BIBLIOTHERAPY UTILIZATION: CONTINGENT TO

EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND ALTRUISTIC

BEHAVIOR OF STUDENTS

PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL

2023
Volume: 10
Pages: 1105-1120
Document ID: 2023PEMJ931
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.8172131
Manuscript Accepted: 2023-19-7
Psych Educ, 2023, 10: 1105-1120, Document ID:2023 PEMJ931, doi:10.5281/zenodo.8172131, ISSN 2822-4353
Research Article

Bibliotherapy Utilization: Contingent to Emotional Intelligence and

Altruistic Behavior of Students
Aeriel Jane V. Mingua*
For affiliations and correspondence, see the last page.
Abstract
The study was conducted to analyze the relationship of bibliotherapy utilization with Emotional Intelligence and
Altruistic behavior of Psychology Students of St. Vincent College of Cabuyao, with specific objectives: (1)
determine the personal profile in terms of Age, and Gender; (2) determine the level of the respondents
awareness in bibliotherapy in terms of character behavior, moral lesson, inspirational Impact, ethical belief; (3)
determine the level of emotional inteligence of the respondents in terms of self-awareness, self-management,
social awareness, relationship management; (4) determine the level of altruistic behavior of the respondents in
terms of empathy and desire to help; and (5) to determine if the significant relationship of bibliotheray with
emotional intelligence and altruistic behavior. The study used a quantitative method to determine the relationship
between the level of Bibliotherapy towards Emotional intelligence and Altruism. Purposive Sampling was used
in selecting the respondents of the study. Hence, the researcher conducted a pre-survey to gather qualified
participants for the study. For data gathering purposes, the researchers distributed the link of Google forms
consisting of the survey questionnaires that were answered by the selected participants, one hundred and fifty
(150) Psychology students of St. Vincent College of Cabuyao. Findings of the study showed that, Bibliotherapy
has a significant relationship with emotional inteligence of the students in terms of self-awareness, self-
management, social awareness, relationship management. The results also reveal that Bibliotherapy has a
significant relationship with Altruistic behavior of the respondents in terms of empathy and desire to help. The
study concluded that overall hypothesis is not supported.

Keywords: bibliotherapy, emotional intelligence, altruistic bheavior

Introduction circumstances that emerge, receiving help or providing

For someone who is struggling, reading a story can
provide encouragement and hope. Positive emotions,
which don't just include sensations of happiness, are
what we might desire to feel as we pursue fleeting
pleasure, according to Cherry (2021). Everything we
do, including the including the way we take actions,
and make choices is influenced by the emotions we
frequently feel at a given time. Self-awareness, Self-
regulation, Internal motivation, empathy, and social
skills are the five fundamental components of
Goleman's theory of emotional intelligence, which has
an impact on daily activities and your capacity to
connect with others. 2018 (Chignell) Gupta and Kumar
(2015) noted that emotional intelligence is described
as the capacity to understand and reason with emotion,
absorb in thought, and manage one's own and other
people's emotions. The definition places a strong
emphasis on four key skill areas: accurately
recognizing emotions, using emotions to stimulate
thought, comprehending emotions, and managing
emotions in a way that promotes social interaction and
personal development.
In this world preoccupied with different dilemmas,
people tend to experience mental health concerns like
negativities and stress. Due to unexpected
help is something that is common. According to
Cherry (2021), altruism is doing something to help
another person with no expectation of reward. It was
elaborated that altruism refers to any action that
benefits other people without expecting anything in
return. But nowadays, people are more prone to
pessimism. Pessimism can affect a student’s ability to
concentrate and perform better. According to a news
page Philstar global (Flores 2019) mentioned
“Filipinos were among the most stressed people in the
world in 2018” It was based on the latest report
released by US pollster Gallup. In this article, Flores
also states that sixty percent (60%) of the Filipinos
were reported that they had experienced positive and
negative emotions, together with other countries like
Nigeria, Ecuador, and Liberia. The Philippines ranked
second in the list of most stressed countries. In
connection with this, an article by Caruncho (2019)
shows the mental health status of the teenage Filipino
that is prone to different stress-related issues. It was
mentioned that statistics on suicide are even more
alarming. A 2015 survey of Philippine high school
students ages thirteen to seventeen shows that in the
past years, seventeenth percent (17%) had a suicide
attempt while twelve percent (12%) had a suicide
ideation. Caruncho (2019) cited a professor and
psychiatrist from the University of the Philippines, Dr.

