^BOTNUQOIGI BGAOHBG@ IN@ G@YOS@GBH

DGA^@YGI IN OBKNBONUÌG AOTO@ _ GUW^OYNAY^UG

NQA^N@G SUHDNQOHBG@ IN OBKNBONUÌG AOTO@
 

DOQOAG OO
‐YUGEGFH NBAGUKGIH“ B³5
  Lhvolonbth Hbiu`gthroh
G@^LBH66 [g`tnr N`ìgs, Agegbg Lhbzñb
G@^LBH
AHIOKH.6
AHIOKH.6 793?37
IHANBYN66 L. Qa. Nllg Lgurg EHBODGV TN@GVAH
IHANBYN
KU^SH66
KU^SH
DNAJG66 13-3;-5353
DNAJG

S^BH - SNUÖ

  Gestrgat

AL[N
]alwnCygjhh.ahl\
 

7.-Nbtrn ihs kuìgs vnrag`ns punin insp`gzgrsn ub e`hqun in >3mk sn snpgrg >al in
su phsoaoñb in nquo`oeroh y sn gegbihbg `unkh g sì loslh.
Jg``gr n` pnrohih in voergaoñb y `g vn`haoigi, lçxolg g`agbzgig phr n` e`hqun nb `hs
ihs nsqunlgs rnprnsnbtgihs nb `g dkurg.

(NQW^NLG G)
IGYHQ
 Mk
 M 7< 9
al

 Mk
 M 5< 4
al

 x < G < > al

l<>3 mk

Augbih `hs rnshrtns nstçb nb

 pgrg`n`h, `g dunrzg
dunrzg nstç igig phr `g sulg in `gs ihs dunrzgs y `g n`hbkgaoñb ns `g
`g
loslg6

 D < D 7+ D 5

 M nq ( x ) < M 7 ( x ) + M 5 ( x )

 Mk  Mk
9  ( x
 x ) + 4  ( x
 x ) < M nq ( x )
al al

 Mk
 M nq <73 < ?:3; B  / / al
al

Sgrg jg``gr n` pnrohih in hsao`gaoñb usgrnlhs `g nxprnsoñb6

nxprnsoñb 6
5 σ 
Y <
Ϗ

Y <5 σ  (∖  )
 l
 M 

Y <5 σ  (∖   >3 mk
?:3; B   // al )
Y <3.99? snk

Qn sgen qun6

T < GϏ ahs  ( Ϗt + η )

7
 

@g vn`haoigi lçxolg snrog augbih ahs ( Ϗt + η ) thlg su lçxolh vg`hr n`

aug` ns 7.

T lgx < GϏ< G (∖ )  M 

l

 ?:3;
T lgx <> al
>3

T lgx <;3.35> (∖  )
 al
snk

(NQW^NLG E)

IGYHQ
 Mk
 M 7< 9
al

 Mk
 M 5<4
al

 x <> al

l< >3 mk

Augbih `hs rnshrtns nstçb nb snron, `g dunrzg qun `hs indhrlg sn

trgbslotn phr okug` nb glehs rnshrtns y `gs n`hbkgaohbns aulp`nb6
 x < x 7 + x5

 D   D   D 

 < +
 M   M 7  M 5

7  M 7 + M 5
 <
 M   M 7 M 5

 M <
( )( )
  Mk
al
9 4
  Mk
al   Mk
<5.9 <51>5 B  / / al
 Mk  Mk al
9 +4
al al

Sgrg jg``gr n` pnrohih in hsao`gaoñb usgrnlhs `g nxprnsoñb6

Y <5 σ 
∖  l
 M 

  >3 mk
Y <5 σ 
∖ 51>5 B / al

5
 

Y <3.?74 snk

Qgenlhs qun6

T < GϏ ahs  ( Ϗt + η )

@g vn`haoigi lçxolg snrog augbih ahs ( Ϗt + η ) thln su lçxolh vg`hr n`

aug` ns 7.

T lgx < GϏ

T lgx < G (∖ )
 M 
l

T lgx <> al (∖  )
51>5 B / al
>3 mk

T lgx <19.5? al / snk

5.- ubg agfg in lgsg L nstg shern ubg lnsg jhrozhbtg`. Intnrlobgr `g glp`otui in

`g
`gss hs
hsao
ao`g
`gao
ahndoaonbtn aohb
hbns
inns in l, pgrg
pgnbtrg
rhzglonbth rg qun
qu`g
n agfg
`g ag
agfg
yfg`g nlpo
nlpona
nan
lnsg n ¾.
ns g N`
lhvn
lhe`hqun
vnrs
rsnn phr
ph
inr `g`glgsg
lnsg
lnsg.
. N`
l ns
`osh.

Sgrg qun `g agfg nlponan g lhvnrsn `g sulgthrog in dunrzgs tonbn qun snr6
 D  D  U  3

Qgenlhs qun `g dunrzg in droaaoñb

 D  D   Lk  
 U B 

Ygleonb
1
 

  D  xm 
Unnlp`gzgbih tnbnlhs6
 D   Lk 
 xm   Lk 
 pgrg qun `g agfg
agfg in lunvg x tonbn qun snr6
 x  5 G

Nbthbans6
5 Gm   Lk 
 Lk 
 G   
5m 

9.- ubg pnsg in 3.>mkd nstç ah`kgih in ub ahriñb in khlg in 93al in `g `hbkotui y
in 7ll
7ll in rg rgio
ioh.
h. Jg``
Jg``gr
gr n` pnroh
pnrohih
ih in `gs hsa
hsao`
o`gao
gaohb
hbns
ns vn
vnrto
rtoag`
ag`ns
ns in `g pn
pnsg
sg
sgeonbih qun lñiu`h in _hubk in nstg khlg ns okug` g 3.1mkd/ll5.

