas. Participants
6 answered that because of her family she will do
everything and she will endure all the problem as long
as she can provide to her family.
“As long as napapadalahan ko sila at napapasaya ko
sila nawawala narin ang pagod ko. Alam kung hindi
madali magtrabaho sa ibang bansa pero pag pamilya
na yung usapan gagawin mo talaga lahat ng makakaya
mo”
This data could imply that family has great influence
to OFWs in working abroad. Menge et al. (2017) said
that family motivation, understood as the aspiration to
work to support was family.
Coping Strategies
Savings Plan
According to Prudential, saving money is one of the
essential aspects of building wealth and having a
secure financial future. Additionally, Mento et al.
(1987), setting goals has long been recognized as way
to motivate behavior.
All of the participants said that, having a savings plan
really help them to support them in their future
financial problems.The former OFWs participant 6
who experience not saving money said that ahead of
time it is important to set goals to budget the money
accordingly to save money.
“Napaka halaga ng pagtatabi ng sobrang pera kasi
hindi natin alam ano ang naghihintay sa atin sa future
hindi lahat ng araw ay pwede tayong magtrabaho sa
ibang bansa,lalo na matanda tayo ng patanda .”
This story implies that savings are very crucial to the
former OFWs, because it serves this as their coping
strategies to surpass challenges they face as they go
back here in Philippines.
According to the findings of this study, learning the
English language is extremely important in today’s
generation since it allows us to connect with others
and broaden our communication and socialization. By
learning, we can make our lives easier in terms of
education because English is widely used in academia,
access to a wealth of written media, online and printed
such as news paper and tabloid, internet, and much
more. It’s also a significant benefit if you know how to
696/698
Psych Educ, 2023, 10: 692-698, Document ID:2023 PEMJ892, doi:10.5281/zenodo.8132666, ISSN 2822-4353
Research Article
speak English if you’re a traveler and looking for an
international job because being able to communicate
fluently in English is essential for them.
Government support
The Government also gives assistance to the former
OFWs as an assurance and appreciation for all the
hardships they have spent to gain financial support for
their families. Such as the promise of former President
of the Philippines, President Benigno Aquino III that
Overseas Workers Welfare Administration(OWWA)
offers a Reintegration Program, which prepares OFWs
who are returning to Philippine society. Former OFWs
can tap into the P2-billion grant facility for enterprise
development and can also avail of OWWA and
Department of Labor and Employment(DOLE’s)
“Balik-Pinas, Balik Hanapbuhay” livelihood assistance
program.
“Isa sa pinagkukunan ko ng suporta pagbalik ko dito
sa Pilipinas ay ang gobyerno. Mayroon silang
assistance na binibigay sa amin, at kahit papaano
nakakatulong din ito sa aming pang araw araw na
pamumuhay”.
Participant 5 also shares about this government
support, as it helps her in financial support. Returning
here in the Philippines without any savings is also one
of the problems of the former OFWs, that’s why
government support is a big help for them.
Small business
As the participant 3 said, she has also savings as she
had been returned to the country. This helps her to
have a small business or sari sari store outside their
house. This also helps her family in their everyday
living.
“ dahil sa medyo nakaka ipon dati naka patayo kami
ng medyo maliit na sari-sari store sakto lang para may
pang tulong sa pang araw araw namin ,duon kami
kumukuha ng pang kain naming sa araw araw .kung
minsan naming nakakakuha din kami sa sari sari store
naming ng pag dagdag sa bayarin kung minsa na
hospital yung mga anak ko .
Financial Management
Financially literacy is defined as the possession of
knowledge and skills that enable to informed and
effective money management. According to Kumari et
al. (2019) and Wagland et al. (2009), the other
component of financial literacy is the skill to utilized
knowledge and understanding to make beneficial
Lasin et al.
financial decision. Every participant had different
story and perspectives but they all agreed that their
salary should be manage accordingly. In support,
participant 2 said that the salary she receives should
not be all given to her family in the Philippines so that
she can save up.
“Kailangan dapat alama mo kung saan gagamitin yung
perang pinapadala mo dito sa pinas para yun lang
dapat yung ipadala mo, para naman may matira pa
sayo at maging ipon,kasi kung di ka maging wais . Na
ikaw ang kawawa kasi ikaw din ang mangangailan
kung di ka mag titira para sa sarili mo habang nasa
ibang bansa ka.”
Moreover, Paricipant 4 expressed that as an OFW
there should be another income in the Philippines like
investment so that when they go home there’s a money
that they can rely on.
“As an OFW, kailangan talaga na mautak ka para hindi
mawala lahat pinaghirapan mo at hindi masayang yung
pagod mo, dapat meron kang iba pang pagkakakitaan
maliban sa pagtatrabaho sa ibang.”
Summing former OFWs stories are interesting and
gives a lot of learnings. Not everyone have experience
what they experience.