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Research Article
Banaag who explained that there was an ongoing crisis
in the Philippines. According to him, the degree of
anxiety and depression in our present time obtain a
much higher percentage than the previous years.
The researcher recently learned of a therapy called
bibliotherapy. Bibliotherapy makes use of a variety of
books that are pertinent to the patient's circumstance or
area of interest. Fictional or nonfictional works are
used in book therapy. Just reading the narrative,
writing about your own experience, or telling a story
are sufficient. The researcher has observed that many
counselors use bibliotherapy by using books from all
around the world. Some of them make use of
biographies as educational literature. The Philippines
is renowned for its steadfast faith, warmth, fortitude,
and kindness. However, in the past years, Filipino
faced different disasters that shake their emotion like
the ash fall from taal volcano and the pandemic corona
virus that resulted to economic recession, scarcity of
food, price hike and hoarding of medical supplies. It
was followed by personal stressors that trigger an
individual to become a negative thinker. The
researcher knows that teenage is a crucial part of one's
life, especially in young adults life as here you can
experience a lot of changes not only in physical
appearance but most especially in the emotional and
psychological aspect of our life. If reading can be
beneficial to enhance and boost positive emotional
intelligence and altruistic behavior, the researcher
wants to know the extent of using biblical stories as a
medium in performing bibliotherapy.
According to Shrodes, who was referenced by Bijal
Shah (2019), characters in stories can have a
significant impact on readers who can relate to them.
The aware Reader, written by Shrodes, emphasizes the
significance and positive effects of bibliotherapy on a
person's life.
According to Dr. Liz Bwester, who was cited by Fraga
(2018), bibliotherapy can aid in the understanding,
processing, and consideration of challenging emotions.
Additionally, according to Dr. Brewster, bibliotherapy
might make people feel less isolated. The statement
above about the advantages of reading to everyone is
supported by a research done by the American
Counseling Association. Pehrsson and McMillen
(2007) asserted that narratives have an emotional
impact on people. They contend that reading is a tool
for enhancing and shaping one's personality.
Storytelling and reading have an impact on a person's
viewpoint and beliefs. They mention that it first
appeared in the Atlantic Monthly in 1916, when
Samuel Carothers defined bibliotherapy as the process
Aeriel Jane V. Mingua
of using books to educate those receiving medical care
about their conditions. Their study claims that
bibliotherapy includes the use of books within
therapeutic context. Reading therapy, literatherapy,
book matching, and biblioguidance are a few of the
older terms they used.
The fact that it is one of the therapy that is used by
many as a treatment, pessimism can be conquered by
promoting positivity. Hundreds of people have tried to
express themselves in a different way. Students today
usually suffers on different types of stressors. Those
stressors hinders an individual to achieve peace and
positive emotion. As the negative thoughts
continuously arise, link between the bibliotherapy and
its effectiveness on a person’s emotional intelligence
and altruistic behavior leaves curiosity.
Research Questions
This research would like to determine the relationship
of bibliotherapy utilization towards the level of
emotional intelligence and altruistic behavior among
psychology students. Specifically, this seeks to answer
the following questions:
1. What are the demographic profile of the respondents
in terms of:
1.1 Age; and
1.2 Gender?
2. What is the perceived level of awareness of students
in bibliotherapy utilization in terms of:
2.1 Character behavior;
2.2 Moral lesson;
2.3 Inspirational impact; and
2.4 Ethical belief?
3. What is the level of emotional intelligence of the
respondents in terms of:
3.1 Self-awareness;
3.2 Self-management;
3.3 Social awareness; and
3.4 Relationship management?
4. What is the level of altruistic behavior of the
students in terms of:
4.1 Empathy; and
4.2 Desire to help?
5. Is there a significant relationship between the
bibliotherapy utilization and Emotional Intelligence?
6. Is there a significant relationship between the
bibliotherapy utilization and altruistic behavior of
students?
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Research Article

