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i^ral* bi grbw abqboj fkb nrb `^ob`Å^ ab nrb`lkilbpq^_ib`falmlobifk`fpl/ abi^oqÅ`ril
`ljmbqbk`f^, 2/ abi^Jbvab?o_fqo^gb*pb_rp`^bsfq^onrbi^p
m^oqbp mrba^k cobk^o bi ^o_fqo^gb `lk ^oqf`ri^+
Qfkara^*^ij^odbkabnrbi^ obsfpfÉk\o Xek\ `flkbppl_ob`ljmbqbk`f^bki^sÅ^graf`f^i,Ciil*
ab i^ s^ifabwabi `lksbkfl ^o_fqo^i mrba^ pbo pfkmbogrf`flabi^pc^`riq^abpabiNlaboHraf`f^i
`lkpfabo^a^ fkqolj fplof^ &klplqolp `obbjlp m^o^e^`bork`lkqoli\ogfjkabi^`ljmbqbk`f^
nrb bcb`qfs^j bkqb il bp'* `^_b ob`loa^o nrb ab ilp~o_fqolp mlo i^ sÅ^ abi ob`ropl ab ^kri^+
q^ k ql  ilp qof_rk^ibp ^o_fqo^ibp `lj l i^ gr a f+ `fÉk*obdri^alq^j _fÄkbk i^ Jbvab?o_fqo^gb,
`^qro^ ab_bk b kqbkabo nrb i^ cr k `fÉ k  nrb
^j _lp abpbj mbÇ^k kl fj m if`^  rk^ ir`e^ Nlolqoli^al*pbmrbab^mob`f^onrbbifk`fpl_^gl
`lkpq^kqb mlo abqboj fk^o ^ nrfÄk ib `loobp+ bpqrafle^`bobcbobk`f^^i^pbu`bm`flkbpvl_gb+
P bsfpq^ b a fq^ a ^  m l o ^ ir j k l p  ab i^ D ^`riq^a ab B b ob `e l  ab i^ S k fs b op fa ^ a  ab Jfj^

mlkabobplisbobij^vlokÑj bolabifqfdflp*l `flkbp^i^o_fqo^gb*i^pjfpj^pnrbbkal`qofk^pb


nrfÄk qfbkb j~p mlabo* pfkl nrb bii^ fjmif`^ pr_prjbkbki^cfdro^abkljfk^a^lmlpf`fÉk^i
`lkpq^kqb obpmbql mlo i^ i^_lonrb`^a^ rkl ^o_fqo^gbvnrb`ljmobkabkqlalqfmlabjbaflp
`rj mib* bk ^o^p ab obplisbo ilp `lkcif`qlp ab ababcbkp^ nrb i^p m^oqbp mrafbo^k bpdofjfobk
i^ cloj ^ j~pgrpq^ mlpf_ib, `lkqo^abi^^o_fqo^_fifa^aabi^`lkqolsbopf^,

Aobbjlp nrb pf i^ abqbojfk^`fÉk ^`bo`^ ab i^ )% 9eQS^QW]\Sa%
s^ifabwlfks^ifabwabi`lksbkfl^o_fqo^inrba^o^
abpabrk fkf`flbk j^klpabi NlaboHraf`f^i*bi Aljl _fbk pbÇ^i^ K^kqfii^ Qboo^kl7* klnrba^
^o_fqo^gbpbsboÅ^pbof^jbkqb^cb`q^al*v^nrbi^ i^ jbklo ara^ ab nrb bi ~o_fqol l bi qof_rk^i
m^oqbnrb kl nrfpfbo^`rj mifo`lk bi`lksbkfl ^o_fqo^i mlao~ ab`fafo qla^ bu`bm`fÉk nrb fk+
^o_fqo^i mlaoÅ^ fkf`f^o rk mol`bpl* mlobgbjmil slir`ob `rbpqflkbp `ljl i^ c`k`jg\e[\ek`X v i^
ab krifa^a ab af`el `lksbkfl* ^kqb bi Nlabo `lp^ grwd^a^* i^ mobgraf`f^ifa^a* i^ `^ar`fa^a
Hraf`f^i v* ^pÅ* bi fkf`fl abi ^o_fqo^gb pb mlpqbo+ v bi `rj mifj fbkql ab i^p `lkaf`flkbp mobsf^p
d^oÅ^ e^pq^ nrb bufpqfbo^ rk molkrk`f^j fbkql obnrbofa^pm^o^fkf`f^obi^o_fqo^gb,
abcfkfqfslabilpgrb`bp,
Fbok^kal Bbsfp C`e^kaÅ^/.*mlopr m^oqb*^cfoj^
R^i`ljlpbÇ^i^kA^kqr^of^pv?o^j_roÑ6*^kqb nrbi^bu`bm`fÉkbprk^bpmb`f^ij^kbo^abbgbo`bo
af`e^pfqr^`fÉk*i^al`qofk^mlpqri^abpabe^`b biabob`elab`lkqo^af``fÉklabcbkp^bkdbkbo^i*
jr`el qfbj ml i^ kb`bpfa^a ab nrb pb^k ilp nrb ib`loobpmlkab ^ qlal abj^ka^kal*vnrb
molmflp ~o_fqolp ilp nrb abqboj fkbk* mlo il `lkpfpqb bk lmlkbopb ^ i^ abj^ka^ m^o^^q^`^o
jbklp bk rk mofk`fmfl* pf plk `ljmbqbkqbp l i^p o^wlkbp ab i^ mobqbkpfÉk abi abj^ka^kqb*
kl m^o^ obplisbo i^ `lkqolsbopf^ l* il nrbbp il jbaf^kqbo^wlkbpmolmf^pabeb`el*nrbmbopfd^k
jfpjl*pfbi`lksbkfl^o_fqo^inrbbp^rqÉklj l abpqorfoi^ljlafcf`^oi^l^mi^w^oprpbcb`qlp,
^i `lkqo^ql mofk`fm^i* prcob ab ^idÑk sf`fl nrb
ilfks^ifab,Cpq^`ljmbqbk`f^abilp~o_fqolpab Ckq^ipbkqfal*pfbkalbi^o_fqo^gbrkjb`^kfpjl
obplisbo^`bo`^abprmolmf^`ljmbqbk`f^pb`l+ mofs^al ab obplir`fÉk ab `lkcif`qlp* bk alkab
kl`b`ljÑkjbkqb`ljlbfdg\k\eq(bfdg\k\eq pÉilpb^rqlofw^^ilp~o_fqolp^obplisbo^nrbiil
:=OH < :MN L (*'

