© 2023 Association of American Medical Colleges.

The following reports and data may be reproduced

and distributed with attribution for individual, educational, and noncommercial purposes only.

Medical School Admission Requirements™ (MSAR®) Report for Applicants and Advisors

Application Transfer Policies 2024

© 2023 Association of American Medical Colleges. The following reports and data may Association of
be reproduced and distributed with attribution for individual, educational, and American Medical Colleges
noncommercial purposes only.
 © 2023 Association of American Medical Colleges. The following reports and data may be reproduced
and distributed with attribution for individual, educational, and noncommercial purposes only.

: Yes : No : Case-by-Case

USA
Accepts
State Medical School Name Transfers Contact Information
Contact Name: UAB Heersink Admissions
AL University of Alabama School of C
Phone Number: 2059342433
Medicine
Email Address: medschool@uab.edu
Website: https://www.uab.edu/medicine/home/admissions/application-
process/advanced-standing-transfer
Contact Name: Deborah Fetherland
AL University of South Alabama College of C
Phone Number: 2514607176
Medicine
Email Address: fetherland@southalabama.edu
Website: https://www.southalabama.edu/colleges/com/futurestudents/
Contact Name: Tom South, Assistant Dean of Medical Student Admissions
AR University of Arkansas for Medical C
Phone Number: 5016865354
Sciences College of Medicine
Email Address: SouthTomG@uams.edu
Website: http://www.medicine.uams.edu
AZ University of Arizona College of Medicine N
- Phoenix
Contact Name: UACOM-T Admissions
AZ University of Arizona College of Medicine C
Phone Number: 5206266214
Email Address: admissions@medicine.arizona.edu
Website: https://medicine.arizona.edu/admissions/key-info/transfer-students
CA University of California, Riverside School N
of Medicine

CA Stanford University School of Medicine N

CA Kaiser Permanente School of Medicine N

CA University of California, Los Angeles N

David Geffen School of Medicine

CA University of California, San Francisco, N

School of Medicine

CA California Northstate University College N

of Medicine

CA Keck School of Medicine of the University N

of Southern California

CA Charles R Drew University of Medicine N

and Science
Contact Name:
CA Loma Linda University School of C
Phone Number: 9095584467
Medicine
Email Address: admissions.sm@llu.edu
Website: https://medicine.llu.edu/admissions/medical-school-admissions/
transfer
CA University of California, San Diego N
School of Medicine

CA University of California, Irvine, School of N

Medicine

CA University of California, Davis, School of N

Medicine

CA California University of Science and N

Medicine-School of Medicine

CO University of Colorado School of N

Medicine

© 2023 Association of American Medical Colleges. The following reports and data may be
reproduced and distributed with attribution for individual, educational, and noncommercial purposes
 © 2023 Association of American Medical Colleges. The following reports and data may be reproduced
and distributed with attribution for individual, educational, and noncommercial purposes only.

: Yes : No : Case-by-Case

USA
Accepts
State Medical School Name Transfers Contact Information
Contact Name: Dr. Thomas Regan
CT University of Connecticut School of C
Phone Number: 8606794713
Medicine
Email Address: admissions@uchc.edu
Website: http://medicine.uconn.edu/admissions/transfer-admissions/
CT Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine N
at Quinnipiac University

CT Yale School of Medicine N

DC Georgetown University School of N

Medicine
Contact Name: David A. Rose, M.D., Associate Dean Student Affairs and
DC Howard University College of Medicine C
Admissions
Phone Number: 2028066394
Email Address: darose@howard.edu
Website:
Contact Name:
DC George Washington University School of C
Phone Number:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Email Address:
Website:
Contact Name: Janelle Clowers
FL USF Health Morsani College of Medicine C
Phone Number: 8139745488
Email Address: cj218@usf.edu
Website: https://health.usf.edu/medicine/mdprogram/mdadmissions/transfer-
students
FL Nova Southeastern University Dr. Kiran N
C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine

FL Florida State University College of N

Medicine

FL Florida International University Herbert N

Wertheim College of Medicine

FL University of Miami Leonard M. Miller N

School of Medicine

FL University of Florida College of Medicine N

FL Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine N

at Florida Atlantic University

FL University of Central Florida College of N

Medicine
Contact Name: Kelli M. Braun, MD, FACOG Associate Dean for Admissions
GA Medical College of Georgia at Augusta C
Medical College of Georgia
University
Phone Number: 7067213186
Email Address: mcgadmissions@augusta.edu
Website: https://www.augusta.edu/mcg/admissions/index.php
Contact Name: Dr. Richard McCann
GA Mercer University School of Medicine C
Phone Number: 4783012524
Email Address: musmadmissions@mercer.edu
Website: https://medicine.mercer.edu/admissions/doctor-of-medicine/
alternate-path/year-three-m-d-program-transfer-student-information/
Contact Name: Franklyn Geary, MD
GA Morehouse School of Medicine C
Phone Number: 4047521650
Email Address: fgeary@msm.edu
Website: https://www.msm.edu/Admissions/doctor-of-medicine/admissions-
process.php

© 2023 Association of American Medical Colleges. The following reports and data may be
reproduced and distributed with attribution for individual, educational, and noncommercial purposes
 © 2023 Association of American Medical Colleges. The following reports and data may be reproduced
and distributed with attribution for individual, educational, and noncommercial purposes only.

: Yes : No : Case-by-Case

USA
Accepts
State Medical School Name Transfers Contact Information
Contact Name: Dr. Ira Schwartz
GA Emory University School of Medicine C
Phone Number: 4047275660
Email Address: medadmiss@emory.edu
Website: https://med.emory.edu/education/programs/md/admissions/
index.html
Contact Name: Ivy Nip Asano, MD, MAT/Ed
HI University of Hawaii, John A. Burns C
Phone Number: 8086920892
School of Medicine
Email Address: inip@hawaii.edu
Website:
IA University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. N
Carver College of Medicine
Contact Name: Office of Admissions & Enrollment
IL Chicago Medical School at Rosalind C
Phone Number: 8475783204
Franklin University of Medicine & Science
Email Address: cms.admissions@rosalindfranklin.edu
Website: https://www.rosalindfranklin.edu/academics/chicago-medical-
school/degree-program/how-to-apply/transfer-applicant-process/
IL University of Chicago Division of the N
Biological Sciences The Pritzker School
of Medicine
Contact Name: Office of MD Admissions
IL Northwestern University The Feinberg C
Phone Number: 3125038206
School of Medicine
Email Address: med-admissions@northwestern.edu
Website: https://www.feinberg.northwestern.edu/admissions/faq/prospective-
students.html
IL Carle Illinois College of Medicine N

IL Rush Medical College of Rush University N

Medical Center

IL University of Illinois College of Medicine N

Contact Name: Dr. Haneme Idrizi

IL Southern Illinois University School of C
Phone Number: 2175452860
Medicine
Email Address: admissions@siumed.edu
Website: https://www.siumed.edu/transfer-admission.html
Contact Name: Darrell Nabers, MSc
IL Loyola University Chicago Stritch School C
Phone Number: 7082163229
of Medicine
Email Address: ssom-admissions@luc.edu
Website: http://ssom.luc.edu/admission/transfer-students/
Contact Name: Admissions Office
IN Indiana University School of Medicine C
Phone Number: 3172743772
Email Address: inmedadm@iu.edu
Website:
KS University of Kansas School of Medicine N

Contact Name: Wendy L. Jackson, M.D.

KY University of Kentucky College of C
Phone Number: 8593236161
Medicine
Email Address: kymedap@uky.edu
Website: https://medicine.uky.edu/sites/meded/mission-and-eligibility
Contact Name: http://louisville.edu/medicine/admissions/policies/transfers
KY University of Louisville School of C
Phone Number: 5028525193
Medicine
Email Address: medadm@louisville.edu
Website: https://louisville.edu/medicine/admissions
LA Tulane University School of Medicine N

Contact Name: Dr. Wanda Thomas

LA Louisiana State University School of C
Phone Number: 3186755190
Medicine in Shreveport
Email Address: shvadm@lsuhs.edu
Website: https://www.lsuhs.edu/our-schools/school-of-medicine/admissions/
~board/som-admissions/post/welcome

© 2023 Association of American Medical Colleges. The following reports and data may be
reproduced and distributed with attribution for individual, educational, and noncommercial purposes
 © 2023 Association of American Medical Colleges. The following reports and data may be reproduced
and distributed with attribution for individual, educational, and noncommercial purposes only.