Methodology Research Instrument

This study utilized questionnaire which is divided into

Research Design (3) three parts. Part I pertains to the profile of the
respondents in terms of, age, and gender. Part II is a 20
This is a quantitative design of research, as researchers item self-made questionnaire intended to measure the
will obtain quantifiable information. The study used stu d en ts’ level of awaren ess in terms of
quantitative methods that emphasize numerical bibliotherapy. Part III is the five-point Likert Scale
analysis and data through questionnaires. The composed of 45 items which are divided into; a)
researcher utilized the correlational method of analysis Altruistic Personality Scale and b). Emotional
in this study to determine whether a relationship or Intelligence Scale. The intention was to measure the
a s s o c i a t io n ex ist s b e t ween two or m o re altruistic behavior and emotional intelligence of
variables.Correlational method of study as defined by individuals. The researcher wanted to measure the
McLeod,S.A. (2020) is a quantitative method of level of connection between bibliotherapy, with that of
research in which there are two or more quantitative to emotional intelligence and altruistic behavior of the
variables from the same group of subjects, and it tries students. Emotional intelligence scale is a validated
to determine if there is a relationship (or covariation) questionnaire anchored on Daniel Goleman's theory of
between the two variable (a similarity between them, Emotional intelligence based on the previous study of
not a difference between their means). Correlational Ms Pales (2015). The researcher asked permission
method measures the strength of association between from the author of the Emotional Intelligence scale to
two variables in statistics, the value of correlation be used in this study.
coefficient varies between +1 and -1. It also allows the
researcher to clearly and easily see if there is a On the other hand, Altruistic Personality Scale is also a
relationship between variables, this can be displayed in validated questionnaire that is used in some studies
a graphical form. According to Mcleod (2020) there highlighting altruism. It was used as a tool that
are three possible result for a correlational study those measures empathy, voluntary and desire to help
are, negative correlation, positive correlation and no (Kuswoyo et al. 2020). In Kuswoyo (2020) study, the
correlation at all. He also stated that to determine researcher found that the aspects and indicators that
negative correlation, one variable is associated with a make up the altruism scale are declared valid and
decrease in the other, while positive correlation means reliable. The results show that altruism scale has good
that a relationship between two variables go in the reliability in all aspect. In connection with this, the
same direction. The third one is zero correlation which altruism scale was also used by Nanyanja (2019) to
means there is no relationship between the two measure altruistic behavior.
variables. The researchers employed this method to
determine the level of connection between Research Procedure
bibliotherapy using biblical stories, emotional
intelligence, and altruistic behavior of the students in In order to gather relevant information needed to
the respondet school. accomplish this research study, the following steps and
procedures were taken into consideration:First, the
Population and Sample Size researcher started gathering information and resources
from libraries and other information were gathered
Population of the students includes five hundred (500) from books, journals, and online references. The
students studying at St. Vincent College of Cabuyao, researcher collected information and facts essential to
located at Brgy. Mamatid, Cabuyao City, Laguna from the study and came up with a questionnaire to be
where the samples were carefully selected through utilized in order to gather data for the research study.
purposive sampling technique. It is form of non- The researchers utilized a self-made survey
probability sampling in which researcher relied on questionnaire validated by professionals and seek 63
their own judgement when choosing numbers of the students of the same eligibility criteria, for pilot testing
population to participate in the survey. All of the but were not to be included as sample respondents of
selected participants have already experienced the use the study. The researcher sought the guidance of a
of bibliotherapy.From the department of psychology statistician to use Cronbach Alpha formula to check
the samples consisted of twenty five (25) male, one the internal consistency of the instrument. The
hundred twenty five (125) female with a total sample researcher presented statistical tools to understand and
of one hundred fifty (150) students having age bracket analyze the collected data acquiring help from the
from 18 to 40 years old. experts in order to establish a reliable computation.

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Research Article

The frequency and percentage, mean and Pearson r

correlation were used to determine the correlation
included in 24-29 years old bracket, and one
between bibliotherapy utilization towards emotional
respondents
intelligence and altruistic behavior.
The outcomes above specified that most of the
Through the use of the questionnaire, the researcher
respondents were young adults. Lindberg (2021)
accumulated information from the responses provided
mentioned that bibliotherapy can benefit people of all
by the respondents. After consulting the statistician,
ages. She also clarifies that it will be more beneficial if
the researcher was assured that the instruments were
people are willing to read and share. It was clearly
valid and reliable before conducting the actual data
stated that bibliotherapy can be used as a support for
gathering based on the good results of internal
other forms of therapy since it can be offered both
consistency from the pilot testing. Moreover, the
individual and group settings and for all people with
researcher used an online platform to provide
all ages.
questionnaires and explain instructions for the
respondents. The researcher managed and distributed
Table 2. The Demographic Profile of the Respondents
the questionnaires online using google forms. Upon
According to Gender
collecting the questionnaires, the data taken from the
respondents were carefully analyzed and checked by
the researcher. Subsequently, the responses were
tallied, computed, and tabulated. To provide the
analysis and interpretation of data, tables and figures
were constructed.

Statistical Treatment of Data

For the analysis of the data gathered, the following
statistical measures will be using.Frequency
distribution and percent count were used to describe
the profile of the respondents. Mean and standard
deviation were used to asses the perception of the
respondents on the variables of the study and lastly,
the Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient
wss used to determine the correlation of bibliotherapy
with that of emotional intelligence and altruistic
behavior at 0.01 level of probability.
Results and Discussion
Table 1. Profile of the Respondents According to Age
Table 1 illustrates the demographic profile of the
respondents according to age. The data indicates that
the majority of the college students, 90% are 18 to 23
years old, with 135 over 150 respondents. On the other
hand, only 9.3% or 14 out of 100 respondents are
Table 2 shows the distribution of respondents
according to gender. As presented in the table above,
amongst the respondent’s gender, male and female.
Female got the highest, the data indicates that the
majority of the college students, 83.3% are female,
with 125 over 150 respondents. In contrast, male
respondents are 16.7% or 25 out of 150 respondents.
This level of percentage can be attributed to the
number of enrolled students in the Psychology
department were the female dominate in number.
In connection with this, a research was conducted by
Beres (2016) just to highlight how biblotherapy
impacts women’s lives. In this study, beres emphasize
that bibliotherapy is an interactive use of reading and
writing, stating that it promotes personal growth,
wellbeing of people from various age with or without
mental health problems. The study revolves not only
on how bibliotherapy is taking part on a lifelong
perspective, but also as their source of motivations. As
stated by Beres, the finding states that Bibliotherapy
helps them become more capable to perceive, express
and understand one’s emotions and ideas, including
the capability to to share personal emotional
experience to the practice of giving and getting
support.