6, A?LRS?PG?QQ?J?TCPPW*Dbok^kalv?P?K@SPôWX?E?*K^krbiBfbdl,>c XiY`kiXa\ \e \c I\i{5 [\jXiifccf XZklXc p


g\ijg\Zk`mXj ]lkliXj)Jfj^8Drka^`fÉkK,H,@rpq^j^kqbabi^Drbkqb* /772*m,004,

7, K?LRGJJ?QCPP?LM*Dbok^kal,E\p [\ :iY`kiXa\) NeX g\ijg\Zk`mX `ek\ieXZ`feXc)K^aofa8irpqbi*0..3*m, /16,

/., BCTGQCAF?LBó?*Fbok^kal,M\fixX @\e\iXc [\c IifZ\jf)RljlG,@rbklp?fobp8Skfsbopfa^a*/762*m,042,

074 K^o f l  A ^ p q f i i l  Do b v o b  - Pf q ^ Q^ _ o l p l  Kf k ^v ^  - J ^ro ^ A^ p q o l  X^ m ^ q ^  - H e lb i  Aef m^o Å ^ A^ q ^ i ~ k


bumobp^j bkqb `lkqbj mi^al bk bi `lksbkfl ^o_fqo^i bp bi Ñkf`l `lj mbqbkqb m^o^ ab`fafo è
^o_fqo^i* ilp ~o_fqolp +b k  sfoqr a  abi mofk`fmfl pl_obpr molmf^`ljmbqbk`f^*fk`irplpl_obi^p
bfdg\k\eq(bfdg\k\eq(plk `ljmbqbkqbp m^o^ bu`bm`flkbpvl_gb`flkbp^i^o_fqo^gbobi^qfs^p^ l`^8 8
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sbofcf`^o i^ s^ifabw abi `lksbkfl ^o_fqo^iv m^o^ i^ fkbufpqbk`f^* krifa^a*^kri^_fifa^a* fks^ifabw rr
sbofcf`^opfmol`babobplisbomloi^sÅ^^o_fqo^i i^ lfkbcf`^`f^abi`lksbkfl^o_fqo^i, MM 3
OM
j^qbof^li^pj^qbof^p`lkqolsboqfa^p*ab`lkclo+ 6JIDG
Ckj^qbof^^o_fqo^ibprk^obdi^ablolbinrbilp C68>DC6A
jfa^a^ ilbpq^_ib`falmloi^ Jbvab?o_fqo^gb,
qof_rk^ibp ^o_fqo^ibp plk ilp Ñkf`lpnrbqfbkbk
Pbpriq^jrvfj mloq^kqbqbkbobk`lkpfabo^`fÉk i^c^`riq^a abab`fafo^`bo`^abpr molmf^`lj+
bi jlj bkql bk bi `r^i mrbabk pbo abar`fa^p mbqbk`f^ v* biil*bk i^ jbafa^ ab nrb pfcrbpbk
i^pbu`bm`flkbp*v^nrbi^bu`bm`fÉk klmrbab ilpqof_rk^ibploafk^oflpabgrpqf`f^nrfbkbpqr +
fkqbomlkbopb l abar`fopb bk `r^inrfbo bpq^al sfbpbknrbab`fafo^`bo`^abi^`ljmbqbk`f^ab
abi mol`bpl, Qfk mbogrf`fl ab nrb mlpqboflo+ ilpqof_rk^ibp^o_fqo^ibp*bki^mo~`qf`^pbab_boÅ^
j bkqb ob^if`bjlp j~p `ljbkq^oflp pl_ob il pbdrfo rk mol`bpl gr a f`f^ i mobsfl ^i mol`bpl
bpq^_ib`falbkbifk`fpl1abi^oqÅ`ril_^glbpqr+ ^o_fqo^i* ^ bcb`qlp ab mlabo afir`fa^o i^ molmf^ _\