Igths6
r  7ll

 @  93al  933ll
mkd  
_   3.1
ll5
 G   7ll 5
l  3.>mk 

Qgenlhs qun n` ahbstgbtn in dunrzg ns6

 D 
m  
` 

Qgenlhs phr n`gstoaoigi.

 D@
  `   _G
Unnlp`gzgbih
Unnlp`gzgbih tnbnlhs y ag`au`glhs M 

 M  
_G

 H.1
mkd  
ll 
   ll 
5
5

 3.3351>>
mkd    
 @ 933ll ll
mkd  
m   3.3351>>
ll

mkd    B 
Ahbvnrtolhs in ll  g l

9
 

mkd  ?.: B   7333ll  B  

m   3.3351>>     51. 3 ;?
ll  7mkd   7l  l
 B 
m   51.3;?
l

Ag`au`glhs n` pnrohih

Y   5  l  5  1.79  3.>mk 

 M   B 
m   51.3;?
l
Y  H.?1s

>.- @g glp`otui in `gs voergaohbns grlñboags in ub pubth lgtnrog` ns 5al y `g

nbnrkìg thtg` in `gs voergaohbns 1x 73∕; F. Auç` snrç `g n`hbkgaoñb in` pubth augbih `g
unrzg qun gatög shern ï` ns 5.5>x 73∕>  B

QH@^AOHB  6
 Igths 6
 G  5al
 NY   1x73 ; F 
 D  5.5>x73 > B 
 Z   8
7
o) NY   MG5 .......................................(7)
5
5 N Y     5(1 x73 ; F ) B 
 M  5
 5
 7.>x731
 G (5 al) l
oo ) D<-MZ................................................(5)
 D 5.5>x73> B 
<   7.> x735 l
 M  7.> Z 731  B 
7.>
l
   Z<7.>x735 l

;.-Nb ub hsao`gihr glhrkugih, phsnn ubg lgsg L in 3.5>mk y ub rnshrtn in

ahaonbtn n`çsag in 5>B/l
g) ¸Sgrg quï vg`hr in `g ahbstgbtn in prhphraohbg`oigi, n` lhvolonbth tnbirç ub
glhrkuglonbth
glhrkuglonb th aroah8
>
 

Qn tonbn sgen qun pgrg

pgrg qun sng ub glhrtoku
glhrtokuglonbth
glonbth arìtoah sn inen aulp
aulp`or
`or
qun6
5 5
Ϗ h< α 

Ihbin Ϗ h<
∖   m 
l
< drnaunbaog bgturg`  y α <
drnaunbaog
 e
5l
< ahndoa
ahndoaonbtn
onbtn in glhrtokuglonb
glhrtokuglonbth
th

m <ahbs
ahbstgbt
tgbtnn n`gstoa
n`gstoag
g , e <ahb
ahbtgbt
tgbtnn in glhrtok
glhrtokugl
uglonb
onbth
th , l <lgsg
5
  m    e
nbthbans <
l 9 l5

e <∖ 9 lm 

e <∖ 9 ( 3.5> ) ( 5> ) <>

e) ¸Auç` ns `g rnaunbaog in lhvolonbth so n` α  ns okug` g 3,>B-snk/mk-l8

Ϗ < ∖ Ϗ h∕α 

5 5

5  m    5>
so
soϏϏ h< < <733
l 3.5>

Ϗ <∖ 733
5
nbthbans
nbthbansϏ 733∕( 3.> ) <∖ ??.;>
??.;>< ?.?:

a) ¸Auç` ns n` inarnlnbth `hkgrìtloah8

ι < `b
(  G ( t )
 G ( t + Y )
< αY   )
ihbinn ι < ina
ihbi inarn
rnlnb
lnbth
th `hkgrotloah, G < glp
`hkgrotloah, glp`ot
`otui
ui nb ub tonlph
tonlphtsn
tsnk
k

5 σ  5 ( 1.79 )
α < 3.> y Y <  <   <3.41
Ϗ ?.?:

hbanss ι < ( 3.> ) ( 3.41 ) <3.17>

nbthban
nbt

i) Ag`au`n `g ioslobuaoñb rn`gvg in `g nbnrkìg phr a/aoa`h

∕ 5 αt 
 N < NH n

   N < nbn snk , NH <nbnk

nbnrrkìgnb t snk ogoboaog`` t < n` pnrohih
nbnkogoboaog
∕5( h .> )( 3.41 )
 N < NH n < N H n∕3.41< NH ( 3.>1)
`g ioslobu
ioslobuaoh
aohb
b in nbnrkog ns NH ( 3.9; )
nbnrkogns

n) Jg``gr n` gathr in ag`oigi in sostnlg

 <   < ∖ 
 Ϗh ∖ ml
ml 5> ( 3.5> )
5>
W<   < 3.>
5 α  e >

4
 

?.-^b pïbiu`h ahb ubg `hbkotui in 7.33 l sn sun`tg in ub çbku`h oboaog` in 7>.3◤.
Inspuïs in 7 333 s, su glp`otui sn rniuan phr `g droaaoñb g >.>3◤. Ag`au`n e/5l .