: Yes : No : Case-by-Case

USA
Accepts
State Medical School Name Transfers Contact Information
Contact Name: Dr. Cathy Lazarus
LA Louisiana State University School of C
Phone Number: 5045684874
Medicine in New Orleans
Email Address: claza1@lsuhsc.edu
Website: http://www.medschool.lsuhsc.edu/student_affairs/
MA Harvard Medical School N

MA Tufts University School of Medicine N

Contact Name: Esi A. Asare

MA University of Massachusetts Medical C
Phone Number: 5088562323
School
Email Address: admissions@umassmed.edu
Website: https://www.umassmed.edu/som/admissions/apply/transfer-to-
school/
MA Boston University School of Medicine N

MD Johns Hopkins University School of N

Medicine

MD Uniformed Services University of the N

Health Sciences F. Edward Hebert
School of Medicine
Contact Name: Sandra Quezada
MD University of Maryland School of C
Phone Number: 4107067478
Medicine
Email Address: squezada@som.umaryland.edu
Website: https://www.medschool.umaryland.edu/admissions/Your-Path-to-
Medical-School/
MI Michigan State University College of N
Human Medicine

MI Western Michigan University Homer N

Stryker M.D. School of Medicine
Contact Name:
MI Oakland University William Beaumont C
Phone Number:
School of Medicine
Email Address: medadmit@oakland.edu
Website: https://www.oakland.edu/medicine/admissions/admissions-process-
and-requirements/
Contact Name: Chris Austin
MI Central Michigan University College of C
Phone Number: 9897747882
Medicine
Email Address: austi1cr@cmich.edu
Website: https://www.cmich.edu/academics/colleges/college-of-medicine/
education/md/admissions/faq
MI Wayne State University School of N
Medicine
Contact Name: Carol Teener
MI University of Michigan Medical School C
Phone Number: 7347646317
Email Address: umichmedadmiss@umich.edu
Website: https://medicine.umich.edu/medschool/education/md-program/md-
admissions/requirements
MN University of Minnesota Medical School N

MN Mayo Clinic School of Medicine N

MO Washington University in St. Louis N

School of Medicine

MO University of Missouri-Kansas City N

School of Medicine

© 2023 Association of American Medical Colleges. The following reports and data may be
reproduced and distributed with attribution for individual, educational, and noncommercial purposes
 © 2023 Association of American Medical Colleges. The following reports and data may be reproduced
and distributed with attribution for individual, educational, and noncommercial purposes only.

: Yes : No : Case-by-Case

USA
Accepts
State Medical School Name Transfers Contact Information
Contact Name: Blair Whitney
MO University of Missouri-Columbia School C
Phone Number: 5738828047
of Medicine
Email Address: mizzoumed@missouri.edu
Website: https://medicine.missouri.edu/admissions/application-process
Contact Name:
MO Saint Louis University School of Medicine C
Phone Number: 3149779875
Email Address: slumd@health.slu.edu
Website: https://www.slu.edu/medicine/medical-education/md/transfer-
visiting-students.php
Contact Name: Demondes Haynes, M.D.
MS University of Mississippi School of C
Phone Number: 6019845010
Medicine
Email Address: Admitmd@umc.edu
Website: https://www.umc.edu/som/Departments%20and%20Offices/SOM
%20Administrative%20Offices/SOM%20Admissions/Transfer%20and
%20Visiting%20Students.html
Contact Name: Andrea Liu
NC Duke University School of Medicine C
Phone Number: 9196848635
Email Address: andrea.liu@duke.edu
Website:
NC The Brody School of Medicine at East N
Carolina University
Contact Name: Ms. Reid, Director of Admissions
NC University of North Carolina at Chapel C
Phone Number: 9199669931
Hill School of Medicine
Email Address: randee_reid@med.unc.edu
Website: https://www.med.unc.edu/md/policies/wp-content/uploads/sites/
883/2020/06/Transfer-Student-Policy-_LCME-10.7_Amended_05.18.20.pdf
NC Wake Forest School of Medicine of Wake N
Forest Baptist Medical Center
Contact Name: James Porter
ND University of North Dakota School of C
Phone Number: 7017774221
Medicine and Health Sciences
Email Address: james.porter@UND.edu
Website: http://med.und.edu/student-affairs-admissions/
Contact Name:
NE Creighton University School of Medicine C
Phone Number: 4022802799
Email Address: medadmissions@creighton.edu
Website: https://www.creighton.edu/medicine/programs/medicine-md/
frequently-asked-questions
NE University of Nebraska College of N
Medicine