`ljmbqbk`f^abiqof_rk^i^o_fqo^i, C
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i^ mo~`qf`^^o_fqo^i plk j~p`ljrkbp, ^kqbbiNlaboHraf`f^iv*^pÅ*bifkf`flabi^o_fqo^gb M


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lcf`fll^mbafalabm^oqb*pbqo^j fq^bimol`bpl grwd^a^*i^pjfpj^pnrbpbobdfo~kab^`rboal^ '
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Ci `^pl bj_ibj~qf`l bp^nrÄi bk nrb pb ^ibd^ i^pm^oqbplnrfbkbpabbii^pabofsbkprpabob`elp*


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ÀÍĦĨĔİĔIËĜÉ ĨÉĪÉ ĒĔËĜĒĜĪ ĤÉ Ë Í Ħ Ĩ Ĕ İ Ĕ I Ë Ĝ É ĒĔĤ İĪĜĚĮIÉĤ ÉĪĚĜİĪÉĤ 075


ird^o*nrbi^pmboplk^pnrbpfdrfbolkbimol`bpl loafk^oflpldbkbo^ibp*`ljll`roob`lkilpab
pb^ki^pjfpj^p9bkpbdrkalird^o*nrbi^`^rp^ i^ mobp`ofm`fÉk buqfkqfs^,
l^``fÉk &fkqboÄp m^o^l_o^o' vi^ `lp^ r l_gbql
&mobqbkpflkbp mol`bp^ibp' pb^k faÄkqf`lp9v*bk Õ ĻŌ Ļ Á İ È Ê I È ĖĦ Ģ É Ê I Í Ê Î È Í ĖI È ĖĦ Ģ Ļ
qbo`bo ird^o* nrb bigrf`fl e^v^ qboj fk^al mlo
pbkqbk`f^bgb`rqlof^a^, Ckrkpbkqfal^jmifl*pbprbibabklj fk^o`lj l
mobp`ofm`fÉk^^nrbiilpcbkÉj bklpnrbm^ob`bk
Õ ĻÖ Ļ Á İ È Ê I È ĖĦ Ģ É Ê È Đ É Ï È ĖÉ Đ É Ļ `lkpfpqfobkrk^jlafcf`^`fÉknrbbumbofjbkq^
abqbojfk^a^pfqr^`fÉkgroÅaf`^`lkbiqo^kp`ropl
J^`^ar`fa^abpabcfkfa^`ljlbi fkpqorjbkql abiqfbjml,
jbaf^kqb bi `r^i bi qo^kp`ropl abi qfbj ml bu+
qfkdrbbiabob`elvi^ ^``fÉk `loobpmlkafbkqb* Nlo pr m^oqb* Kbppfkbl/1 pb ^molufj ^ ^ bpq^
bk o^wÉk abi^ fk^``fÉk abprqfqri^oaro^kqbbi kl`fÉk `r^kal `^ifcf`^ ^ i^ mobp`ofm`fÉk `ljl
mi^wl mobcfg^al mlo i^ ibv l mlo i^ slirkq^a ab rk bsbkql sfk`ri^al `lk bi m^pl abi qfbjml,
ilpm^oqf`ri^obp, Bbpabbpq^mbopmb`qfs^ilabcfkb`ljlbijlal
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ljbafl`lkbi`r^i*jbaf^kqbbiqo^kp`roplabi
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rk^mobqbkpfÉkmol`bp^iabofs^a^abrkabob`el
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mrbababar`foi^bu`bm`fÉkab`^ar`fa^a, qo^kp`roplabiqfbj ml`lkqof_rvb^lp`rob`bobi
m^klo^j^,Qf _fbk pb^ajfqbnrbbiqo^kp`ropl
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bpqb qo^_^gl* K^ofl A^pqfiil Dobvob//* pbÇ^i^k `elppr_gbqfslpli^pobi^`flkbpgroÅaf`^p*il`fbo+
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molar`bkfkpbdrofa^a,?ifdr^inrbbkbi`^plab
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molar`fa^mlork^molilkd^a^c^iq^abbgbo`f`fl
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wlp ab `^ar`fa^a pb bpq^_ib`bk ab j^kbo^ bi qfqri^o fk`fa^ bk fk^`qfsfa^a l bk fkbo`f^* bi
bpmb`Åcf`^ bk obi^`fÉk ^ rk^ pfqr^`fÉk groÅaf`^ abob`el kl mobp`of_bbk q^kql pb^ ob`lkl`fal
`lk`obq^ nrb e^ a^al ird^o ^i k^`fjfbkql abi mlobiprgbql m^pfsl, J^c^iq^ abbgbo`f`fl e^ ab
abob`el* j lj bkql abpab bi `r^i `ljfbkw^ ^ fo*mlobpql* rkfa^^ i^c^iq^abob`lkl`fjfbkql,
`ljmrq^opbbi mi^wl m^o^ pr bgbo`f`fl, Nlobiil*
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ilnrbbiAÉafdlkle^mlafalbpq^_ib`bomi^wlp kl mrbab pbo ^`ldfa^ ab lcf`fl mlo bi grbw l

//, MQRCPJGLE N?PMBG* Dbifmb v A?QRGJJM DPCWPC* K^ofl, Mf[f!gi\jZi`Y\!f! ZX[lZX'! X! d\efj!hl\!ÖX!c\p!j\yXc\!cf
ZfekiXi`f )Ck8Bbob`el$Ql`fba^a*LÜ01*Jfj^*0..2*m,/00,
:=OH < :MN L /1.