IGYHQ6
h
   κ3 <7>.33
h
   κ d <>.>3
   @<7.33 l
   t < 7333 s

QH@^AOÑB6

In gaunrih g `hs igths phinlhs hetnbnr `gs glp`otuins6

 G < U
 UÛÛκ

h
⇕  G 3<7 Û 7> < 7> l

h
⇕ 7 >.> >.>
 G < Û
d 
< l
In gaunrih g `g glp`otui ag`au`gig bhs phinlhs igr aunbtg qun vg inarnaonbih, phr
tgbth y phr dhrlu`g, tnbnlhs qun6
∕e  t 
 x 3< G3 , Gd < G3 n 5 l  

∕ e t 
 G d 
<n 5 l … ( 7 )
 G 3

Nbthbans rnnlp`gzgbih
rnnlp`gzgbih vg`hrns nb `g naugaoñb (7)6
∕e ( 7333)

>.> < n 5l
7>

∕ e ( 7333)
3.1; <n
5l

∕e ( 7333)
5l
⇕ `b ( 3.1; )< `b ( n )

∕e
⇕ ∕3.?? < ( 73 1)
5l

 e
∹ <73∕1
5l

;
 

77.-Inlhstrgr qun nb n` lhvolonbth hsao`gthroh glhrkuglonbth nstç igih phr6

'  ∕ αt 
v < G n snb ( Ϗt + η + ι )

Ihbin6  G' < G [ 3

∕[ 
  tgb ( ι )<
α 

Ynbnlhs qun6
∕ αt 
 x < G n snb ( Ϗt + η )

ix
T <  < ϏG n∕αt ahs ( Ϗt + η )∕ G α n∕αt snb ( Ϗt + η )
it 
∕ αt 
T < G n ( Ϗ ahs ( Ϗt + η ) ∕α snb ( Ϗt +η ))
In `hs igths in` prhe`nlg6
∕Ϗ
tgb ( ι )<
α 

Qng6

  Ϗ
snb ( ι ) <
∖ Ϗ + α 
5 5

  ∕ α 
ahs ( ι )<
∖ Ϗ5 + α 5
Qgenlhs qun6

Ϗ 3<∖ Ϗ + α 
5 5

^sglhs n` igth in` prhe`nlg6

' 
 G
 G <
Ϗ3

T < G n
'  ∕ αt 
( ∖    Ϗ
5
Ϗ + α 
5
 ahs ( Ϗt + η )∕
  α 
∖ Ϗ + α 
5 5
snb ( Ϗt + η )
)
'  ∕ αt 
T < G n ( snb ( ι ) ahs ( Ϗt + η ) + ahs ( ι ) snb ( Ϗt + η ) )
Hetnbnlhs qun6
'  ∕ αt 
T < G n snb ( Ϗt + η + ι ) …`qqi

7>.-^b pubth pgraopg nb ihs voergaohbns in okug` pnrohih y gsn oboaog`. @g glp`otui
in nstgs voergaohbns ns in 1 al. _ 9 al. Jg``gs `g voergaoñb rnsu`tgbtn so g) `gs ihs
voergaohbns nbnb `g loslg iornaaoñb y e) `gs ihs voergaohbns shb pnrpnbioau`grns
nbtrn sì.

:
 

QH@^AOHB  6
 Igths 6
 G7  1al G7  9al
7  7   5  7  
7   5   (okug`
  pnrohih)

Qng 6 x7  G7 snb (t  7 )  1snb(t   7 )  

  x 5   G5 snb ( t    5 )  9 snb(t    7 )
g) Qo glehs tonbnb `h loslg iornaa iornaaohb6
ohb6
 x < x7  x 5  1 snb(t  7 )  9 snb(t  7 ) x < snb (t   7 )  
e) Qo shb pnrpnbioau`grns nbtrn so6

x <  x75  x55  ?snb 5 ( t  7 )  74 snb 5 (t   7 )  

 x  snb 5 (t    7 )(5>) < >snb( t    7 )
  g) x < ;snb (t    7 )
  e) x  >snb ( t    7 )

7;. ^b pubth pgraopg solu`tçbnglnbt

solu`tçbnglnbtn
n nb `gs ihs voergaohbns pnrpnbioau`grns
 t 
nbtrn sì6  x <ahsσt n y < ahsσ   
5

Jg``gr `g trgynathrog in` lhvolonbth rnsu`tgbtn in` pubth.

Qh`uaoñb

Sgrg phinr vnr `g trgynathrog, nbthbans nbahbtrglhs `g rn`gaoñb x n y

 σt 
 x <ahsσt , y <ahs
5

5  σt 
soahsσt <5ahs  ∕ 7 < x
5
5
`grn`
`grn`gaoh in x n y ns 6 x < 5 y ∕7
gaoh

7?.-^b aunrph in 73 k rng`ozg hsao`gaohbns glhrtokugigs ahb glp`otui lçxolg in ;

al., dgsn oboaog` okug` g anrh y ahndoaonbtn in glhrtokuglonbth okug` g 7.4 snk.   -7.
Qhern nstn aunrph ahlonbzg g gatugr ubg dunrzg pnroñioag nxtnrohr qun jgan qun
`gs hsao`gao
hsao`gaohbns
hbns dhrzgigs
dhrzgigs tonbnb dhrlg  Z <>sob ( 73 σt ∕ 3.;>) al .  Jg``gr (g)@g
tonbnb `g dhrlg
naugaoñ
naugaoñb
b in nstgs
nstgs hsao`gao
hsao`gaohbn
hbnss prhpog
prhpogs.
s. (e)@g
(e)@g naugaoñ
naugaoñb
b in `g dunrzg
dunrzg pnroñi
pnroñioag
oag
nxtnrohr.
?
 

IGYHQ6
   l <73 kr
   G lgx <; al
∕7
   α <7.4 snk.
   Z <>sob ( 73 σt ∕ 3.;> σ ) al
al..

