ITP - MODULE 3
The
HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY
PART 3
The development of psychology
continues with these three more
schools of thought.
COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
During the 1950s and 1960s, a movement known as
the cognitive revolution began to take hold in
psychology. During this time, cognitive psychology
began to replace psychoanalysis and behaviorism as
the dominant approach to the study of psychology.
Psychologists were still interested in looking at
observable behaviors, but they were also concerned
with what was going on inside the mind.
These are the three main focus of cognitive
psychology. First, cognitive psychologists focus on
the process of knowing rather than merely
responding to stimuli. The important factors are
mental processes and events, not stimulus-response
connections; the emphasis is on the mind, not
behavior. Second, cognitive psychologists are
interested in how the mind structures or organizes
experience.
The mind gives form and coherence to mental
experience; this process is the subject matter of
cognitive psychology. Lastly, cognitive
psychologists believe that the individual actively and
creatively arranges the stimuli received from the
environment.
Humans are capable of participating in the
acquisition and application of knowledge,
deliberately attending to some events and choosing
to commit them to memory. And human is not, as the
behaviorists claimed, passive responders to external
forces or blank slates on which sensory experience
will write. (Schultz & Schultz 2016)
Cognitive psychology has remained a dominant area
of psychology as researchers continue to study things
such as perception, memory, decision-making,
problem- solving, intelligence, and language.
introduction of brain imaging tools such as MRI and
PET scans have helped improve the ability of
researchers to more closely study the inner workings
of the human brain. (Coon 2016)
POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
Psychology is not just the study of weakness and
damage; it is also the study of strength and virtue.
Treatment is not just fixing what is broken; it is
nurturing what is best within us. (Martin E. P.
Seligman)
In 2001 studies of subjective well-being, of dealing
with the correlates and causes of happiness and other
positive emotions, had shown the strongest increase
in number of publications over the past 40 years. In
2002 Seligman published a popular book titled
Authentic Happiness: Using the New Positive
Psychology to Realize Your Potential for Lasting
Fulfillment. The book was the topic of a laudatory
article in Newsweek, which also described the
positive psychology movement as a “whole new age
in research psychology”.
In less than 10 years since Seligman issued his initial
call for a positive psychology the field became
phenomenally successful.
What is positive psychology?
Scientific study of ordinary human strengths and
virtues (King & Sheldon, 2001)
It asks, “What is the nature of the efficiently
functioning human being, successfully applying
evolved adaptations and learned skills?
An attempt to urge psychologists to adopt a more
open and appreciative perspective regarding human
potentials, motives, and capacities.
Studies what people do right and how they manage
to do it.
Includes what people do to themselves, for their
families, and for their communities.
Helps people develop those qualities that lead to
greater fulfillment for themselves and for others.
Scientific study of optimal human functioning which
aims to discover and promote factors that allow
individuals, communities, and societies to thrive and
flourish. (Sheldon, Frederickson, Rathunde,
Csikszentmihalyi, and Haidt 2000)
Why positive psychology is needed today?
The Philippine experience has proven that
approaching psychology using these models cannot
encompass the subtleties of Asian cultures. Thus, the
move towards understanding the particular nature of
Filipino psychology.
The principal emphasis of Sikolohiyang Pilipino
is to foster national identity and consciousness,
social involvement, and psychology of language
and culture.
It is thus concerned with proper applications to
health, agriculture, art, mass media, religion, and
other spheres of people’s daily life.
Adhering to a philosophy of Sikolohiyang Pilipino
being liberated and liberating, Enriquez eliminated
its bondage to the Western perspective, not only in
theory and method but in practice.

Positive emotions and adaptive behaviors are In place of clinical psychology and industrial
important to living a satisfying and productive life. psychology, Dr. Virgilio Enriquez brought in health
psychology, livelihood psychology, rural
Help to fight terrible social and personal costs of psychology, psychology of the arts, and others.
pressing social problems like criminal behavior, drug Sikolohiyang Pilipino also became more
abuse, or the treatment of serious psychological ‘‘responsible’’ and responsive to the needs of
disorders like depression Filipinos due to the philosophy that we need to make
Contribute to positive outcomes in life(physically psychology benefit and be of service to the people.
healthier, more resistant to illness, and even live Sikolohiyang Pilipino also became interdisciplinary
longer than others. – enriched by the different disciplines to become
FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY more solid and closer to Philippine reality. (Pe Pua
& Protacio- Marcelino 2000)
What exactly is Filipino Psychology?
According to Dr. Virgilio Enriquez, it is the scientific
study of the ethnicity, society and culture of people
and the application to psychological practice of
indigenous knowledge rooted in the people’s ethnic
heritage and consciousness.
Sikolohiyang Pilipino is a step towards contributing
to universal psychology.
Reservations regarding the appropriateness and
applicability of Western models in the third world
setting have been expressed by a growing number of
social scientists (Enriquez, 1987, 1992; Diaz-
Guerrero, 1977; Sinha, 1984).