/0, TGB?J P?KóPCX* Dbok^kal, Ii`eZ`g`f![\!c\^Xc`[X[!\e! \c!gcXqf![\!ZX[lZ`[X[ ) Ck8 <z[`^f! <`m`c!<fd\ekX[f) Jfj^8
E^`bq^HroÅaf`^*0..3*m,123,

/1, KCQQGLCM* Do^k`bp`l, FXelXc![\!=\i\Z_f!<`m`c!p!<fd\iZ`Xc) Rljl GG, @rbklp ?fobp8 Caf`flkbp HroÅaf`^p Crolm^+
?jÄof`^*/732*m,4/.,

/2, BóCX+NGA?XMNMLACBCJCòL*Jrfp,EX!=fZki`eX![\!cfj!:Zkfj!Iifg`fj)@^o`bilk^8@lp`e*/740*m,76/,

076 K^o f l  A ^ p q f i i l  Do b v o b  - Pf q ^ Q^ _ o l p l  Kf k ^ v ^  - J^r o ^  A^ p q o l  X ^ m ^ q ^  - H e lb i  Ae f m ^ k ^  A^ q ^ i ~ k


~o_fqol, J^ mobp`ofm`fÉk kb`bp^of^jbkqb ab_b `lkpfabo^o^nrbklilbp*mrbpqbkao~bumbafql è
pbo^ibd^a^lfksl`^a^ mlonrfbk pbbk`rbkqo^ pr abob`el m^o^ fjmrdk^o i^ `ljmbqbk`f^ sÅ^ +++
fkqbobp^albks^ibopbabbii^, ^kri^`fÉkabi^ral, ÁÃÁÃÀČ

rr
F^pq^^nrÅkrbpqolp`ljbkq^oflppl_obbiqbj^ Ck bpb bkqbkabo* elv bk aÅ^ bpqb qbj ^ kl CC
OOO
abi^pbu`bm`flkbp, `lkpqfqrvb rk^ j^qbof^ nrb l`^pflkb j^vlo 6JIDG
C68>DC6A
`lkqolsbopf^al`qofk^of^kfmo~`qf`^bkbijbafl
*% CPXSQW]\SaOZO`PWb`OXS% ^o_fqo^i*`ljlpÅpr`baÅ^`lki^pibvbp^o_fqo^ibp
^kqboflobp,
?`lkqfkr^`fÉk`loobpmlkabmolkrk`f^oklp^`bo+
`^ abi `lk`bmqlabl_gb`flkbp nrb* bk krbpqo^ ==% G9D5F56=@=85889@7CBJ9B=C
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fkqbofloabiqof_rk^i*`ljlpÅl`roofoÅ^bkrk`^pl Cifk`fpl1abi^oqÅ`ril2/ abi^Jbv^dobd^nrbbi
bk bi`r^ibi~o_fqolbpabpfdk^al mloi^ molmf^ qof_rk^i^o_fqo^ipÉilmlao~^aj fqfobu`bm`flkbp
m^oqb abkqolabi qof_rk^i, Ciil* mrbp biqof_rk^i rl_gb`flkbpmi^kqb^a^p`lkmlpqboflofa^a*pfi^
abqla^pj^kbo^ppbs^^`lkcloj^o*pfdrfbkal abjlo^obpriq^grpqfcf`^a^,
ilp`ofqboflpababpfdk^`fÉkprmibqlof^m^`q^alp
mloi^pm^oqbplbijb`^kfpjlnrbofg^*pfpbqo^q^+ Nbkp^jlp nrb il pbÇ^i^al ^nrÅ pb qo^q^ ab
o^abrk^o_fqo^gbfkpqfqr`flk^i*l*bkabcb`qlab rk prmrbpql ab eb`el jrv mbifdolpl* mlonrb
biil*bipbÇ^i^jfbkqlprmibqloflmloi^pA~j^o^p abpab /771* `lk i^ obcloj^ ab i^ ibdfpi^`fÉk
abAljbo`flrlqolnrb`loobpmlka^, mol`bp^i `fsfi bk bi NboÑ* pb e^ qo^q^al ab nrb
i^p m^oqbp kl dr^oabk k^a^ _^gl i^ j^kd^ bk
Dfk^ijbkqb*i^m^oqbnrbpblmlkd^abbpq^j^+ j ^qbof^ ab krifa^abp* lmlpf`flkbp* j baflp
kbo^s^^qbkborkqof_rk^i^o_fqo^i`lkcloj^al mol_^qloflp*bq`,Qb _rp`^ nrbqlalpbmi^kqbb
ab j^kbo^ prmibqlof^ `lk fkqbosbk`fÉk ab i^ abpab i^ fkqbomlpf`fÉk ab i^ abj^ka^* i^ `lk+
lqo^m^oqb*v^plif`fqraabi^lqo^m^oqb,?pÅ*bpb qbpq^`fÉk* i^ ob`lksbk`fÉk v i^ `lkqbpq^`fÉk ^
qof_rk^ipbo~^_plirq^jbkqb^gbkl^i^m^oqbnrb i^ ob`lksbk`fÉk,
pbj^kfcfbpq^_bifdbo^kqb`lkqo^biabp^ooliilabi
mol`bplnrb*abqla^pj^kbo^p*s^^`lkqfkr^o Cpql pb e^ qo^pi^a^al ^i ~j _fql ^o_fqo^i v bp
`lklpfkpr m^oqf`fm^`fÉk, `ljÑk bk i^ mo~`qf`^ ab bpq^ j^qbof^ nrb pb^
^pÅ*v^ nrbbk i^^rafbk`f^abp^kb^jfbkqlabi
Ck bpbpbkqfal* `lkpfabo^jlp nrb i^p l_gb`fl+ mol`bpl v cfg^`fÉk ab mrkqlp `lkqolsboqfalp
kbpab_bo~k pboabar`fa^p*^ j~pq^oa^o*bk i^ qlalnrba^^_plirq^jbkqbmi^kqb^al*^bcb`qlp
`lkqbpq^`fÉkabi^abj^ka^vq^j _fÄkabi^ob+ abnrbpb^`qÑbki^pmorb_^pnrbpbqbkd^nrb
`lksbk`fÉk*qbj^nrbklpbpbÇ^i^bki^kloj^* ^`qr^oirbdlbki^bq^m^mol_^qlof^vbiqof_rk^i
mbolnrbbpfj mloq^kqbjbk`flk^o, ^o_fqo^i mrba^bj fqfobii^ral,