QH@^AOÑB6

g) @g naugaoñb
naugaoñb in nnstgs
stgs hsao`gao
hsao`gaohbns
hbns prhpo
prhpogs.
gs.
Soinb6  x < G n∕αt  sob Ϗt … ( 7 )
Ag`au`grnlhs Ϗ 3, ahb `g sokuonbtn dhrlg uto`ozgbih `g naugaoñb in hsao`gaohbns
dhrzgigs6
5
Ϗ d  ∕Ϗ 3 µ
tgb η <
5 α Ϗ d 

In gaunrih g `g Na, knbnrg` in hsao`gaohbns dhrzgigs sgenlhs qun6

 Z <>sob ( 73 σt ∕ 3.;> σ ) al, ahlpg

ahlpgrgb
rgbih
ih `gnaugaohb ahb Z < G sob ( Ϗ d  t ∕η )
`gnaugaohb
∕5
⇕ Ϗ d <73 σ = G < > Û 73 = η <3.;> σ 

Unnlp`gzgbih
Unnlp`gzgbih nb `g dñrlu`g6

( 73 σ ) µ∕ Ϗ3 µ
tgb ( 3.;> σ )<
5 ( 7.4 )( 73 σ )

5
Ϗ 3<73 σ ¸

Ϗ 3<15.?:

Gjhrg gp`oaglhs `g sokuonbtn dhrlu`g6

Ϗ <∖ Ϗ 3+ α µ
5
⇕

73
 

 σ 
15.?: + 7.4µ )
Ϗ <( ∖ 15.?:
5
⇕
σ 

⇕ Ϗ <73,> σ 
Unnlp`gzgbih
Unnlp`gzgbih nb vg`hrns nb `g naugaoñb (7)6
∕7.4 t 
⇕ ; sob 73,>
 x < n ( σt )
 e) @g nauga
naugaoñb
oñb in `g dunrzg pn
pnroñioag
roñioag nxtnrohr.
In gaunrih g` nbubaogih, `unkh qun gatuï `g dunrzg
d unrzg tnbnlhs qun6
 x <>sob ( 73 σt ∕3.;> σ )
⇕  D < D 3 sob ( 73,> σt ) … ( 5 )

Gjhrg gp`oagrnlhs `g dñrlu`g in glp`otui hsao`gaohbns dhrzgigs

dhrzgigs66

( D 
 D  ) 3

l
 G < 7
5 5 5 5

] (Ϗ ∕Ϗ ) +9 α µ Ϗ \
d  d 

In gaunrih g `g naugaoñb tnbnlhs qun  G <> Û 73∕5

( D 
 D  ) 3

∕5 73
> Û 73 < ¸¸¸

Unnlp`gzgbih
Unnlp`gzgbih igths6

 D 3 )
( D 
∕5 73
> Û 73 < 7
5
5 5 5

] (Ϗ ∕Ϗ ) +9 (7.4) µ73\

d  3

∕5
 D 3<;,5 Û 73

Unnlp`gzgbih
Unnlp`gzgbih nb (5)6
∕5
 D <;,5 Û 73 sob ( 73,> σt )

57.-
57.- Jg
Jg``
``gr
gr `g naug
naugao
aoñb
ñb in `g trgy
trgyna
nath
thro
rogg in
in`` lhvol
hvolon
onbt
bth
h rnsu
rnsu`t
`tgb
gbtn
tn in `g
supnrphsoaoñb in ihs lhvolonbths grlñboah solp`ns pnrpnbioau`grns, so

77
 

g)
[ 5  ᴪ 
Qng <7   ι <  
[ 7 1 5

 x < GsnbB [ , t 

 ᴪ 
 y < Esnb ( [ 5 t + )
5

 y < Eahs ( [ 5 t )

 x < Gsnb 1 [ 5 t 

 y < Eahs ( @h5 t )

G
∖ E ∕_ 
5 5

[ 5 t 
_

 G  ( E ∕_  ) 5 5

 x <  ( ∖ E ∕_  ( 1∕ 9

5 5
5
  ))
E E

e)
[ 5 7 1 ᴪ 
Qng <   ι <  
[ 7 1 9

 x < Gsnb
 Gsnbww , t 

 y < Esnb ( [ 5 t + 1 ᴪ   )

9

75
 

 ᴪ 
 y < Eahs ( [ 5 t +  )
9
5
_ 
(  ) ∕7< snb ( 5 [ 5 t )
E

(  )
5
_  w t 
(  ) ∕7< snb
E 1

Snrh
 Z 
 G
wt 
 < snb (   )( 1∕ 9 snb 5
1
wt 
>
) (  )
( )
5
 Z  _   ( E ∕ _  5 5
)
<((  )¸ ¸ 5∕7 )( 1∕ 9 5
)¸
 G E E

( )
5
 Z    G  ( E ∕_  5 5
)
 < 5 (_ 5∕ E5 )( 1∕ 9 5
)
g E E

a)
[ 5 9
Qng <   ι < ᴪ  
[ 7 >

 x < Gsnb w , t 

 y < Esnb ( [ 5 t + ᴪ )

i)
[ 5 7  ᴪ 
Qng <   ι <
[ 7 1 9

 x < Gsnb w , t 
1 ᴪ 
 y < Esnb ( [ 5 t +  )
9

 ᴪ   ᴪ 
 y < Esnb ( [ 5 t + ) snb ( [ 5 t +  )
9 5

Gjhrg6

∖ 
(  )
5 5
 ᴪ  3 ∕_ 
ahs [ 5 + <
9 E

ahs ( 5 [ 5 t )<5   _ 5 ∖ E5∕_ 5

E

71
 

51.- ^b pubth voerg grlñboaglnbtn. N` pnrohih in `gs voergaohbns ns in 5 snk., `g glp`otui in

>3 ll y `g gsn oboaog` okug` g anrh. Jg``gr `g vn`haoigi in` pubth nb n` lhlnbth nb `g qun
n`hbkgaoñb ns okug` g 5>ll .