NH Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth N

NJ Cooper Medical School of Rowan N

University

NJ Seton Hall - Hackensack Meridian School N

of Medicine

NJ Rutgers New Jersey Medical School N

NJ Rutgers, Robert Wood Johnson Medical N

School
Contact Name: SOM Admissions Office
NM University of New Mexico School of C
Phone Number: 5052724766
Medicine
Email Address: somadmissions@salud.unm.edu
Website: https://hsc.unm.edu/medicine/education/md/admissions/transfer-
admissions.html

© 2023 Association of American Medical Colleges. The following reports and data may be
reproduced and distributed with attribution for individual, educational, and noncommercial purposes
 © 2023 Association of American Medical Colleges. The following reports and data may be reproduced
and distributed with attribution for individual, educational, and noncommercial purposes only.

: Yes : No : Case-by-Case

USA
Accepts
State Medical School Name Transfers Contact Information

NV University of Nevada Las Vegas, School N

of Medicine

NV University of Nevada, Reno School of N

Medicine

NY Weill Cornell Medicine N

NY Albert Einstein College of Medicine N

NY New York University Grossman School of N

Medicine
Contact Name:
NY Albany Medical College C
Phone Number:
Email Address: admissions@amc.edu
Website: https://www.amc.edu/academic/Undergraduate_Admissions/
index.cfm
NY Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai N

Contact Name: Office of Student Admissions

NY State University of New York Downstate
Medical Center College of Medicine
NY New York Medical College
Y
Phone Number: 7182702446
Email Address: medadmissions@downstate.edu
Website: https://www.downstate.edu/education-training/college-of-medicine/
admissions/transfer-admissions.html
N

NY Donald and Barbara Zucker School of N

Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell

NY Jacobs School of Medicine and N

Biomedical Sciences at the University at
Buffalo
Contact Name: Jennifer C Welch
NY State University of New York Upstate C
Phone Number: 3154644570
Medical University
Email Address: WELCHJ@UPSTATE.EDU
Website: https://www.upstate.edu/com/admissions/transfer.php
NY Columbia University Vagelos College of N
Physicians and Surgeons
Contact Name: Jerrold G. Erves
NY CUNY School of Medicine C
Phone Number: 2126507706
Email Address: jgerves@med.cuny.edu
Website: https://www.ccny.cuny.edu/csom
NY NYU Long Island School of Medicine N

NY University of Rochester School of N

Medicine and Dentistry
Contact Name: Office of Admissions, Renaissance School of Medicine
NY Stony Brook University School of C
Phone Number: 6314442113
Medicine
Email Address: somadmissions@stonybrookmedicine.edu
Website: https://renaissance.stonybrookmedicine.edu/admissions
Contact Name: Please refer to the eligibility requirements for a transfer
OH Case Western Reserve University School C
request in the link below. Transfers are exceedingly rare and is also
of Medicine
dependent upon space in our program.
Phone Number:
Email Address: casemed-admissions@case.edu
Website: https://case.edu/medicine/admissions-programs/md-program/
application-process/transfers-advanced-standing

© 2023 Association of American Medical Colleges. The following reports and data may be
reproduced and distributed with attribution for individual, educational, and noncommercial purposes
 © 2023 Association of American Medical Colleges. The following reports and data may be reproduced
and distributed with attribution for individual, educational, and noncommercial purposes only.