Bb_bjlpqbkbojrvbk`rbkq^nrbbim^oqf`fm^o Ci`rbpqflk^jfbkqlriqbofloabi^`ljmbqbk`f^*
: =OH < :MN L /1.

bk bi klj_o^jfbkql ab rk ~o_fqol* j~p ^ii~ ab nrbpbmbojfqbabkqolabifk`fpl1abi^oqÅ`ril2/
e^_bo abar`fal i^ fk`ljmbqbk`f^ abi qof_rk^i ab i^ Jbv* bp ^_plirq^jbkqb mbifdolpl* mlonrb
^o_fqo^i l i^ lmlpf`fÉk ^i ^o_fqo^gb* bk qÄojfklp kl fj^dfk^jlpbgbjmilpbk ilp`r^ibp rk^ab
dbkbo^ibp* kl fjmif`^ a^o ^pbkqfjfbkql m^o^ bi i^p m^oqbp mrba^ `rbpqflk^o bp^ `ljmbqbk`f^*
abp^ooliil abi mol`bpl, Qfjmibjbkqb fjmif`^ bi pbk`fii^jbkqb mlonrb kl mrbab bufpqfo ^idÑk
`lkqfkr^o`lki^ob^ifw^`fÉkababqbojfk^a^paf+ bibj bkql krbsl, Cp ab`fo* `lk i^ abj^ka^*

1.0 BÉĪĜÍ À É Ĭ İ Ĝ Ĥ Ĥ Í ÄĪĔ LĪ Ĕ Ō ĊĜİÉ Ç É Ě Ī Í Ĭ Í BĜIÉLÉ Ō ǼÉĮĪ É À ÉĬ İ ĪÍ È É ĨÉ İ É Ō Ą G Í ĔĤ ÀGĜĨÉĪĞÉ ÀÉİÉ ĤÊI


`lkqbpq^`fÉk*ob`lksbk`fÉkv`lkqbpq^`fÉk^ i^ prab`fpfÉk*obi^qfs^p^iclkalabi^`lkqolsbopf^, è :
ob`lksbk`fÉkab_boÅ^bpq^oqlalmi^kqb^alvbp Qf biqof_rk^i ^o_fqo^i abpbpqfj^ i^ bu`bm`fÉk r www
nrbpf klpbabar`b fk`ljmbqbk`f^^i`lkl`bo l_gb`fÉk*pb^`ljl`rbpqfÉk mobsf^lpb^bk bi koovc+v
F +q+
i^pmobqbkpflkbpab i^abj ^ka^l^i`lkl`boi^p i^ral mlo bi nrb pb obprbisb abcfkfqfs^j bkqb
mobqbkpflkbp ab i^ ob`lksbk`fÉk* kl pb qfbkb i^ `lkqolsbopf^* pr ab`fpfÉk pÉil mlao~ pbo fj + ''&
JJH
k^a^nrbab`fov*pf abpmrÄppbaf`b* bsfabkqb+ mrdk^a^jbaf^kqbob`roplab^kri^`fÉk`lkqo^
jbkqbpbo~mlonrb`lk`lk`fbk`f^abil^`qr^al af`eli^ral, C 6 8 >D C 6 A

pbe^dr^oa^al`fboq^ fkcloj^`fÉk,
Skl ab ilp ^pmb`qlp j~p `lkqolsboqfalp bk
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afi^`fÉkabilpmol`bplp^o_fqo^ibp, j ljbkqlab_bk pboÄpq^pobprbiq^p,

Sk^sbwj~p^nrÅpbbpq~pbj_o^kalbidbojbk Ckmofjboird^o*`ljlsbjlp*bi^oqÅ`ril2/ abi^


m^o^nrbpb`lkpfabobrk^bsbkqr^ikrifa^aabi Jbvab?o_fqo^gbc^`riq^^iqof_rk^i^o_fqo^i m^o^
i^ral*rk^bsbkqr^i^`qr^`fÉkj^if`flp^abrk^ obplisbo i^p bu`bm`flkbp8 &f' fkj baf^q^j bkqb ol
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qof_rk^i ^o_fqo^i v*bsfabkqbjbkqb* bp^ mÄoafa^ qof_rk^i v^_prbiq^p mloi^ `lkqo^m^oqb9l &ff' ^i 7m
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+A
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ol
qbojfk^a^p `lkqolsbopf^p, Cpq^ fk`ljmbqbk`f^ mlo rk^ o^wÉk bibjbkq^i v bp nrb bi obplisbo
mrbab pbo abar`fa^ kl pÉil bk i^ ^rafbk`f^ i^pbu`bm`flkbp^imofk`fmflabi mol`bplmrbab r
ol
JJ,
ab p^kb^jfbkql mol`bp^i* pfkl q^j _fÄk bk rk bsfq^o8 &f' nrb i^p m^oqbp fk`roo^k bk d^pqlp fk+ ]ol
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biqof_rk^i^o_fqo^imlao~pbÇ^i^oil^pÅmlonrbmlo ol
M
j~pabnrbe^v^moÉoold^ab`ljmbqbk`f^q~`fq^ C*fk`irpl*pfi^bu`bm`fÉkklbpqrsfbpbabpqfk^a^ ol
lbumobp^*klmlao~molkrk`f^opbli^ra^opl_ob ^^q^`^oqlalbimol`bpl*pfklpÉil^idrk^abi^p ú4
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fk
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l
o^a^pcrka^a^pvbii^psbop^obk pl_obqla^p i^p `l

Ci fk`fpl2abi^oqÅ`ril2/ abi^ Jbvab?o_fqo^gb* j^qbof^p`lkqolsboqfa^p&pl_obqla^pi^pmobqbk+


Bb`obqlJbdfpi^qfsl/.5/*pbÇ^i^nrbp^islm^`ql pflkbp'*bi mol`bplcfk^ifw^oÅ^ `lk i^ obplir`fÉk Õ
bk `lkqo^ofl* bi qof_rk^i ^o_fqo^i ab`fafo~ bpq^p nrb i^p ^jm^o^, W^ kl qbkaoÅ^ pbkqfal* mrbp* a
`lkqfkr^o`lki^ppfdrfbkqbpbq^m^pabimol`bpl* à
bu`bm`flkbp r l_gb`flkbp `lk `^o~`qbo mobsfl O
lgr k ql `lk i^p abj~p `rbpqflkbp pljbqfa^p ^ mlonrbbijfpjl`^ob`boÅ^abl_gbql,

ÀÍĦĨĔİĔIËĜÉ ĨÉĪÉ ĒĔËĜĒĜĪ ĤÉ ËÍĦĨĔİĔIËĜÉ ĒĔĤ İĪĜĚĮIÉĤ ÉĪĚĜİĪÉĤ 1.1


Qfk bj_^odl* qlalp p^_bjlp nrb i^p bu`bm+ Ck `^j_fl* pf pb qo^q^pb ab rk i^ral nrb ab+
`flkbp mlaoÅ^k ob`^bo* kl pl_ob bi Åkqbdol ab `i^o^pb crka^a^ bk m^oqb i^ l i^p bu`bm`flkbp
i^p mobqbkpflkbp mol`bp^ibp ab i^ `lkqo^m^oqb* v pr_pfpqfbo^k lqo^p j^qbof^p `lkqolsboqfa^p*
l pl_ob bi Åkqbdol ab j^qbof^p `lkqolsboqfa^p* k^qro^ijbkqb* pb qo^q^oÅ^ ab rk i^ral m^o`f^i*
pfkl pÉil pl_ob ^idrk^p, M* fk`irpl* ob`^vbkal mlo`r^kqlbi mol`bplab_boÅ^`lkqfkr^opl_ob
pl_ob bi Åkqbdol ab j^qbof^p `lkqolsboqfa^p i^pj^qbof^p`lkqolsboqfa^ppr_pfpqbkqbplpl_ob
l mobqbkpflkbp mol`bp^ibp* bi qof_ r k ^ i ^o_fqo^i i^pmobqbkpflkbpnrbklcrbolk^o`efs^a^p,
mlaoÅ^ ab`fafo ab`i^o^o crka^a^ i^ bu`bm`fÉk
bk`lkqo^abrk^l^idrk^pabi^pmobqbkpflkbp* Cpbsfabkqb*v^pÅ*ilbpq^_ib`bi^Jbvab?o_fqo^gb*
^o`efs~kalpb af`elp buqobjlp `lkqolsboqfalp nrbbk bpqlp`^plp i^ mlpf_fifa^a ab fjmrdk^o
abi mol`bpl v nrba^kal pr_pfpqbkqbp lqolp ^ bii^ralm^o`f^ibpq^oÅ^^_fboq^,J^fjmrdk^`fÉk
bcb`qlpabi^ra^o, pbqbkaoÅ^nrb ob^ifw^o^qo^sÄpabi jb`^kfpjl
ab i^ ^kri^`fÉk ab i^ral* v bi jlj bkql m^o^
Ck bpqb `^pl* pb molar`foÅ^ il nrb pb `lkl`b mlabofjmrdk^oilsÅ^^kri^`fÉkbpmob`fp^jbk+
`lk bi klj _ob ab rk i^ral m^o`f^i l i^ral qb`r^kalpb obprbisb i^bu`bm`fÉk*kl`r^kal
P bsfpq^ b a fq^ a ^  m l o ^ ir j k l p  ab i^ D ^ `r iq^ a  ab B b ob `e l  ab i^ S k fs b op fa ^ a  ab Jfj^

fkqboil`rqlofl, qboj fkb bi mol`bpl ^o_fqo^i `lk bi i^ral nrb
mlkd^cfk^ijfpjl,
AljlpbÇ^i^kDlr`e^oa*E^fii^oavEliaj ^k0.*
bi i^ral^o_fqo^i mrbabpboabcfkfal`ljl rk^ Fbjlp abg^al m^o^ bi cfk^i* mbol kl mlonrb
ab`fpfÉkabcfkfqfs^mlom^oqbabilp~o_fqolpobp+ pb^ jbklp fj mloq^kqb* rk qbj^ nrbq^j _fÄk
mb`qlabqlal l m^oqbab i^ afpmrq^ pljbqfa^ e^v nrb ^_loa^o* v bp nrb* bk ^idrklp `^plp
^pr `lkl`fj fbkql*pb^ nrbpb obcfbo^ ^i clkal +bu`bm`flk^ibpmlo` fb oql +ilpqof_rk^ibp^o_f+
ab i^ `lkqolsbopf^* ^ i^ `lj mbqbk`f^ ab ilp qo^ibpmrbabkabg^om^o^bij lj bkqlabii^ral
~o_fqolpl^qbj^pabmol`bafjfbkqlp*pfbjmob i^ obplir`fÉk ab i^p bu`bm`flkbp* pf bp nrb bi
v`r^kal bp^ ab`fpfÉk pb^*`ljlv^ pb fkaf`É* `lkl`fj fbkql abi clkal ab i^p `lkqolsbopf^p
abcfkfqfs^, Jlp ^rqlobp fabkqfcf`^k e^pq^ `fk`l crbpb crka^j bkq^i m^o^ i^ obplir`fÉk ab i^
qfmlpabi^ralp8i^ralpcfk^ibp*i^ralpmobifj f+ molmf^bu`bm`fÉk,
k^obp* i^ralp fkqbofklp* i^ralpfkqboil`rqloflp
vi^ralp m^o`f^ibp0/, Jl nrb l`roob bp nrb bufpqbk ^idrk^p `fo`rkp+
q^k`f^p+v bkbijbafl^o_fqo^ipbmobpbkq^k`^a^
?elo^ _fbk* bi i^ral fkqboil`rqlofl bp bi nrb `fboqlqfb j m l +bkalkabklobpriq^c~`fiqlj^o
obprbisbpfk bkqo^o^i clkal ab i^ `lkqolsbopf^* rk^mlpf`fÉkX gi`fi`pl_obbiqbj^abi^bu`bm+
`ljll`roobbkbi`^plabi^pbu`bm`flkbp, `fÉk,Cpab`fo*biqof_rk^iobnrfbob+b k bicl k a l +
`lkl`boj~p`rbpqflkbpprpq^kqfs^pabimol`bpl*
Qfpbqo^q^pbabrki^ralfkqboil`rqloflalkabpb ^bcb`qlpabmlaboafir`fa^oi^bu`bm`fÉk,
obplisfbo^ki^pbu`bm`flkbpab`i^o~kali^pÅkqb+
do^jbkqbcrka^a^p*bpbi^ralfkqboil`rqlofl*ab Sk^pfqr^`fÉk bk i^ `r^i ilpqof_rk^ibp mlaoÅ^k
^`rboal^ilbpq^_ib`falmloi^Jbvab?o_fqo^gb* ob`roofo^rkprmrbpql`ljlÄpqb&bpab`fo*biab
pbo~ prp`bmqf_ib ab fj mrdk^`fÉk ^ qo^sÄp ab abg^om^o^bii^ral i^ obplir`fÉkabiqbj^abi^
rk^ ^``fÉk ab ^kri^`fÉk* `ljl bumif`^objlp bu`bm`fÉk'* pboÅ^ ^nrÄii^ bk alkab i^p m^oqbp
lmloqrk^j bkqb, klpÉile^v^klcob`falmorb_^pal`rjbkq^ibp*
:=OH < :MN L /1.

0., Afq^alp mlo A?LRS?PG?Q Q?J?TCPPW* Dbok^kal, :iY`kiXa\ <fd\iZ`Xc p [\ cXj Bem\ij`fe\j) Jfj^8 Skfsbopfa^a
Nbor^k^abAfbk`f^p?mif`^a^p*0..5*m,073,

0/, ?mbp^oabi^`fq^nrbe^`bA^kqr^of^pabilpobcbofalp^rqlobp*pbÇ^i^nrb^i^cb`e^klbufpqb`lkpbkpl^`bo`^abi
`lk`bmql i^ral^o_fqo^i kéabi`lkqbkfalbu^`qlabilpafcbobkqbpqfmlpabi^ralp^o_fqo^ibpnrbmrbabkaf`q^oilp
~o_fqolp,Hrpq^jbkqb*ab_fal^i^c^iq^ab`lkpbkpl^`bo`^abbpqbqbj^*ilp^rqlobpabi^ JbvKlabilabSk`fqo^i
abpfpqfbolkbk i^q^ob^ababcfkfonrÄpbbkqfbkabmloi^ral^o_fqo^ivabbpq^_ib`bopf mrbabk bufpqforkllj~p
qfmlpabi^ralp,rBYx[)%)

1.2 BÉĪĜÍ À É Ĭ İ Ĝ Ĥ Ĥ Í ÄĪĔLĪĔ Ō ĊĜİÉ Ç É ĚĪ Í Ĭ Í BĜIÉLÉ Ō ǼÉĮĪ É ÀÉĬ İĪ Í ÈÉ ĨÉİ É Ō ĄG ÍĔĤ À GĜ ĨÉ IÉ ÀÉİÉĤÊI
pfkl^idrk^morb_^nrbpbqbkd^nrb^`qr^o`lk pb ab`i^o^ ^kqf`fm^a^jbkqb i^ fk`ljmbqbk`f^* è :
mlpqboflofa^a, Ci obpriq^al ab af`e^ ^`qr^`fÉk mbol bp `i^ol nrb af`e^ fk`ljmbqbk`f^ mral jjj
mlaoÅ^ a^o j^vlobp ir`bp* ^ bcb`qlp ab nrb bi e^_bo pfal obprbiq^ bk bi molmfl i^ral* `lk il Ř AAÖA
KF+
qof_rk^i ^o_fqo^i mrafbo^ obplisbo i^ bu`bm`fÉk `r^i ilpob`roplpfjmrdk^qloflpbkrk`^plab+ SJPH
abar`fa^ mloi^ m^oqb, _bkpbobu^`q^jbkqbilpjfpjlpnrbbkbilqol, 2*6
ffZ
6JIDG
Qf pb er_fbpb obprbiql bi qbj^ sÅ^ i^ral* kl C68>DC6A
Bbkqolabq^iloabkabfab^p*bkbpqlp`^plp*`obb+
jlpnrbpbo~qlq^ijbkqbmlpf_ibviÅ`fqlnrbilp `^_oÅ^ ara^ ^idrk^ bk bi pbkqfal ab nrb bi
qof_rk^ibp^o_fqo^ibpabgbk m^o^bicfk^i*bpab`fo* ob`roplfj mrdk^qloflbo^biab^kri^`fÉk,Qfpb
m^o^bi jljbkqlabi^ra^o*i^ obplir`fÉkabi^p fjmrdk^pb bp^ obplir`fÉk mobsf^ ^i i^ral* bp
bu`bm`flkbp,Qfkbj_^odl*af`e^ab`fpfÉkab_b+ l_sflnrbbiob`roplfj mrdk^qloflqbkaoÅ^nrb
o~ pboqlj^a^ `lk jr`el `rfa^al*v^ nrb biil pbobu^`q^jbkqbbijfpjl,
mlaoÅ^fjmif`^ork j^vlo`lpqlm^o^i^pm^oqbp,
Ci ^oqÅ`ril 2/ abi fk`fpl 3 abi Bb`obql Jbdfp+
J% 5AD5FC89@59L79D7=xB i^qfsl /.5/* pbÇ^i^ nrb pf bi qof_ r k^ i ^o_fqo^i ÁÀ
^jm^o^ i^bu`bm`fÉk`ljl`rbpqfÉk mobsf^*pb á
TB
Cifk`fpl3abi^oqÅ`ril2/ abi^JbvpbÇ^i^nrbpf ab`i^o^o~fk`lj mbqbkqbvloabk^o~i^qboj fk^+ Qb
M
bi qof_rk^i ^o_fqo^i ^jm^o^ i^ bu`bm`fÉk `ljl `fÉkabi^p^`qr^`flkbp^o_fqo^ibp,Cpq^ab`fpfÉk úM
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