IGYHQ6

-   Y <5 s
-   G <>3 ll
-   τ <3
-   Z <5> ll
- ¸¸¸T<888

@unkh `g naugaoñb in` LGQ.   x < Gsnb ( Ϗt + τ ) … … … … … … … . ( 7 )

5 σ 
Qgenlhs6   Ϗ <   … … … … … .. ( 5 )
Y 

Unnlp`gzglhs
Unnlp`gzglhs n` pnrohih ((Y)
Y) nb (5) pgrg ag`au`gr gsì `g drnaunbaog gbku`gr6
5 σ 
Ϗ<  < σs∕7 … … … … . ( 1 )
5s

Unnlp`gzgbih
Unnlp`gzgbih (1) y `hs igths erobigihs nb `g naugaoñb (7) hetnbnlhs6
 x <>3 snb ( σs t ) ll……… ( 9 )
∕7

Gjhrg inrovglhs (9) pgrg hetnbnr `h qun bhs poin6

ix
v<  < >3 σs∕7 ahs ( σs∕7 t ) ll………. ( > )
it 

Ag`au`glhs n` tonlph nb `g naugaoñb (9)6

 x <5> ll <>3 snb ( σs t ) ll
∕7

grasnb ()
7
5
<( σs∕7 t ) ⟿
7
t <  s … … … … … . ( 4 )
4

Unnlp`gzglhs
Unnlp`gzglhs (4) nb (>)6

v <>3 σs
∕7
(
ahs σs
∕ 7 7
4 )
 s ll

 σ 
v <>3   ahs
s
 σ 
4
ll ()
 ll
∹v <714 s

79
 

5>
5>.-
.- Ihs e`e`hq
hqun
unss G y E in lgsgs
lgsgs okug
okug`n
`nss hs
hsao
ao`g
`gb
b ah
ahb
b okug
okug`` gl
glp`
p`ot
otui
ui G. insp
inspuï
uïss in
 G
tr
trgb
gbsa
saur
urro
roih
ih ub nlp
nlph
h t, au
augb
gbih
ih G ns tg nb _ <  ( sueonbih ), `g phso
nstg ⃛
phsoao
aoñ
ñb in E ns
5

1 G
⃛
_ < ∕∖    ( egfgbih)
5
. N` Gbku`h in gsn in E ahb rnspnth g G ns nbthbans6

Sgrg n` e`hqun ‐G“6

Qo ahbsoinrglhs _  G < G sob ( wt + κ κ ) g` ageh in ub nlph6 suen insin n` pubth in nquo`oeroh
 G
_  G <  nbthbans pgrg nsn nlph6 _  G < G sob ( wt + κ κ ) ahbsoinrgbih qun κκ <3  nbthbans
5
7 σ  71 σ   5 tσ   ; σ 
tnbirnlhs snb ( wt ) < ↕ wt <  =  =  6  thihs phsovhs phr n` e`hqun ‐G“ nstg
5 4 4 4 4
sueonbih

Sgrg n`
n` e`hqun
e`hqun ‐E“

@g drnaunbaog gbku`gr snrg okug` qun in G phr qun nbnb okug` lgsg y ahbstgbtn in rokoinz

w<
∖  m 
l
ns inaor6 w  G< w E

_ E < Gsnb ( wt + σ )= phr qun nstg egfgbih insuns in ub nlph
nlph t

∕∖ 1 G  < G snb ( wt + σ ) ↕snb ( wt + σ )< ∕∖ 1

5 5

7>
 

σ 
Unspunstg6  
4

5?.-^b pnqun÷h pnsh [, uboih g ub jo`h tnbsh, insagbsg shern ubg supnrdaon jhrozhbtg`
pu`oig. Qng Y `g tnbsoñb shphrtgig phr ioajh jo`h. Ag`au`gr n` pnrohih y `g rnaunbaog pgrg `gs
pnqun÷gs hsao`gaohbns in` pnsh nb iornaaoñb pnrpnbioau`gr g` jo`h.

w <  m 
l
∖
5 σ   7
Y <   <5 σ 
w w

d <
 7
 ∖
 m 
5 σ  l

ge
N`hbkgaoñb(x)6  @

 w
 Snsh lk < w =  < l
k

Jg``glhs ahbstgbtn M
 D  I <mx

 ge
Y <m 
 @

Y@
m <
ge

5 σ 
 7  Yk@
Drnaunbaog6 d <   pnrìhih6  Yk@
5 σ  [ge

 ∖ ∖
[ge

74
 

17.-^b pïbiu`h soah nb `g hrlg in ub aunrph p`gbh nnatög ub lhvolonbth

grlñboah solp`n ahb ubg rnaunbaog in 3.9>3 Jz. Qo n` pïbiu`h nbn ubg lgsg in
5.53  mk y povhtn sn `hag`ozg g 3.1>3l in` anbtrh in lgsg, intnrlobn n` lhlnbth in
obnraog in` pïbiu`h.
 QH@^AOÑB6
IGYHQ6Y < 7  ¸   7  s
v 3.9>

l <5.53 mk

e <3.1>3 l

< ?.:7 l/ s5
 Qgenlhs qun nb ub pïbiu`h ahlpunsth h dìsoah n` pnrohih (Y ) nstç igih phr `g


sokuonbtn dhrlu`g6 Y <5 σ 
Iñbin6
  O 
k el
⇕ O <
∖
  Y  5
5 σ 
kel……… ( ¸) ( )
   O 6 Lhlnbth in obnraog l 6 lgsg
k6 Krgvnigi e 6 iostgbaog in` povhtn g` anbtrh in krgvnigi
  Dobg`lnbtn rnnlp`gzgbih igths nb ( ¸ )6