: Yes : No : Case-by-Case

USA
Accepts
State Medical School Name Transfers Contact Information

OH Wright State University Boonshoft School N

of Medicine
Contact Name: Office of Medical Student Admissions
OH University of Cincinnati College of C
Phone Number: 5135587314
Medicine
Email Address: MDadmissions@uc.edu
Website: https://med.uc.edu/admissions/medical-student-admissions/how-to-
apply/transfer-admission-process
OH The University of Toledo College of N
Medicine
Contact Name: Julie Brim, Director of Admissions
OH Ohio State University College of C
Phone Number: 6142927137
Medicine
Email Address: medicine@osu.edu
Website: https://medicine.osu.edu/education/md/admissions/before-you-
apply
Contact Name: Jill Thompson
OH Northeast Ohio Medical University C
Phone Number: 3303256272
Email Address: jthompson@neomed.edu
Website: http://www.neomed.edu/medicine/admissions/paths/transfer/
Contact Name: Autumn Lockett
OK University of Oklahoma College of C
Phone Number: 4052712331
Medicine
Email Address: autumn-lockett@ouhsc.edu
Website: https://hippocrates.ouhsc.edu/policy/policy_view.cfm?
policyNumber=208
OR Oregon Health & Science University N
School of Medicine
Contact Name: LKSOM Office of Admissions
PA Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple Y
Phone Number: 2157073656
University
Email Address: medadmissions@temple.edu
Website: https://medicine.temple.edu/education/md-program/how-apply/
transfer-policy
PA Geisinger Commonwealth School of N
Medicine

PA Drexel University College of Medicine N

PA Perelman School of Medicine at the N

University of Pennsylvania

PA Sidney Kimmel Medical College at N

Thomas Jefferson University

PA Pennsylvania State University College of N

Medicine

PA University of Pittsburgh School of N

Medicine
Contact Name: Rafmary Pomales
PR Ponce Health Sciences University School C
Phone Number: 7878402575
of Medicine
Email Address: rpomales@psm.edu
Website: https://psm.edu
Contact Name: Ruth Marilyn Rivera
PR University of Puerto Rico School of C
Phone Number: 7877582525
Medicine
Email Address: ruth.rivera11@upr.edu
Website:
Contact Name: Admission Officer 787-798-3001, ext. 2403, 2404
PR Universidad Central del Caribe School of Y
Phone Number: 7877983001
Medicine
Email Address: admissions@uccaribe.edu
Website: http://www.uccaribe.edu

© 2023 Association of American Medical Colleges. The following reports and data may be
reproduced and distributed with attribution for individual, educational, and noncommercial purposes
 © 2023 Association of American Medical Colleges. The following reports and data may be reproduced
and distributed with attribution for individual, educational, and noncommercial purposes only.

: Yes : No : Case-by-Case

USA
Accepts
State Medical School Name Transfers Contact Information

PR San Juan Bautista School of Medicine N

Contact Name: The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University Office
RI The Warren Alpert Medical School of C
of Admissions
Brown University
Phone Number:
Email Address: medschool_admissions@brown.edu
Website: https://admission.med.brown.edu/apply/application-process
Contact Name: Ms. Shelley Streeter
SC University of South Carolina School of C
Phone Number: 8032163625
Medicine
Email Address: shelley.streeter@uscmed.sc.edu
Website:
SC Medical University of South Carolina N
College of Medicine

SC University of South Carolina School of N

Medicine Greenville

SD University of South Dakota, Sanford N

School of Medicine

TN Vanderbilt University School of Medicine N

Contact Name:
TN Meharry Medical College C
Phone Number:
Email Address:
Website:
Contact Name: Dr. Dustin Fulton, Assistant Dean For Admissions
TN University of Tennessee Health Science C
Phone Number: 9014485400
Center College of Medicine
Email Address: comadmissions@uthsc.edu
Website: http://www.uthsc.edu/Medicine/Admissions/advanced_standing.php
TN East Tennessee State University James N
H. Quillen College of Medicine

TX University of Houston College of N

Medicine

TX University of Texas Southwestern N

Medical Center Southwestern Medical
School
Contact Name: Louis Perez
TX Texas Tech University Health Sciences C
Phone Number: 8067432297
Center School of Medicine
Email Address: somadm@ttuhsc.edu
Website: https://www.ttuhsc.edu/medicine/admissions/advanced-standing-
admission.aspx
TX University of Texas School of Medicine at N
San Antonio

TX Texas A&M Health Science Center N

College of Medicine

TX McGovern Medical School at the N

University of Texas Health Science
Center at Houston
Contact Name:
TX University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical Y
Phone Number:
School
Email Address: applydellmed@utexas.edu
Website: https://dellmed.utexas.edu/education/how-to-apply/admissions-
criteria/transfer-students

© 2023 Association of American Medical Colleges. The following reports and data may be
reproduced and distributed with attribution for individual, educational, and noncommercial purposes
 © 2023 Association of American Medical Colleges. The following reports and data may be reproduced
and distributed with attribution for individual, educational, and noncommercial purposes only.

: Yes : No : Case-by-Case

USA
Accepts
State Medical School Name Transfers Contact Information

TX University of Texas Medical Branch N

School of Medicine

TX Baylor College of Medicine N

TX University of Texas Rio Grande Valley N

School of Medicine

TX The University of Texas at Tyler School N

of Medicine
Contact Name:
TX Texas Tech University Health Sciences C
Phone Number:
Center Paul L. Foster School of Medicine
Email Address: fostersom.admissions@ttuhsc.edu
Website: https://elpaso.ttuhsc.edu/som/admissions/
advancedstandingadmissionapplication.aspx
TX Anne Burnett Marion School of Medicine N
at TCU

UT University of Utah School of Medicine N

VA University of Virginia School of Medicine N

Contact Name: Marsha L. Williams

VA Eastern Virginia Medical School C
Phone Number: 7574465812
Email Address: williaml@evms.edu
Website: https://www.evms.edu/education/medical_programs/
doctor_of_medicine/application_process/transfer_applicants/
VA Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine N

VA Virginia Commonwealth University N

School of Medicine

VT University of Vermont College of N

Medicine

WA Washington State University Elson S. N

Floyd College of Medicine

WA University of Washington School of N

Medicine
Contact Name: Office of Admissions
WI Medical College of Wisconsin C
Phone Number: 4149558246
Email Address: medschool@mcw.edu
Website: https://www.mcw.edu/education/medical-school
WI University of Wisconsin School of N
Medicine and Public Health

WV West Virginia University School of N

Medicine
Contact Name: Cynthia A. Warren
WV Marshall University Joan C. Edwards C
Phone Number: 3046911738
School of Medicine
Email Address: warren@marshall.edu
Website: http://jcesom.marshall.edu/media/53892/transfer-student-policy.pdf

© 2023 Association of American Medical Colleges. The following reports and data may be
reproduced and distributed with attribution for individual, educational, and noncommercial purposes
 © 2023 Association of American Medical Colleges. The following reports and data may be reproduced
and distributed with attribution for individual, educational, and noncommercial purposes only.

: Yes : No : Case-by-Case

CAN
Accepts
State Medical School Name Transfers Contact Information
Contact Name: Dr. Shahin Shirzad, Assistant Dean MD Admissions
BC University of British Columbia Faculty of Y
Phone Number: 6048226209
Medicine
Email Address: deanadmissions.md@ubc.ca
Website: https://mdprogram.med.ubc.ca/admissions/post-acceptance-
conditions/
Contact Name: Dr. Sara Goulet, Associate Dean, Admissions
MB Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Y
Phone Number: 2047893499
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of
Email Address: medicine.admissions@umanitoba.ca
Manitoba
Website: https://umanitoba.ca/health-sciences/rady-faculty-health-sciences-
policies#max-rady-college-of-medicine
NL Memorial University of Newfoundland N
Faculty of Medicine

NS Dalhousie University Faculty of Medicine N

ON Queen's University Faculty of Health N

Sciences

ON University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine N

Contact Name:
ON The University of Western Ontario - Y
Phone Number:
Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry
Email Address:
Website:
Contact Name:
ON University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine C
Phone Number: 6135625800
Email Address: admissmd@uottawa.ca
Website: https://www.uottawa.ca/faculty-medicine/undergraduate/
admissions/application-process
ON McMaster University Michael G. N
DeGroote School of Medicine

QC Universite de Montreal Faculty of N

Medicine

QC Universite de Sherbrooke Faculty of N

Medicine

QC McGill University Faculty of Medicine N

SK University of Saskatchewan College of N

Medicine

© 2023 Association of American Medical Colleges. The following reports and data may be
reproduced and distributed with attribution for individual, educational, and noncommercial purposes