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Research Article
Table 3. Level of Bibliotherapy in terms of Character
behavior
The table 3 shows that indicator number eight “The
behavior of the characters I have read inspired me to
improve my behavior and attitude” obtained the
highest mean of 4.86 and a standard deviation of 0.38
with a verbal interpretation of “Always” With this
result, it means that the respondents of the study are
being inspired by the characters they have read and it
helps them to improve their behavior.
In connection with this, Indicator number five “Using
bibliotherapy, I was able to relate my emotions with
the characters I have read” is the second to the highest
score, with a mean of (4.79) and a standard deviation
of (0.44) with a verbal interpretation of “Always”.
This reveals that the respondents of the study can
relate their emotions with the characters they have
read.
On the other hand, item number four The behavior of
the characters I have read influences my own, have the
lowest mean of 4.60 and a standard deviation of 0.57
which led to a verbal interpretation of “always” The
result clearly states that the behavior of the character
influence them.
All in all the table shows that majority of the result
measuring the level of bibliotherapy in terms of
character behavior obtained a composite mean of
(4.74) and a standard deviation of (0.29) yielding the
verbal interpretation “always”. Since all indicators
obtain a verbal interpretation “always” This indicates a
high level of bibliotherapy in terms of character
behavior.
Padre (2018) mention that stories we have read
influence an individual’s perspectives, attitude, belief
Aeriel Jane V. Mingua
and behavior. It mention that, stories serve as
inspiration that shapes an individual. He added that it
is the reason why certain stories are more memorable
than others. The more captivating it is, the more it
increases retention and significantly improve our
potential to behavior change. It was explained that
reading and storytelling is a vehicle for change.
Table 4. Level of Bibliotherapy in terms of Moral
lesson
The table shows that indicator number five “Reading
stories reminded me of the moral lessons useful for
self-improvement.” obtained the highest mean of 4.85
and a standard deviation of 0.35 with a verbal
interpretation of “Always” In relation to this, another
indicator obtained the same mean 4.85 with a standard
deviation of 0.41 and the same verbal interpretation of
“always” With this result, it means that reading stories
help the respondents realize some valuable ideas that
reflects good action and self improvement.
In connection with this, Indicator number four
“Reading stories helps me realize some moral lessons
that I need to consider in life” is the second to the
highest score, with a mean of (4.84) and a standard
deviation of (0.39) with a verbal interpretation of
“Always”. This reveals that reading helps the
respondents realize some moral lessons that they need
to consider in life. On the other hand, item number one
The stories that I have read help me observe and
practice good moral standards, have the lowest mean
of 4.81 and a standard deviation of 0.41 which led to a
verbal interpretation of “always” The result clearly
states that the stories they have read helps them to
practice good moral standard.
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All in all the table shows that majority of the result
measuring the level of bibliotherapy in terms of moral
lesson obtained a composite mean of (4.77) and a
standard deviation of (0.30) yielding the verbal
interpretation “always”. Since all indicators obtain a
verbal interpretation “always” This indicates a high
level of bibliotherapy in terms of in moral lesson.
According to Lim (2019) reading helps us by gaining
moral lessons on what we have read. In the article she
wrote it says that “Learning is never finished. Some of
these lessons come from experience, yet there are
others that we learn watching others or reading in
books” In this article she highlight seven stories that
give moral lessons that we may use on our daily life.
Table 5. Level of Bibliotherapy in terms of
inspirational impact.
The table shows that Item number two “The stories
biographies I have read inspire me to be a better
person.” obtained the highest mean of 4.81 and a
standard deviation of 0.42 with a verbal interpretation
of “Always” With this result, it means that the stories
they have read inspires them.
In connection with this, Indicator number eight
“Reading stories motivated me to dream big and set
my life goals.” is the second to the highest score, with
a mean of (4.80) and a standard deviation of (0.46)
with a verbal interpretation of “Always”. This reveals
that reading inspires them to dream big and helps to set
their life goals.
Aeriel Jane V. Mingua
On the other hand, item number six I gained
confidence and healthy thoughts after reading the
stories/biographies, have the lowest mean of 4.63 and
a standard deviation of 0.54 which led to a verbal
interpretation of “always” The result clearly states that
the respondents gained confidence and increase their
healthy thoughts after reading.
All in all the table shows that majority of the result
measuring the level of bibliotherapy in terms of
inspirational impact obtained a composite mean of
(4.73) and a standard deviation of (0.31) yielding the
verbal interpretation “always”. Since all indicators
obtain a verbal interpretation “always” This indicates a
high level of bibliotherapy in terms of inspirational
impact.
In line with the results above, an article written by
Buggs (2020) States that when a person is down and
needed some advice, there is no better place to look
than in a biography about a successful person.
According to him Inspirational biographies, however,
provide insight into life struggles of the rich and
successful. He clearly stated that inspirational
biographies gives confidence to conquer hardships.
Table 6. Level of Bibliotherapy in terms of ethical
belief.
The table shows that Item number one “The behavior
of the characters portrayed a good influence on my
perspectives with regards to what is right and what is
wrong” obtained the highest mean of 4.80 and a
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standard deviation of 0.42 with a verbal interpretation
of “Always” With this result, it means that the
respondents perception of right and wrong were being
influenced by the stories they have read.
In connection with this, Indicator number eight “In the
stories/biographies I have read, the interaction of the
characters helped me to be open-minded in
understanding and fulfilling my/our obligation/s to the
society” is the second to the highest score, with a mean
of (4.79) and a standard deviation of (0.44) with a