(  )
5
  7
 s
3 . 9>
 O < ( ?.:7 l / s 5 ) ( 3.1> l) ( 5.53 mk )
5 σ 

 Shr `h tgbth6
 mk
 O <3.?99 5
l

11.-N` lhvolonbth in ubg pgrau`g nstç rnkoih phr `g naugaoñb.  Z  >snb5t  9 ahs 5t 
ihbin  Z   sn nxprnsg nb lntrhs y t nb snkubihs. Jg``gr6
g) N` pnr
pnrohi
ohihhiin`
n` lhv
lhvoloolonbt
nbth.
h.
e) @g glp
glp`ot
`otui
ui i
in`
n` l
lhvo
hvolon
lonbth
bth..
a) N` çb
çbku
ku`h
`h in gsn
gsn..
Qh`uaoñb6
g) In
Intnr
tnrlob
lobgb
gbih
ih n` pnroh
pnrohih6
ih6
  5 
Snrohioaoigi in >snb5t 
>snb5t    Y 7  5   

7;
 

  5 
 Y 5    
Snrohioaoigi in 9ahs5
9ahs5t 
t    5

 Y    snk . 
Snrohih ahleobgih snrç
e) In
Intnr
tnrlob
lobgb
gbih
ih `g glp
glp`ot
`otui
ui
Aç`au`h in` rgbkh in `g dubaoñb in `g dhrlg6

 d  x  g sob x  e ahs x  g 5  e 5

 g 5  e 5 lob  d  x  g 5  e 5 lgx

5 5 5 5
 >  9 lob   Z  t   >  9 lgx

 97lob   Z  t   97lgx

Shr `h tgbth6

Nbthbans `g glp`otui snrç6  G  97

a) In
Intnr
tnrlob
lobgb
gbih
ih nn`` çb
çbku`
ku`h
h in dgs
dgsnn

Inrovgbih `g dubaoñb n okug`gbih g anrh6

73 ah
ahs 5t  : sob 5t   3
>
tgb  5t    5t  >7.19  t   5>.4;
9

In` krçah6


 G7    5>.4;, 97
5>.4; 
N` çbku`h in dgsn snrç6     ?3  >7.19  1:.44
1>
1>.-
.- in
insp
sprn
rnao
aogb
gbih
ih n` rgzh
rgzhbg
bglo
lonb
nbth
th in
in`` u
uoi
oih,
h, in
intn
tnrl
rlob
obgr
gr `g rna
rnaun
unba
baog
og in

hsao`gaohbns in` `ìquoih nb `n bgbñlntrh nb ^ rnprnsnbtgih

rnprnsnbtgih nb `g dkurg.

@g naugaoñb in` lhvolonbth in` gkug inbtrh in tueh ns6

 5 k 
 x  x3
 @

 x   5 x  3
Ihbin `g drnaunbaog gbku`gr ns6
7:
 

  5 k 
 5  
 @

5 k 
  
 
 @

N` pnrohih vonbn igih phr6

5  7
Y   
   d  

@g drnaunbaog in hsao`gaohbns snrç6

7
 d       
5 

7 5 k 
 d   
5   @

1?.-^b pïbiu`h solp`n nbn ubg lgsg in 3.5>3mj y ubg `hbkotui in 7.33l. Qn
insp`gzg phr ub çbku`h in 7>.3³ y inspuïs sn sun`tg. ¸Auç`ns shb8
g) @g rgpoinz lçxolg.
 e) @g gan`nrgaoñb
gan`nrgaoñb gbku`gr lçxol
lçxolgg
a) @g dunrzg rnstgurgihrg lçxolg

QH@^AOHB6

g) Iorna
Iornatgln
tglnbtn
btn iinn `g dñrlu`g6
dñrlu`g6
 k 
vlgx  @3  @ 3
v   @3 s nb(t    )   @
Unlp`gzgbih
Unlp`gzgb  n` vg`hr lçxolh ns
ih igths tnbirnlhs
?.:7 l s5  
vlgx  (7.33l)(3.545rgi )    3.:53 l s
7.33l

 e) @g gan`n
gan`nrgaoñb
rgaoñb gbku`gr ns
5  k 
5  lgx  3  3  
  3  ahs(t    )    @
 n` vg`hr lçxolh ns
Unlp`gzgbih
Unlp`gzgbih igths tnbirnlhs
?.:7
 lgx   (3.545rgi )  5.>; rgi  s5
7

a) @g du
dunrzg
nrzg rn
rnstgu
stgurgihr
rgihrgg lçxo
lçxolg
lg
 lglgx  l@ 
In `g 5ig `ny in Bnwthb  Y   lgx  
 D l@ lgx
7?
 

Unlp`gzgbih
Unlp`gzgbih igths tnbirnlhs
  DY   lgx   (3. )(5..>; rgi  s )  3.495 B 
(3.5>3mk )  (7.33l)(5
  5

1;.- Qn sun`tg ubg nsnrg uboig g ub jo`h obnxtnbsoe`n in 7.53 in `hbkotui. Augbih
κ <> ³ .

Ag`au`gr6
g) N` n
nlph
lph nnlp`ng
lp`ngih
ih nb vh
vh`vnr
`vnr nn`` sost
sostnlg
nlg g ssu
u phso
phsoaoñb6
aoñb6

QH@^AOÑB6
Ahbsoinrgbih qun n` nlph in oig y vun`tg shb okug`ns, jg``glhs n` nlph in G g A6
Ahlh κ <> ³ 0 73 ³  nbthbans sn aulp`n6

 `
Y <5 σ  k
∖
N` nlph in G g A ns `g lotgi in pnrohih in` lhvolonbth in G g E sulgih g` in E g A.
Y  GE Y EA 
t <  +
5 5

t < t  GE+ t EA 

Jg``glhs t  GE y t EA  6

-   t  GE<
Y  GE
5
Y EA 
∖
  < σ 
  7.5
?.:7
  3.4
<7.3?:;

-   t  < EA 
5   <σ  ?.:7 <3.;;4?
∖ 53
 

t < 7.3?:; + 3.;;4?