Conclusion
Based on the summary of findings, the following
conclusion are derived:
(1)Former OFWs work abroad to fulfill the needs of
their family. Working to other country is their best
way to support the financial needs of their family.
Additionally, OFWs are responsible for their family to
pay the kindness that their family gave to them as what
we called “Utang na Loob”. (2)Former Filipino OFWs
wants to work again in overseas to survive poverty and
financial problem that they experienced here in the
Philippines. So they venture to other country to make
their family life’s better. Moreover, being able to
support and to finish their child’s education is one of
their reasons to continue to work. (3)OFWs family
motivation give them strength to them even though
working abroad is not easy. As along as they see that
their family are happy in their fight in overseas and
continue.(4)Savings plan, financial management, and
investing have significant help to former OFWs to
support their selves when they go back here in the
Philippines.
697/698
Psych Educ, 2023, 10: 692-698, Document ID:2023 PEMJ892, doi:10.5281/zenodo.8132666, ISSN 2822-4353
Research Article
References
Rappler. (2016). Aquino and the continuing plight of OFWs.
Retrieved from
https://www.rappler.com/moveph/136415-president-aquino-plight-o
fws/
Philstar. (2023). SWS: 7% of Filipino households have OFWs; 7%
of P ino y s s e e k i n g work a b ro a d . R e t ri e v e d from
https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/04/20/2260364/sws-7-filip
ino-households-have-ofws-7-pinoys-seeking-work-abroad/amp/
Lozada. (2014). Fallen ‘heroes’: OFWs turned hungry and
homeless.Retrieved from
https://www.rappler.com/nation/48107-fallen-heroes-ofws-hungry-h
omeless/ Is Being An OFW (Overseas Filipinos) Worth It
https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fedubirdie.com%2
Fexamples%2Fis -being -an -ofw-overseas-filipinos-worth -
it%2F%3Ffbclid%3DIwAR3iCq54rDbFo-8WP6UoRFIagbtMVzYJ
4hXWnemcENmaAbQo7VsL8Skk2qs&h=AT1m3505ZgnHwhicgd
N8MQcWHY6cAd9ROc5ejXWLcFCGNPR1Mp37b63TXDFJwdx6
T_qDu8mhJ3M73D80HSnD5asnSW8utel5lpx4X98 -
e 5 0 rM W 6 H d c 6 h b E e 9 9 U U5 0 y 6 L F Vh f e A
DOLE:4MPinoyyouths unemployed, out of schoolMayen Jaymalin -
The Philippine Star October 9, 2017 |
4:00pm https://l.facebook.com/l.php
u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Famp%2Fs%2Fwww.phi
lstar.com%2Fheadlines%2F2017%2F10%2F09%2F1747326%2Fdol
e-4-m-pinoy -youths-unemployed-out -
school%2Famp%2F%3Ffbclid%3DIwAR0WvgNaPb6ndO3PxbtW2
9ywo0oQCeGXZfHD2XCmmroty9f1KA7vxnXEMRA&h=AT3SR
uh3wBHY75CaErTytJoJGgQj5PpSI2nU9Gg5P4pZ9nAeTZXxHYJ
m M - Retrieved
oDnD1thRjEhgwJMD89cPGhaoQFI9v8mZW_1yPpFu9rjLovFw8k
wVnPKbd407TQZHfissqYJBhlzz1B
Importance of Savings
https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iciciprulife.
com%2Fprotection -saving -plans%2Fimportance-of-
savings.html%3Ffbclid%3DIwAR2pucbyWIgBGtt1wxEPN9u3dfL
AzUwwyv7h2olBr_nbviFuaJx8enNd7A&h=AT3J8RNi2Y0p05YaU
fgqYhqyFSc297SjuiIfwyqn2EuIDukjI9hwV2dZntr0DiyyJPmlfNrnl
CB1Nk3Yq6Iv4n6qbIdzruK4d3EVgdPTajFDjtxJy2dnzTTsrEydEM
q_WNva-kTviArRx0
THE CONCEPT OF UTANG NA LOOB IN THE PHILIPPINES:
UTANG NA LOOB SCALE Asst. Prof. Geselle Manguiat, RPm,
RPsy | Angelo Miguel Gundran | John Rovin Manalo | Pauline Anne
So ri ano | Rance Loui se C ag s a wa | April 16,
2021https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-ma
nila.letran.edu.ph%2Farticle%2F183%3Ffbclid%3DIwAR1e830pW
58q9VoAwyYFBkr-6HWZpI8zp4ukdGzOA1Eac27jK00AUnBLm
OA&h=AT1m3505ZgnHwhicgdN8MQcWHY6cAd9ROc5ejXWLc
FCGNPR1Mp37b63TXDFJwdx6T_qDu8mhJ3M73D80HSnD5asnS
W8utel5lpx4X98-e50rMW6Hdc6hbEe99UU50y6LFVhfeA
Advantages of Hiring a Filipino Talent December 8,
2022 https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.staffh
ouse.com%2Fadvantages-of-hiring-a-filipino
talent%2F%3Ffbclid%3DIwAR32K2DQlvI2m4b9XQG8S0kIdYAC
MTgHk5KgUMUSuIFtF6i8fZqio6gjBQ%23%3A~%3Atext%3DMa
ny%2520foreign%2520employers%2520prefer%2520to%2Cattentio
n%2520and%2520deliver%2520100%2525%2520satisfaction&h=A
T1m3505ZgnHwhicgdN8MQcWHY6cAd9ROc5ejXWLcFCGNPR
1Mp37b63TXDFJwdx6T_qDu8mhJ3M73D80HSnD5asnSW8utel5l
px4X98-e50rMW6Hdc6hbEe99UU50y6LFVhfeA
Overseas Filipino Workerhttps://l.facebook.com/l.php
Lasin et al.
u=https%3A%2F%2Fen.m.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOverseas_Fil
ipino_Worker%3Ffbclid%3DIwAR2rnFwuojGlY9LgJlm6n2_IQ30
m7YajciegcGl4V5MUD2SbaYW3S_mN45k%23%3A~%3Atext%3
DOverseas%2520Filipino%2520Worker%2520(OFW)%2520is%2C
a%2520limited%2520period%2520of%2520employment&h=AT1m
3505ZgnHwhicgdN8MQcWHY6cAd9ROc5ejXWLcFCGNPR1Mp
37b63TXDFJwdx6T_qDu8mhJ3M73D80HSnD5asnSW8utel5lpx4
X98-e50rMW6Hdc6hbEe99UU50y6LFVhfeA
Ethical Considerations in Research | Types & Examples Published
on October 18, 2021 by Pritha Bhandari. Revised on December 2,
2022. https://l.facebook.com/l.php
u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribbr.com%2Fmethodology%2Fresear
chethics%2F%3Ffbclid%3DIwAR1_59tkR4M1hxyOnZWnmQ2qN
9Nl3D3az1nrEvMeGbWAt5jcwUdF6tyPT4&h=AT1m3505ZgnHw
h i c g d N 8 M Q c W H Y 6 c A d 9 R O c 5 e j X
LcFCGNPR1Mp37b63TXDFJwdx6T_qDu8mhJ3M73D80HSnD5as
n S W 8 u t e l 5 l p x 4 X 9 8 -
e50rMW6Hdc6hbEe99UU50y6LFVhfeAhttps://psa.gov.ph/content/
overseas-workers
FOverseas_Filipino_Worker%3Ffbclid%3DIwAR1CPqfnFK5VpJB
euJ2nXn4nBZk9ALYzlZbh6vXQM4ZX4xxsi2efFUi -
QYg%23%3A~%3Atext%3DOverseas%2520Filipino%2520Worker
%2520(OFW)%2520is%2Ca%2520limited%2520period%2520of%
2520employment&h=AT25hSm_LWZS4rpdY9wIDC1zgsoyFW8lR
HL1DCgejkBlUF5Uwp0M5Oqzk-mdpM-EJg-
AjjyBfxEJc8fEr40kyELh38J7i65 bwkRitnARNG08BUNI-
ji5bDRpOrn5QIX_g0vMgRappler. (2016). Aquino and the
c o n t i n u i n g p l i g h t of O F W s . R e t r i e v e d f ro m
https://www.rappler.com/moveph/136415-president-aquino-plight-o
fws/
Lozada. (2014). Fallen ‘heroes’: OFWs turned hungry and homeless.
from
https://www.rappler.com/nation/48107-fallen-heroes-ofws-hungry-h
omeless/ Philstar. (2023). SWS: 7% of Filipino households have
OFWs; 7% of Pinoys seeking work abroad. Retrieved from
https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/04/20/2260364/sws-7-filip
ino-households-have-ofws-7-pinoys-seeking-work-abroad/amp/
Affiliations and Corresponding Information
Roland R. Lasin
Parang National High School
Department of Education – Philippines
Jehan K. Dumiar
Illana Bay Integrated Computer College Inc. – Philippines
Raida D. Limbuna
Illana Bay Integrated Computer College Inc. – Philippines
Ohara S. Mandar
Illana Bay Integrated Computer College Inc. – Philippines
Farhanah A. Dalao
Illana Bay Integrated Computer College Inc. – Philippines
Geraldine O. Dela Torre
Illana Bay Integrated Computer College Inc. – Philippines
Rosemika M. Mohammad
Illana Bay Integrated Computer College Inc. – Philippines
Jodimer D. Mato
Parang National High School
Department of Education - Philippines
698/698