verbal interpretation of “Always”. This reveals that
read ing helps them to be open m ind ed in
understanding and fulfilling their obligations.
On the other hand, item number three Characters that I
have read influence my belief and principles in life.,
have the lowest mean of 4.61 and a standard deviation
of 0.59 which led to a verbal interpretation of “always”
The result clearly states that the characters they have
read in the story influence the respondents belief and
principles in life.
All in all the table shows that majority of the result
measuring the level of bibliotherapy in terms of ethical
belief obtained a composite mean of (4.73) and a
standard deviation of (0.32) yielding the verbal
interpretation “always”. Since all indicators obtain a
verbal interpretation “always” This indicates a high
level of bibliotherapy in terms of ethical belief.
Oatley Cited by Berkeley U.C. (2023) stated how
reading books and fictional works nurture empathy
and enhance our social and emotional lives. According
to him, reading helps us form connections. The feeling
elicited by reading motivates the reader. Whenever
someone read a novel or a book, When a favored
character in a story does well, we feel pleased; when a
disliked character succeeds, we are displeased. There
is a clear connection between the story and the readers
emotions, particularly on what we believe is right.
Suggesting that it greatly influence our opinion stand
and belief.
Table 7. Summary table in bibliotherapy
Aeriel Jane V. Mingua
In realtion with table 7 the summary of data in
bibliotherapy, it shows Moral lesson (Mean=4.77,
SD=0.30) which project the highest level. Some of the
reason people are being encouraged to read is that they
know the fact, some learnings with moral guide are
being introduced through reading. According to Vohra
(2021) reading great stories allows an individual to
reflect on what happen and think about possible
actions if they encounter similar incidents. It also
mentions that stories with morals help them
understand lessons in diffirent situations by reconizing
what is morally right from wrong. Furthermore
Character behavior (Mean=4.74, SD=0.29) possits that
the character they have read in the story influence
them. According to an article published by NY book
editors (2018) the characters serve as driving force in
story, with this reader relate their situation on the
projected character in the story.
Moreover, inspirational impact (Mean=4.73, SD=0.31)
project similar level of mean with ethical belief
(Mean=4.73, SD=0.31) which indicates that the
characters in the story that they have read influence the
way they view life and reflect on different values.
Boekwerk (2019) mentioned that reading helps people
become more aware of their surroundings, they are
more informed and capable of reflecting of their own
conduct. Reading allows them to acquire a wide range
of skills. It was stated that, reading gives reader the
capacity to enhanced their imagination and develop
better understanding.
Table 8. Level of Emotional intelligence in terms of
self-awareness
Table 8 displays the findings for all respondents in
terms of self-awareness. With a mean of (4.57) and a
standard deviation of (0.41), item number one
recognizing my emotions, obtained the highest mean
of 4.69 with a verbal interpretation of "Most of the
time". This indicates that the participants in the study
recognizes their emotions most of the time. Item
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number six “I know myself very well and I accept the
way I am” is the second to the highest score, with a
mean of (4.67) and a standard deviation of (0.63) with
a verbal interpretation of “most of the time”. This
means that participants of the study not just recognize
their emotions but also accepts themselves for who
they are, indicating a high level of self-awareness.
However, item number four expressing my feelings,
have the least mean of (4.39) and a standard deviation
of (0.75) also resulting to a verbal interpretation
"often" indicating that the majority of respondents
often express their feelings and recognizes their
emotions most of the time. All other statements also
obtained a verbal interpretation of "most of the time"
with a Composite Mean of (4.57), indicating a high
level of Self-Awareness.
According to Kaiser (2020), being able to properly see
oneself and one's emotions is made possible by having
self-awareness skills. This not only helps individuals
better understand their own abilities which can help
with their education to recognize their own strengths
and weaknesses, but it also encourages emotions of
confidence and self-purpose.
Table 9. Level of Emotional intelligence in terms of
self-management
Table 9 presents the level of Self-management. The
table shows that Item number four “I have positive
feelings about myself” obtained the highest mean of
4.61 and a standard deviation of 0.59 with a verbal
interpretation of “most of the time” With this result, it
means the majority of respondents has a positive
feelings about themselves.
In connection with this, Item number five “My
emotions do not interfere with ability to focus and
accomplish my goals.” is the second to the highest
score, with a mean of (4.58) and a standard deviation
of (0.62) with a verbal interpretation of “most of the
time”. This means that participants of the study
manage their emotions well and it never interfere with
Aeriel Jane V. Mingua
their ability to focus and accomplish their goals.
On the other hand, item number one Tolerating
frustrations, have the least mean of 3.94 and a standard
deviation of 0.96 which led to a verbal interpretation
of “often” The result clearly shows that in terms of
tolerating frustrations the respondents can often govern
themselves. All in all the table shows that majority of
the result measuring the level of self-management
obtained a composite mean of (4.44) and a standard
deviation of (0.48) yielding the verbal interpretation
“most of the time” This indicates a high level of self-
management. This shows that the respondents who
already experience bibliotherapy has a high level of
self management.
In relation to the result of the table above, the study of
Sharma (2022) stated that Bibliotherapy is designed to
improve self-management. According to the result of
his study, students don’t just go to school to learn
about academic lectures but also to gain sufficient
understanding on personal effectiveness skills by
improving self-management. In his study, participants
are also students who experience bibliotherapy.
Table 10. Emotional intelligence in terms of Social
Awareness
Table 10 presents the level of Social Awareness. The
table shows that Item number four “I give
compliments and appreciation to others” obtained the
highest mean of 4.89 and a standard deviation of 0.38
with a verbal interpretation of “most of the time” With
this result, it means the majority of respondents knows
how to appreciate and give compliments to other
individual.
In connection with this, Item number six “I take into
consideration how other people feel” is the second to
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the highest score, with a mean of (4.88) and a standard
deviation of (0.38) with a verbal interpretation of
“most of the time”. This means that participants of the
study are more likely to express compassion and
consideration to other individuals feelings.
Based on the table above, item number two Listening
to what other people say, have the least mean of 4.63
and a standard deviation of 0.71 which led to a verbal
interpretation of “most of the time” It indicates that the
participants in this study simply know how to listen to
what other people is saying.
The table shows that the result measuring the level of
social awareness obtained a mean of (4.77) and a
standard deviation of (0.33) yielding the verbal
interpretation “most of the time”. It strongly suggest
that the participants who have already experience
bibliotherapy have a level of social awareness.
Lindberg (2021) Mentioned that one of the benefits of
using bibliotherapy is that, it helps an individual see
how other people address their issues. Through this,
they are technically aware how others resolve and
manage their issues, may it be difficult or simple.
Individuals gain a deeper understanding on different
concerns being brought by exposure in bibliotherapy.
Table 11. Level of Emotional intelligence in terms of
Relationship Management
Table 11 presents the level of Emotional Intelligence
in terms of Relationship Management. The table shows
that Item number six “I have one or more close
friendships.” obtained the highest mean of 4.87 and a
standard deviation of 0.36 with a verbal interpretation
of “most of the time” With this result, it shows that
majority of respondents has a good companion or close
friendship.
Aeriel Jane V. Mingua
In connection with this, Item number three “Sharing
and cooperating” is the second to the highest score,
with a mean of (4.79) and a standard deviation of
(0.44) with a verbal interpretation of “most of the
time”. This reveals that participants of the study is
cooperative and has a willingness to collaborate and
join with other individual.
Based on the table above, item number four I am
assertive (rather than passive, manipulative, or
aggressive) in relationships., have the least mean of
4.45 and a standard deviation of 0.76 which led to a
verbal interpretation of “often” It indicates that the
participants in this study are often assertive in
relationships.
The table shows that the result measuring the level of
relationship management obtained a mean of (4.67)
and a standard deviation of (0.37) yielding the verbal
interpretation “most of the time”. It strongly suggest
that the participants have a high level of relationship
management.
Table 12. Summary table of the students level of
Emotional Intelligence
Table 12 displays the summary of data of students’
level of emotional intelligence, wherein the result
demonstrated that “most of the time” the student who
experience bibliotherapy increased their level of
emotional intelligence. The student social-awareness
(Mean=4.77, SD=0.33) ranked the most dominant
which implies that students know how to show
empathy and sensitivity to others feeling and take into
consideration how other people reacts. In relation to
this according to Stanborough (2019) people who read
literary fiction that explores the inner lives of
characters project a heighted ability to understand the
feelings and belief of others. It was also mentioned
that reading gives relief and reduces stress in readers
psychological and emotional health.
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Table 13. Level of Altruism in terms of Empathy
Table 13 presents the level of Altruism in terms of
Empathy. The table shows that Item number five “I
have help a friend finishing a heavy task without
asking for anything in return.” obtained the highest
mean of 4.76 and a standard deviation of 0.46 with a
verbal interpretation of “very often” With this result, it
shows that majority of respondents are willing to help
without asking anything in return.
In connection with this, Item number six “I have
helped a classmate who I did not know that well with
an assignment when my knowledge was greater than
his or hers.” is the second to the highest score, with a
mean of (4.71) and a standard deviation of (0.51) with
a verbal interpretation of “very often”. This reveals
that respondents has a willingness to help others who
are greatly in need.
Based on the table above, item number two, “I have let
a neighbor I did not know well borrow an item of
value to me” have the least mean of 4.14 and a
standard deviation of 1.00 which led to a verbal
interpretation of “often” It indicates that majority of
the participants often let their neighbor acquire or
obtain some valuable things for them.
The table shows that the result measuring the level of
relationship management obtained a mean of (4.46)
and a standard deviation of (0.47) yielding the verbal
interpretation “very often”. It clearly stipulate that the
participants have a high level of altruism in terms of
Aeriel Jane V. Mingua
empathy. The results shows that they have the
willingness to help in times of need.
Table 14. Level of Altruism in terms of the desire to
help
Table 14 presents the level of Altruism in terms of
desire to help. The table shows that Item number two
“I have given directions to a stranger” obtained the
highest mean of 4.81 and a standard deviation of 0.45
with a verbal interpretation of “very often” With this
result, it shows that majority of respondents has a
strong desire to provide help even in strangres.
In connection with this, Item number eight “I have
held the door open for a stranger.” is the second to the
highest score, with a mean of 4.65 and a standard
deviation of (0.56) with a verbal interpretation of
“very often”. This indicates that respondents are
willing to help the strangers they met even in times of
need.
Based on the table above, item number two, “l have
pointed out a clerk's error (in a bank, at the
supermarket) in undercharging me for an item” have
the least mean of 4.07 and a standard deviation of 1.07
which led to a verbal interpretation of “often” It
indicates that the participants often pointed out errors
relevant to undercharging an item.
The table shows that the result measuring the level of
altruism in terms of desire to help obtained a mean of
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In addition, Character behavior demonstrate a low

(4.49) and a standard deviation of (0.46) yielding the
verbal interpretation “very often”. It clearly stipulate
that the participants have a high level of altruism in
terms of the desire of helping others specially
strangers.
Table 15. Summary table in Altruistic Behavior
positive correlation of 0.01 (2 tailed) in Social
awareness at 0.491. In relationship management the
table above shows 0.497, an indication of relationship
with the repondents character behavior. The result
portrays that the character behavior of the respondents
is also related on their relationship management. This
also implies that the characters in the story contributes
on the readers level of social awareness and
relationship management.

Furthermore, moral lesson exhibit a moderate positive

correlation of 0.01 (2 tailed) in relationship
management at 0.603. Aside from this, the table above
also shows a significant correlation of 0.01 (2 tailed) in
social awareness at 0.565 and a similar result with self-
awareness at 0.504. The result suggest that the moral
Table 15 projects the summary of data of students lesson in the story deeply contribute on the level of
level of altruistic behavior, wherein the result relationship management of the reader.
demonstrated that “very often” the student who
experienced bibliotherapy utilization increses their On the other hand, Inspirational impact has a moderate
altruistic behavior. The student empathy and desire to positive correlation of 0.01 (2 tailed) in self-
help expands more and based on the result, the desire management at 0.514 . This simply suggest that the
to help (Mean=4.49, SD=0.46) indicated a very high characters they have read inspires them. As revealed in
level which shows that students who experience the table, inspirational impact has a significant
bibliotherapy are willing to help in times of needs. correlation of 0.01 (2 tailed) in self-awareness at 0.491
According to Schmidt (2020) it was mentioned that an indication that reading stories encourage and help
reading is an exploration of the human experience. It the reader to develop a positive outlook in life.
enables an individual to become better at emphatizing
and providing help to promote kindness to others. Based on the data from the table above, Ethical belief
has a moderate positive correlation of 0.01 (2 tailed) in
Table 16. Significant Relationship of Bibliotherapy self management at 0.565 and a much lower level of
and Emotional Intelligence. correlation when it comes to social awareness at 0.384.
aside from this, ethical belief has a significant
correlation of 0.01 (2 tailed) in relationship
management at 0.554 which indicates that characters
in the story contributes on their belief. It allows an
individual to rethink their values and prnciples in life.

As stated by Lindberg (2021) bibliotherapy can be

Table 16 presents the significant relationship between
bibliotherapy and emotional intelligence. From the
table above it can be observed that most of the result
project a moderate positive correlation. The
respondents Character behavior shows a moderate
positive correlation of 0.01 (2 tailed) at self-
management at 0.537. This emphasize that the
respondents character behavior impacts the level of
self-management. This strengthens the fact that the
character in the story that we have read impacts the
reader’s level of self management.
used to improve life and it is very beneficial to those
individuals with disturbance in emotion, relationship,
management and others aspects of life like grief and
loss. Bibliotherapy helps an individual to gain insight
into the personal challenges they’re dealing with. This
promotes effective problem solving, understanding,
and self awareness.
This supports that previous study of Beres (2016) who
stated that bibliotherapy provides psychological
support that results to empowerment of those
individuals who use the process. It was also mentioned
that best practice of bibliotherapy in UK and USA by
Feminist Psychotherapist usually represent as a Direct
Feminist Approach as they acknowledge its
therapeutical benefits.

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Table 17. Presents the Significant Relationship of
Bibliotherapy and Altruism.
Table 17 presents the significant relationship between
bibliotherapy and altruism. Wherein the bibliotherapy
was measured with the Character Behavior, having
moderate positive correlation of 0.01 (2 tailed) in
desire to help at 0.553 This indicates the respondents
has a strong willingness to help in times of needs. On
the otherhand, Character behavior has a significant
relationship of 0.01 (2 tailed) in empathy at 0.529
which emphasize that readers empathy are being
influenced by the characters they have read.
On the other hand based on the table above, Moral
lesson showed a moderate positive correlation with
empathy at 0.522 and it also showed the same result
with the desire to help at 0.500. This suggest that
readers absorb lessons useful for self improvement and
empathic understanding. Readers learned through
reading, the result shows how their desire to help is
being influenced by the moral lesson they encounter
from reading.
Based on the data provided on the table above,
Inspirational impact has a moderate positive
correlation of 0.01 (2 tailed) in desire to help at 0.547
which clearly depicts that the readers desire to help are
motivated by what they have read. On the other hand,
inspirational impact has a significant correlation of
0.01 (2 tailed) in empathy at 0.456 which suggest that
reading inspires the reader through boosting the level
of good thoughts by increasing the level of empathy.
The table above also highlights the ethical belief which
has a significant correlation of 0.01 (2 tailed) in desire
to help at 0.654 which depicts a clear representation on
how readers ethical belief greatly influenced by the
story they have read. It gives them a positive view
point in terms of the desire to help. Moreover, ethical
belief has a significant correlation of 0.01 (2 tailed) in
empathy at 0.654 which strongly suggest that
characters in the story greatly serve as a way to
Aeriel Jane V. Mingua
improve the readers empathy by exposing them into
different principles and ethical belief. . It clearly shows
that the respondents who experience bibliotherapy
have also a high level of altruism. This shows that
bibliotherapy greatly influences an individuals
altruistic perspective.
According to Georgios et, al. (2022) Bibliotherapy
provides children with information to help them
resolve and deal with their problem. By reading others
conflicts, experiences and reactions, they gain a clearer
perspectives. It is also stated that books are effective
tool in shaping how they think. Characters in the story
greatly influence them. In connection with this,
another study stated that charaters in the stories serves
as heroes.
" These heroes constantly choose to improve
themselves, make the right decision and take risks to
help others. The hard times they experience and the
situations they face highlight their selflessness, self-
denial, altruism and charity, from which their triumph
emerges. The main message of these superhero stories
is that by restoring faith in others, they restore faith in
themselves and in their lives. In the words of Batman,
Bruce Wayne, "they fall, but they learn to get up and
keep going" (Betzalel & Shechtman, 2017).
Conclusion
The following are the conclusions made by the
researchers based on the study summary of findings
and the result of the research.
Based on the findings of the study, the null hypothesis
that there is no significant relationship between
bibliotherapy utilization and emotional intelligence is
not supported. On the other hand, the null hypothesis
that there is no significant relationship between
bibliotherapy utilization and altruistic behavior of
students are not supported. Bibliotherapy is an unusual
topic yet, this study proves that it was being provided
as part of nurturing an individuals decision making,
emotional response and their relationship with others
through reading. It can be given to everyone regardless
of their age, and gender. The researchers concluded
that the more they practice bibliotherapy the more they
were being influenced by what they have read.
Findings suggest that, it makes the reader more
motivated and inspired. It also gives them chance to
reflect on different moral standards. Through reading,
it allows them to rethink, gained confidence and
healthy thoughts that help them to come up with a
better version of themselves. The result also shows
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that the characters they have read has a significant
impacts on their altruistic behavior and emotional
intelligence. The way they manage themselves, cope
with different stressors and express their feelings. The
findings shows that it also helps them maintain
positive relation with others. The result revealed the
significant relationship between bibliotherapy
utilization towards emotional intelligence and altruistic
behavior. As the bibliotherapy utilization increases, the
students emotional intelligence and altruistic behavior
also increases. Findings shows the beneficial
effectiveness of reading stories in an individuas life.
The characters they read influence the way they think
and how they express their emotions.
Based on the above findings and conclusions the
following recommendations are suggested: (1) In
terms of gender gender, since this study focus only in
male and female the future researcher may use the
LGBTQA+ to be their respondents. This is to identify
if they will also get the same result. The future
researchr may also choose other age bracket since this
study focused on 18 to 40 years old. (2)The
bibliotherapy education, orientation and practice is
recommended since the result of this study clearly
suggest that it is significantly related in our emotional
intelligence and altruistic behavior. It should be
recommended in particular, male students, just like
female students, and it should be provided with
opportunities to increase their social emotional
development. (3) In terms of the bibliotherapy studies
that will be conducted going forward, it will be
beneficial to consider individuals of different ages as
the basis and to focus on issues other than emotional
intelligence and altruism.
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Affiliations and Corresponding Information
Aeriel Jane V. Mingua
• Laguna State Polytechnic University Philippines
• St. Vincent College of Cabuyao - Philippines
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