t < 7.:;>4

t < 7.:: snk

97.- ^bg pgrtìau

pgrtìau`g
`g sn ah`hag
ah`hag nb rnphsh
rnphsh g ubg g`turg j  shern ubh in `hs p`gbhs
ubg g`turg
oba`obgihs in snlogbku`h η y sn infg nb `oenrtgi insin n` rnphsh, sgeonbih qun bh
nxost
nxostnn rhzgl
rhzglon
onbt
bth,
h, sn poin
poin66 Inlh
Inlhstr
strgr
gr qun
qun n` lhvo
lhvolo
lonb
nbth
th in `g pgrt
pgrtìau
ìau`g
`g ns
pnroñioah, y intnrlobgr n` vg`hr in pnrohih. ¸Ns grlñboah solp`n8

@g öboag dunrzg qun `h insp`gzg ns lksnb 

j j
 snb    i  
i   snb  ……………………………………………...7

  Snrohih snrog6 Y<9t…………………………………………………..5

Shr snkubig `ny in bnwthb

57
 

 DU  lg
lksnb   lg
 ksnb   g   ns ahbstgbtn
7 5
i  gt 
5
7
i ksnb t 5 
5
j 7 5j
  ksnb t 5  t   ................................1
 snb 5 ksnb5 
rnnlp`gzgbih 1 nb 5
5j   9 5j
Snrohih6   Y<9 
 ksnb 5   snb
    k 

  Ahlh `gs dunrzgs qun gatögb shern `g pgrtìau`g shb dunrzgs ahbsnrvgtovgs,
ahbsnrvgtovgs, ns
  Hsao`gthroh, ns pnroñioah, ginlçs `g nbnrkìg in `g pgrtìau`g sn ahbsnrvg phr `h
tgbth ns LGQ.
91.-^bg eneï sn rnkhaofg iurgbtn n` iìg agbtgbih y sg`tgbih nb su aubg. Qu lgsg ns
in 75.>mk y n` ah`ajñb in `g aubg punin lhin`grsn ahlh ub rnshrtn `oknrh ahb ubg
ahbstgbtn in dunrzg in 9.13mB/l.

Qh`uaoñb

Igths6 l < 75.>mk y m < 9.13mB/l

g. @g eneï gprnbin prhbth g rnehtgr ahb lçxolg glp`otui y lìbolh nsdunrzh g`
ihe`gr sus rhio``gs, ¸auç` ns `g drnaunbaog in` rnehtn8

^to`ozgbih `g dñrlu`g in `g drnaunbaog6

 d  h   h  7 m 
5 5  l 

Sgrg `g rnshbgbaog
r nshbgbaog,, su drnaunbaog inen ahobaoior 
 h 7 m 
 d  h  
5 5  l
7 9.13 731  B l 7
  199
5 75.>mk  5 
7:.>9;
  5.?>
5 
 5.?> Jz 

55
 

e. Gprnbin g usgr n` ah`ajñb ahlh trglph`ìb ‑ pnrionbih ahbtgath ahb n` iurgbtn

 pgrtn in agig
agig aoa`h ‑ augbi
augbihh su glp`otui nxa
nxanin,
nin, ¸Wuï vg`hr8
vg`hr8

ix iv 5
v   G sob       G ahs  t 
In  x  G ahs  t  , it  ,y it  , `g gan`nrgaoñb
5
lçxolg ns  G  . Augbih nsth sn vun`vn okug` g `g gan`nrgaoñb ineoih g `g

krgvnigi,
 pubth `g dunrzg
in` aoa`h6
aoa`h6 bhrlg` nfnraoig shern n``g phr n` ah`ajñb agnrç g anrh nb ub
 k k lk 
 G   
5
   m     m 
5  
 G     k  h l
lk (?.:7 l s 5 )(75
?.: 75..>mk)
>mk) 755
755.45>l
45>
 G     3.35:>l
m 9.13 73 B l 1
9133
 G  3.35:>l  5.:>al
9>. ^bg lgsg ahlpgatg  L  nstç uboig g` nxtrnlh in ubg egrrg ubohrln in lgsg  L  
y `hbkotui @ qun nstç grau`gig nb su pgrtn supnrohr.
g) Intnrlobn `gs tnbtgaohbns nb `g egrrg nb n` povhtn y nb n` pubth  p augbih n` sostnlg
nstç nstgaohbgroh.
e) Ag`au`n n` pnrohih in hsao`gaoñb pgrg insp`gzglonbths pnqun÷hs insin `g phsoaoñb
in nquo`oeroh y intnrlobn nstn pnrohih nb n` agsh in  @<5.33 l
QH@^AOHB6

 IGYHQ
 IGYHQ 6

lahl< L 

legrrg< L 

 @hbkotui 6 @

 @<5.33 l

g)
 Ynbsoñb nb n` povhtn6

 ∗  D  y <3
Y  povhtn∕ Lk ∕ Lk <3

∹ Y  povhtn <5 Lk
 Ynbsoñb nb n` pubth S
Jganlhs ubg rn`gaoñb nbtrn lgsg y `hbkotui.

51
 

@g lgsg pgrg `g `hbkotui y6

 Lk  L  y
 <
 @  y
 Lky
 L  y <
 @

Shr nquo`oeroh6
∗ D  <3  y

Y  S ∕ L  y ∕ Lk < 3

 Lk
Y  S < Lk +  y
 @

 y
∹ Y  S < Lk ( + 7 )
 @

e) pgrg ag`au`gr n` pnrohih u`ozglhs nstg ñrlu`g6

  O sostnlg
Y <5 σ 
lsostnlg k e sostnlg
 ∖
Ag`au`glhs n` lhlnbth in obnraog in` sostnlg.
 O sostnlg < O 3 + O ahlp
5 5
 L @ 9 L @5
 O sostnlg<   + L @ <
1 1

 Ag`au`glhs e sostnlg6
 @
 L ( )+ L ( @ )
5 1 @
e<   <
 L + L  9

Unnlp`gzgbih6

∖
5
  9 L @
1
Y <5 σ 
 @
(5 L ) k ( 1   )
9

∹ Y  <
1  ∖
 9 σ  5 @
k

a) so  @<5 l

9 σ  5 ( 5 )
⇕ Y <

 ∖
1 ?.:
∹ Y  < 5.4: s
59
 

9?.- N` rnaoponbtn in lginrg ahbnbn ub e`hqun ahbnatgih g ub rnshrtn, n` aug` nstç

ahlproloih 93 al. N` ahbfubth insaonbin ahb ubg rgpoinz ahbstgbtn in 7.> l/s y in
prhbth sn obarustg nb n` a`gvh lhstrgih. ¸Auç` snrç `g naugaoñb in` lhvolonbth in
e`hqun inspuïs in` olpgath (k< 73l/s)8 Uptg6 y<3.1snb (>t+   )

Nb thihs `hs gspnaths `g naugaoñb in` lhvolonbth nb n` nfn _ nstn igih phr6
_(t)<-Gsnb([*t+   ) ………………………. (7)
^bg lgsg nb ub rnshrtn vnrag` hsao`g g`rninihr in `g phsoaoñb in nquo`oeroh.
Gp`oagbih `g snkubig `ny in Bnwthb (D<l*g) y `g `ny in Jhhmn (D<m*x)
l*k<M*x
73l<m*(3.9)
73  m  m 
<       <5>
3.9 l l

@g drnaunbaog gbku`gr ns6

[<
∖  m 
l
<∖ 5>
5><>

Qn sgen tgleoïb qun6

T  7.>
T<[*G  phr `h tgbth `g glp`otui snrç6 G< < <3.1
[  >
5>
 

Unnlp`gzgbih
Unnlp`gzgbih igths nb `g naugaoñb 7 sn nbn6
_(t)< 3.1*snb(>t+   )  naugaoñb in` lhvolonbth

>7.-G ub pïbiu`h solp`n qun nbn ubg `hbkotui in 5.51 l y ubg lgsg in 4.;9 mk sn
`n ig ubg rgpoinz oboaog` in 5.34 l/s nb su phsoaoñb in nquo`oeroh. Quphbkg qun
nxpnrolnbtg ub lhvolonbth grlñboah solp`n y intnrlobn su pnrohih, nbnrkìg y su
lçxolh insp`gzglonbth gbku`gr.
Qh`uaoñb

In` krçah6
krçah6  x < @κ … … … … .. ( O )

 l<4.;9 mk
 @< 5.51 l

Snrohih (Y)
5 σ 
Y < Ϗ

Ϗ<
∖ ∖
 k
 @
<
?.:7
5.51
<5.3?;1 rgi

Unnlp`gzgbih
Unnlp`gzgbih n` vg`hr in `g drnaunbaog gbku`gr pgrg jg``gr n` pnrohih
5 σ    5 σ  5 ( 1.7974)
Y <  < <   ≊1s
Ϗ 5.3?;1 5.3?;1

Nbnrkìg
 N < N M + ^ 

 N < Nbnr
 Nbnrkàg lnaãboag , N < Nbnr
kàg lnaãboag,  Nbnrkàg aobêtoag , ^ < Nbnr
kàg aobêtoag,  Nbnrkàg
kàg phtnbaog`
 M 

 N < N M + ^ 

54
 

5 5
lv  m x
 N <  +
5 5
5 5
4.;9 ( 5.34 ) m ( 3 )
nquo`oeroh  xx <3 ↕ N<
Nb `g phsoaoñb in nquo`oeroh    +
5 5

 N < 79.13 F 

Insp`gzglonbth
Insp`gzglonbth gbku`gr lçxolh
Shr probaopoh in ahbsnrvgaoñb in nbnrkìg
5 5
lv mx
 N < 79.13<  +
5 5

N` insp`gzglonbth gbku`gr lçxolh sn ig nb n` pubth nb n` qun `g vn`haoigi ns lìbolg

5 5
l (3 ) m ( @κ )
(v<3)  N <79.13<  +
5 5

Unahrinlhs qun M<lk/@ phr tgbth6

lk 5

l ( 3)
5
 @
  ( @ κ lãx )
 @κ
79.13<  +
5 5

κlãx <3.?: rgi

>1.- (g)Ag`aö`nsn n` pnrohih in hsao`gaoñb in ub pïbiu`h in `hbkotui ?:.7al nb n` gorn,

insprnaogbih n` rhzglonbth. Qng `g glp`otui 7al, ns inaor, pnqun÷g rnbtn g @. (e) nb qun
tgbth phr aonbth sn g`tnrg n` pnrohih augbih n` pïbiu`h sn sulnrkn nb k`oanrobg nb ihbin
nxpnrolnbtg ubg unrzg in roaaoñb D<-3.5 (mk. / snk.) v.

@g lgsg in` pïbiu`h ns >3 k .

QH@^AOHB66
QH@^AOHB

Sgrg n` prolnr agsh (g)6

Shr indoboaoñb tnbnlhs qun6

  @
Y 3   5 
 k 
Unnlp`gzglhs igths6

5;
 

3.?:7l
Y3  5   7.?:; s
l
?.: 5
 s
Y3  7.?? snk  
Sgrg n` snkubih agsh (e)6

_g qun6
5 5   5 
  3   y ,D   v, Y  
 
Nbthbans tnbnlhs6
   3.5

3.5
 y   5
5  >3
> 3  73 1
 5 
5 5  Y d     5.>snk  
    1. 7 4    5  5 .9 > 5.9>

Shr `h tgbth6

Y  Y  d    Y 3      5.>4  7.?? 

   3.5:
Y3 Y 3 7.??

5: