Professional Documents
Culture Documents
XX
ĒÎIÏĖĮĖÌĒĞÊ ĔĖĦ ĮĬĞËIJÌÊĦ ÊĬËĞĮĬÊĦ X o X
D)2ë
CÀEÓ
AM M
6JIDG
C68>DC6A
F :KBH < :LMBEEH? K>RK>
?_ld^al mlo i^ Nlkqfcf`f^ Skfsbopfa^a A^qÉif`^ abi NboÑ,
Bl`qlobk Bbob`el Nlkqfcf`f^ Skfsbopfa^a A^qÉif`^ abi NboÑ,
Nolcbplo ab M_ifd^`flkbp v Alkqo^qlp ab i^ Nlkqfcf`f^ Skfsbopfa^a A^qÉif`^ abi NboÑ* i^
Skfsbopfa^a Dbjbkfk^ abi Q^do^al Alo^wÉk v i^ Skfsbopfa^a ab Jfj^,
Kfbj_ol ab LÑjbol ab i^ ?`^abjf^ Nbor^k^ ab Bbob`el,
K BM:L:;KHLHF BG:R:
?_ld^a^ mlo i^ Nlkqfcf`f^ Skfsbopfa^a A^qÉif`^ abi NboÑ, :r
sf
Nolcbplo^ ab ?o_fqo^gbp Cpmb`f^ibp ab i^ Skfsbopfa^a ab Jfj^, sf
ioÖ
Nolcbplo^ ab M_ifd^`flkbp ab i^ Nlkqfcf`f^ Skfsbopfa^a A^qÉif`^ abi NboÑ, (X
i-i
^f
<
`
E:NK:< :LMKHS :I:M: 1
BL
D>
sX
S/
l
ĊDǼ
ČĂCÑ `
Â
BL
ĂŅ
ÌĚĦĞİĞİ ĔĖĦ ĞÌĒĞİÎ ŒŅ
M
ŒŅ ÂĦ ÏĬĞÌĒĞÏĞÎ ĔĖ ÖĒÎIÏĖĮĖÌĒĞÊ ĔĖ ĦÊ ĒÎIÏĖĮĖÌĒĞÊÖŅ O,
>9
PŅ ÂKĒĖÏĒĞÎÌĖİŅ M
BL
PŅŒŅ ÂKĒĖÏĒĞĨÌ ĔĖ ĞÌĒÎIÏĖĮĖÌĒĞÊŅ sf
M!
PŅPŅ ÂKĒĖÏĒĞĨÌ ĔĖ ĒÎİÊ HIJLGÊĔÊŅ #L[
2+-
S!
PŅÞŅ ÂKĒĖÏĒĞĨÌ ĔĖ ĒÊĔIJĒĞĔÊĔŅ <
M'
PŅQŅ ÂKĒĖÏĒĞĨÌ ĔĖ ÏĬĖİĒĬĞÏĒĞĨÌŅ ``
ÞŅ CËHĖĒĞÎÌĖİ ÊĦ ÊĬËĞĮĬÊHĖŅ
ĂĂŅ ĊĖÏÊĬÊËĞĦĞĔÊĔ ĔĖĦ ĒÎÌĴĖÌĞÎ ÊĬËĞĮĬÊĦŅ À
`l
ĂĂĂŅ ǼÎIĖÌĮÎ ÏÊĬÊ ÎÏÎÌĖĬ ĖKĒĖÏĒĞÎÌĖİ IJ ÎËHĖĒĞÎÌĖİŅ
ĂĐŅ ǼÎIĖÌĮÎ ÏÊĬÊ ĔĖĒĞĔĞĬ ĦÊİ ĖKĒĖÏĒĞÎÌĖİ IJ ÎËHĖĒĞÎÌĖİŅ
ĐŅ
IÏÊĬÎ ĔĖ ĦÊ ĖKĒĖÏĒĞĨÌŅ
`+
à
O
+( : i k x Z l cf / < f d g \ k\ e Z `X g X i X [ \ Z `[ `i cX Z f d g \ k\ e Z `X [ \ c k i ` Y l e X c X i Y ` k i X c
,) >c k i ` Y l e X c X i Y ` k i X c \j \ c { e `Z f Z f d g \ k\ e k\ g X i X [ \ Z `[ `i j f Y i\ j l g i f g ` X Z f d g \ k\ e Z `X ' `e Z cl j f j f Y i\ cX j \ o Z \ g Z `f e \ j
l f Y a\ Z `f e \ j X c X i Y `k i X a\ i \ cX k`m X j X cX `e \ o `j k\ e Z `X ' e l c`[ X [ ' X e l cX Y `c`[ X [ ' `e m X c`[ \ q f `e \ y Z X Z `X [ \ c Z f e m \ e `f X i Y ` k i X c f
g f i e f \ j kX i g X Z k X [ f \ c X i Y `k i X a\ g X i X i \ j f cm \ i cX d X k \ i `X Z f e k i f m \ i k `[ X f Z l X c\ j h l `\ i X f ki X j Z l p X \ j k`d X Z `z e `d g `[ X
\ e k i X i \ e \ c ] f e [ f [ \ cX Z f e ki f m \ i j `X ) L\ \ e Z l \ e k i X e Z f d g i \ e [ `[ X j \ e \ j k\ v d Y ` k f cX j \ o Z \ g Z `f e \ j g f i g i \ j Z i `g Z `z e '
Z X [ l Z `[ X [ ' Z f j X al q ^ X [ X p Z l X ch l `\ i f k i X h l \ k\ e ^ X g f i f Y a\ k f `d g \ [ `i cX Z f e k `e l X Z `z e [ \ cX j X Z kl X Z `f e \ j X i Y `ki X c\ j )
-) >c Z f e m \ e `f X i Y `k i X c h l \ ]f i d \ g X i k \ [ \ l e Z f e k i X k f j\ Z f e j `[ \ iX iv Z f d f l e X Z l \ i [ f `e [ \ g \ e [ `\ e k \ [ \ cX j [ \ d v j
\ j k`g l cX Z `f e \ j [ \ c d `j d f ) E X `e \ o `j k\ e Z `X ' e l c`[ X [ ' X e l cX Y `c`[ X [ ' `e m X c`[ \ q f `e \ ]`Z X Z `X [ \ l e Z f e k i X k f h l \ Z f e k\ e ^ X l e
Z f e m \ e `f X i Y `ki X c' e f `d g c`Z X e \ Z \ j X i`X d \ e k\ cX `e \ o `j k\ e Z `X ' e l c`[ X [ ' X e l cX Y `c`[ X [ ' `e m X c`[ \ q f `e \ ] `Z X Z `X [ \ wjk\) >e
Z f e j \ Z l \ e Z `X ' \ c k i `Y l e X c X i Y `k i X c g f [ i v [ \ Z `[ `i j f Y i\ cX Z f e kif m \ ij `X j f d \ k`[ X X j l Z f e f Z `d `\ e kf ' cX h l \ g f [ i v m\ ij X i'
`e Z cl j f ' j f Y i\ cX `e \ o `j k\ e Z `X ' e l c`[ X [ ' X e l cX Y `c`[ X [ ' `e m X c`[ \ q f `e \ ] `Z X Z `X [ \ c Z f e k i X k f h l \ Z f e k`\ e \ l e Z f e m \ e `f X i Y `ki X c)
.) E X j \ o Z \ g Z `f e \ j l f Y a\ Z `f e \ j [ \ Y \ i v e f g f e \ i j \ X d v j k X i [ X i \ e \ c d f d \ e k f [ \ g i \ j \ e k X i c X Z f e k \ j k X Z `z e '
j `e h l \ \ c _ \ Z _ f [ \ _ X Y \ i e f d Y i X [ f f g X i k ` Z ` g X [ f \ e \ c e f d Y i X d ` \ e k f [ \ cf j v i Y ` k i f j ` d g ` [ X f g f e \ i cX j ) E X
\ o Z \ g Z `z e l f Y a\ Z `z e Y X j X [ X \ e h l \ \ c k i ` Y l e X c X i Y ` k i X c _ X \ o Z \ [ `[ f \ c v d Y ` k f [ \ j l Z f d g \ k \ e Z `X [ \ Y \ i v f g f e \ i j \
k X e g i f e k f Z f d f j \ X g c X e k \ X [ X [ l i X e k \ cX j X Z k l X Z `f e \ j X i Y `k i X c\ j ' cX d X k \ i ` X h l \ j l g l \ j k X d \ e k \ \ o Z \ [ X j l
Z f d g \ k \ e Z `X ) > c k i ` Y l e X c X i Y ` k i X c j z cf g f [ i v X [ d ` k ` i \ o Z \ g Z `f e \ j l f Y a\ Z `f e \ j g c X e k \ X [ X j Z f e g f j k \ i ` f i ` [ X [ j ` cX
[ \ d f i X i \ j l ck X a l j k ` ] ` Z X [ X ) > c k i ` Y l e X c X i Y ` k i X c g f [ i v Z f e j `[ \ i X i ' j `e \ d Y X i ^ f ' \ j kf j k\ d X j g f i ` e ` Z ` X k ` m X g i f g `X '
\ e Z l X ch l ` \ i d f d \ e k f )
/) L X cm f g X Z k f \ e Z f e ki X i `f ' \ c k i ` Y l e X c X i Y ` k i X c [ \ Z `[ `i v \ j kX j \ o Z \ g Z `f e \ j l f Y a\ Z `f e \ j Z f e Z X i v Z k \ i g i \ m `f f a l e k f Z f e
cX j [ \ d v j Z l \ j k`f e \ j j f d \ k`[ X j X j l [ \ Z `j `z e i \ cX k`m X j X c ] f e [ f [ \ cX Z f e ki f m \ i j `X ) L ` \ c k i ` Y l e X c X i Y ` k i X c [ \ j \ j k`d X cX
\ o Z \ g Z `z e l f Y a\ Z `z e ' j\ X Z f d f Z l \ j k`z e g i \ m `X f j \ X \ e \ c cX l [ f g f i \ c h l \ j \ i\ j l \ cm \ [ \ ] `e `k `m X d \ e k \ cX Z f e kif m \ ij `X '
j l [ \ Z `j `z e j z cf g f [ i v j \ i ` d g l ^ e X [ X d \ [ `X e k \ i \ Z l i j f [ \ X e l cX Z `z e Z f e k i X [ `Z _ f cX l [ f )
0) L ` \ c k i ` Y l e X c X i Y ` k i X c X d g X i X cX \ o Z \ g Z `z e Z f d f Z l \ j k`z e g i \ m `X ' j \ [ \ Z cX i X i v `e Z f d g \ k \ e k \ p f i [ \ e X i v cX
:=OH<:MNL /1.
k\ i d `e X Z `z e [ \ cX j X Z kl X Z `f e \ j X i Y `ki X c\ j ) > j kX [ \ Z `j `z e g f [ i v j \ i `d g l ^ e X [ X d \ [ `X e k \ i\ Z l ij f [ \ X e l cX Z `z e ) L ` \ c
k i ` Y l e X c X i Y ` k i X c X d g X i X cX \ o Z \ g Z `z e Z f d f Z l \ j k`z e g i \ m `X i \ j g \ Z kf [ \ [ \ k\ i d `e X [ X j d X k\ i `X j ' cX j X Z kl X Z `f e \ j
X i Y `k i X c\ j Z f e k `e l X i v e i \ j g \ Z kf [ \ cX j [ \ d v j d X k\ i `X j p cX [ \ Z `j `z e j z cf g f [ i v j \ i ` d g l ^ e X [ X d \ [ `X e k \ i\ Z l ij f [ \
X e l cX Z `z e cl \ ^ f [ \ \ d `k `i j \ \ c cX l [ f g f i \ c h l \ j \ i\ j l \ cm \ [ \ ] `e `k `m X d \ e k \ cX Z f e kif m \ ij `X )
-( BY x[ )
`ljmbqbkqb2, Jlnrbkl mob`fp^bpq^ bp`rbi^bp ^`bmq^a^ bk bi jrkal ^o_fqo^i* ab_fal ^ nrb M
bijljbkqlbkbinrbbigrbwab_bob^ifw^oaf`e^ pb i^ `lkpfabo^ ^qbkq^qlof^ ^ i^ ^rqlkljÅ^ abi MH
<
abqbojfk^`fÉk9pfkbj_^odl*Ebolia Fbooj^kk3 mol`bafj fbkql ^ o_ fqo^ i+ pb sfkl ^mif`^kal bk *
1
bumif`^ nrb i^ mofjbo^ ab`fpfÉk ^`bo`^ ab i^ ^idrklp qof_ r k ^ ib p buqo^kgbolp* _^p~kalpb
s^ifabw l fks^ifabw abi `lksbkfl ^o_fqo^i ab_b mofk`fm^ijbkqbbk ilppfdrfbkqbp^odrjbkqlp8 AS
DŦ
`loobpmlkaboib^i~o_fqol*vi^Ñiqfj^^igrbw, M
SS
â Ll pb ab_b ^prj fo nrb i^p m^oqbp e^k r
ab
pl_obi^krifa^a*ob`lkl`fjfbkqlvbgb`r`fÉkabi `lkqo^abprslirkq^a, M
l,
i^ral,Nloilq^kql*pbo~bi~o_fqolnrfbkab`fa^ _\
M
mofjbol*vpbo~bigrbwnrfbk ile^d^ mlpqboflo+ â J^ abqboj fk^`fÉk m ob ifj fk^o ab s^ifabw _\
/-/
<
&S
ZZ
2, Elkw~ibwabAlppÅl*Do^k`fp`l,Dfdg\k\eq(bfdg\k\eqXcXd\o`ZXeX5<ize`ZX[\leXdl\ik\XeleZ`X[X)Bfpmlkf_ib
bk8:eqqm8--ttt,`^jbu,`lj,ju-c^`,mac<&Db`e^ab`lkpriq^8// abj^owlab0./0',
3, Dibooj^kk* Ebolia, M_\ XiY`kiXk`fe X^i\\d\ekXj k_\ ]fle[Xk`fe f ]XiY`kiXk`fe Xe[`kj i\Zf^e`k`fe Yp k_\ Zflikj) l
Zf
@lpqlk8IirtboJ^t^kaR^u^qflkNr_ifpebop*m,26,
4, Elkw~ibwabAlppÅl*Do^k`fp`l,Hg)<`k) Ĭ
5, K^oqÅkbwA~oabk^p*Gobkb, Dfdg\k\eq(Dfdg\k\eq)ÑJl`we[\Y\i\jfcm\iXZ\iZX[\cXmXc`[\q[\leZfem\e`fXiY`kiXc9 ) İ
Ck:iY`kiXa\p[\Y`[fgifZ\jf)Tlirjbk 0, @f_iflqb`^ ab?o_fqo^gbabi CpqraflK^oflA^pqfiilDobvob,Jfj^8 N^ibpqo^ à
O
CafqlobpvCpqraflK^oflA^pqfiilDobvob*0..5*mm,35vpp,
Aobbjlp nrb pf i^ abqbojfk^`fÉk ^`bo`^ ab i^ )% 9eQS^QW]\Sa%
s^ifabwlfks^ifabwabi`lksbkfl^o_fqo^inrba^o^
abpabrk fkf`flbk j^klpabi NlaboHraf`f^i*bi Aljl _fbk pbÇ^i^ K^kqfii^ Qboo^kl7* klnrba^
^o_fqo^gbpbsboÅ^pbof^jbkqb^cb`q^al*v^nrbi^ i^ jbklo ara^ ab nrb bi ~o_fqol l bi qof_rk^i
m^oqbnrb kl nrfpfbo^`rj mifo`lk bi`lksbkfl ^o_fqo^i mlao~ ab`fafo qla^ bu`bm`fÉk nrb fk+
^o_fqo^i mlaoÅ^ fkf`f^o rk mol`bpl* mlobgbjmil slir`ob `rbpqflkbp `ljl i^ c`k`jg\e[\ek`X v i^
ab krifa^a ab af`el `lksbkfl* ^kqb bi Nlabo `lp^ grwd^a^* i^ mobgraf`f^ifa^a* i^ `^ar`fa^a
Hraf`f^i v* ^pÅ* bi fkf`fl abi ^o_fqo^gb pb mlpqbo+ v bi `rj mifj fbkql ab i^p `lkaf`flkbp mobsf^p
d^oÅ^ e^pq^ nrb bufpqfbo^ rk molkrk`f^j fbkql obnrbofa^pm^o^fkf`f^obi^o_fqo^gb,
abcfkfqfslabilpgrb`bp,
Fbok^kal Bbsfp C`e^kaÅ^/.*mlopr m^oqb*^cfoj^
R^i`ljlpbÇ^i^kA^kqr^of^pv?o^j_roÑ6*^kqb nrbi^bu`bm`fÉkbprk^bpmb`f^ij^kbo^abbgbo`bo
af`e^pfqr^`fÉk*i^al`qofk^mlpqri^abpabe^`b biabob`elab`lkqo^af``fÉklabcbkp^bkdbkbo^i*
jr`el qfbj ml i^ kb`bpfa^a ab nrb pb^k ilp nrb ib`loobpmlkab ^ qlal abj^ka^kal*vnrb
molmflp ~o_fqolp ilp nrb abqboj fkbk* mlo il `lkpfpqb bk lmlkbopb ^ i^ abj^ka^ m^o^^q^`^o
jbklp bk rk mofk`fmfl* pf plk `ljmbqbkqbp l i^p o^wlkbp ab i^ mobqbkpfÉk abi abj^ka^kqb*
kl m^o^ obplisbo i^ `lkqolsbopf^ l* il nrbbp il jbaf^kqbo^wlkbpmolmf^pabeb`el*nrbmbopfd^k
jfpjl*pfbi`lksbkfl^o_fqo^inrbbp^rqÉklj l abpqorfoi^ljlafcf`^oi^l^mi^w^oprpbcb`qlp,
^i `lkqo^ql mofk`fm^i* prcob ab ^idÑk sf`fl nrb
ilfks^ifab,Cpq^`ljmbqbk`f^abilp~o_fqolpab Ckq^ipbkqfal*pfbkalbi^o_fqo^gbrkjb`^kfpjl
obplisbo^`bo`^abprmolmf^`ljmbqbk`f^pb`l+ mofs^al ab obplir`fÉk ab `lkcif`qlp* bk alkab
kl`b`ljÑkjbkqb`ljlbfdg\k\eq(bfdg\k\eq pÉilpb^rqlofw^^ilp~o_fqolp^obplisbo^nrbiil
:=OH < :MN L (*'
`ljmbqbk`f^abiqof_rk^i^o_fqo^i, C
afl*afobjlpnrbi^pbu`bm`flkbpr l_gb`flkbp
ab_bo~klmlkbopb^j~pq^oa^obkbij ljbkql LF
+l
ab mobpbkq^oi^ `lkqbpq^`fÉk* pfk nrb bi eb`el Qf* mlo bi `lkqo^ofl* biil nrba^o^ +a b pab rk úl
_\
Ckbpbpbkqfal*^`lkqfkr^`fÉkjbk`flk^objlp `lkbi`lksbkfl^o_fqo^imlaoÅ^fkf`f^orkmol`b+ X\
?qo^sÄpabi^bu`bm`fÉkabfk`ljmbqbk`f^pbab+ 7N
sf
krk`f^k ilpsf`flpbk i^ `ljmbqbk`f^ abi ~o_fqol* Aljl p^_bjlp* i^ cfk^ifa^a ab i^ `lp^grwd^a^ i-i
Í
`
pfbkalmol`babkqb`r^kalpbfkqbomlkbi^abj^k+ bpildo^obiob`lkl`fjfbkqlabi^ab`i^o^`fÉkab Â
a^mlo`lkqolsbopf^pnrbklmrbabkpbopljbqfa^p `boqbw^v^bufpqbkqb*^qo^sÄpabi^molef_f`fÉkab 0'
ljbafl`lkbi`r^i*jbaf^kqbbiqo^kp`roplabi
Ar^kali^abj^ka^li^ob`lksbk`fÉk*abpbobi qfbj ml* pb buqfkdrb v pb mfboab rk abob`el
`^pl*pbfkqbomlkbsbk`falbimi^wlm^o^mi^kqb^o pr_gbqfsl mlobcb`qlabc^iq^abbgbo`f`fl,
rk^mobqbkpfÉkmol`bp^iabofs^a^abrkabob`el
prpq^kqfslprp`bmqf_ibab`^ar`fa^a*biabj^k+ Bfbw+Nf`^wl/2 bkc^qfw^ nrb* bk ob^ifa^a*crka^+
a^allbiabj^ka^kqb*abmbkafbkalabi`^pl* jbkq^oi^mobp`ofm`fÉkbu`irpfs^jbkqbpl_obbi
mrbababar`foi^bu`bm`fÉkab`^ar`fa^a, qo^kp`roplabiqfbj ml`lkqof_rvb^lp`rob`bobi
m^klo^j^,Qf _fbk pb^ajfqbnrbbiqo^kp`ropl
DbifmbMpqboifkd N^olafvrklabilp^rqlobpab abiqfbj ml`ljleb`elgroÅaf`l^iqbo^ilpabob+
bpqb qo^_^gl* K^ofl A^pqfiil Dobvob//* pbÇ^i^k `elppr_gbqfslpli^pobi^`flkbpgroÅaf`^p*il`fbo+
nrbi^grpqfcf`^`fÉkabi^`^ar`fa^ao^af`^bki^ qlbpnrbbi jfpjlklmboqbkb`b^ i^prpq^k`f^
kb`bpfa^aabifnrfa^opfqr^`flkbpfkbpq^_ibpnrb abi^ mobp`ofm`fÉk,
molar`bkfkpbdrofa^a,?ifdr^inrbbkbi`^plab
i^ mobp`ofm`fÉk*bkqlk`bp*biloabk pl`f^i bufdb ?pÅ* bi `fq^al ^rqlo ii^j^ i^ ^qbk`fÉk pl_ob i^
nrbpbaÄcfgbw^vpbdrofa^a^ ilpabob`elpvpb fkbu^`qfqrabknrbpbfk`roob`r^kalpbabcfkb^
^`i^obi^pfqr^`fÉkabilpm^qofjlkflp, i^mobp`ofm`fÉk`ljlrk^buqfk`fÉkababob`elp
molar`fa^mlork^molilkd^a^c^iq^abbgbo`f`fl
Dbok^kal Tfa^i P^jÅobw/0 pbÇ^i^ nrb ilp mi^+ abi abob`el, QbÇ^i^* ^i obpmb`ql* nrb ^rknrb
wlp ab `^ar`fa^a pb bpq^_ib`bk ab j^kbo^ bi qfqri^o fk`fa^ bk fk^`qfsfa^a l bk fkbo`f^* bi
bpmb`Åcf`^ bk obi^`fÉk ^ rk^ pfqr^`fÉk groÅaf`^ abob`el kl mobp`of_bbk q^kql pb^ ob`lkl`fal
`lk`obq^ nrb e^ a^al ird^o ^i k^`fjfbkql abi mlobiprgbql m^pfsl, J^c^iq^ abbgbo`f`fl e^ ab
abob`el* j lj bkql abpab bi `r^i `ljfbkw^ ^ fo*mlobpql* rkfa^^ i^c^iq^abob`lkl`fjfbkql,
`ljmrq^opbbi mi^wl m^o^ pr bgbo`f`fl, Nlobiil*
plkmi^wlpafpÅjfibp*cfg^alpm^o^`^a^`^pl*mlo ?bpq^fab^e^vnrb^dobd^onrbi^mobp`ofm`fÉk
ilnrbbiAÉafdlkle^mlafalbpq^_ib`bomi^wlp kl mrbab pbo ^`ldfa^ ab lcf`fl mlo bi grbw l
//, MQRCPJGLE N?PMBG* Dbifmb v A?QRGJJM DPCWPC* K^ofl, Mf[f!gi\jZi`Y\!f! ZX[lZX'! X! d\efj!hl\!ÖX!c\p!j\yXc\!cf
ZfekiXi`f )Ck8Bbob`el$Ql`fba^a*LÜ01*Jfj^*0..2*m,/00,
:=OH < :MN L /1.
/0, TGB?J P?KóPCX* Dbok^kal, Ii`eZ`g`f![\!c\^Xc`[X[!\e! \c!gcXqf![\!ZX[lZ`[X[ ) Ck8 <z[`^f! <`m`c!<fd\ekX[f) Jfj^8
E^`bq^HroÅaf`^*0..3*m,123,
/1, KCQQGLCM* Do^k`bp`l, FXelXc![\!=\i\Z_f!<`m`c!p!<fd\iZ`Xc) Rljl GG, @rbklp ?fobp8 Caf`flkbp HroÅaf`^p Crolm^+
?jÄof`^*/732*m,4/.,
/2, BóCX+NGA?XMNMLACBCJCòL*Jrfp,EX!=fZki`eX![\!cfj!:Zkfj!Iifg`fj)@^o`bilk^8@lp`e*/740*m,76/,
à
e+
/3, A?PPGòL JSEM*Hlodb,MiXkX[f[\=\i\Z_fIifZ\jXc<`m`c)Jfj^8Eofgibv*0...*m,3.2, Ç
/4, JCBCQK? L?PTñCX* K^of^kbii^, <fd\ekXi`fj Xc <z[`^f IifZ\jXc <`m`c) Rbo`bo^ baf`fÉk, Rljl GG, Jfj^8 E^`bq^ à
O
HroÅaf`^Cafqlobp*0.//*m,35,
EX `e[`m`j`Y`c`[X[ [\ cX kiXejXZZ`ze ef Zfejk`klp\ le ZXivZk\i \jg\Zx]`Zf [\ cX d`jdX5 \ccX \j gifg`X [\ kf[fj cfj XZkfj
alix[`Zfj) >c gi`eZ`g`f [\ hl\ ef j\ gl\[\ [`m`[`i le XZkf alix[`Zf \c`d`eXe[f [\ wc [\k\id`eX[Xj ZcvljlcXj p [\aXe[f
jlYj`jk\ek\j fkiXj' j\ Xgc`ZX Zfe kf[X Xdgc`kl[' gfihl\ Zfejk`klp\e dXe`]\jkXZ`fe\j [\ mfclekX[ jfYi\ leX j\i`\ [\
:=OH<:MNL /1.
glekfj [\k\id`eX[fj' p XhlwccXj hl\[XixXe dlk`cX[Xj j` j\ X[d`k`\iX cX XelcXZ`ze [\ Xc^leXj [\ \jXj ZcvljlcXj p cX
jlYj`jk\eZ`X [\ cXj fkiXj6 \c Zfej\ek`d`\ekf j\ _X gi\jkX[f \e Xk\eZ`ze X kf[Xj)
>c gi`eZ`g`f [\ cX `e[`m`j`Y`c`[X[' [\ i`^fi \e kf[fj cfj XZkfj alix[`Zfj' gXi\Z\ dvj \jki`Zkf' j` ZXY\' \e Xhl\ccfj hl\ jfe
\ok`ek`mfj f Zi\X[fi\j [\ [\i\Z_fj )
/6, N?J?AGMQ K?PRóLCX* Cof`, Glc`[X[ gXiZ`Xc ) Ck <z[`^f <`m`c Zfd\ekX[f gfi cfj ,++ d\afi\j \jg\Z`Xc`jkXj) Mfdf
B)E`dX5 @XZ\kX Clix[`ZX' -++2' g) 4-4)
1.. BÉĪĜÍ À É Ĭ İ Ĝ Ĥ Ĥ Í ÄĪĔLĪĔ Ō ĊĜİÉ Ç É Ě Ī Í Ĭ Í BĜIÉLÉ Ō ǼÉĮĪ É À ÉĬ İ ĪÍ ÈÉ ĨÉİ É Ō Ą G Í ĔĤ ÀGĜĨÉĪĞÉ ÀÉİÉ ĤÊI
sbkfl^o_fqo^il^rqlkljÅ^abi`lksbkfl^o_fqo^i* `lksbkfl^o_fqo^ilmloklbpq^om^`q^albi : è
bpjrvmol_^_ibnrbkrk`^ er_fbob^o_fqo^gbp, ^o_fqo^gbm^o^obplisboi^j^qbof^`lkqolsbo+
qfa^lm^oqbabbii^*^pÅ`ljl`r^inrfbolqol iiiikR
K+)z
Ck bpqb jfpjl pbkqfal pb molkrk`f^k Kbofkl qfm l ab bu`bm`flkbp s-l abcbkp^p mobsf^p* D::C
v AefiiÉk/7* `r^kal plpqfbkbk nrb bi `lksbkfl ab_bo~ pbo lmrbpq^ mlo i^p m^oqbp ^ j~p ll
OMM
^ o_ fqo^ i bp ^ r qÉ k l j l obpmb`ql ^i `l k qo^ ql q^oa^o bk i^ `lkqbpq^`fÉk ab i^ abj^ka^ 6JIDG
l `lksbk`fÉk alkab pb fk`lomlo^, Ci bcb`ql .* `lk obpmb`ql ^ rk^ ob`lksbk`fÉk* bk i^ C68>DC6A
mo~`qf`l ab bpqb o^kdl* `lkqfkÑ^k ilp ^rqlobp* `lkqbpq^`fÉk ^ bp^ ob`lksbk`fÉk, &{kc^pfp
bpbsfabkqb8i^ krifa^alfkbcf`^`f^abi ^`rboal ^dobd^al',
l`lkqo^ql j^o`lalkabpbfkpboq^ kl^cb`q^^i
`lksbkfl^o_fqo^inrbqfbkbprmolmf^bufpqbk`f^ Cpq^ `i~rpri^ qfm l ab i^p ^`q^p ab fkpq^i^`fÉk
v bcb`qlp* ^pbdro~kalpb ^pÅpr mibk^ sfdbk`f^ q^j _fÄk bp obpm^ia^a^ mlo ilp obdi^j bkqlp
`ljlfkpqorj bkqlabplir`fÉkab`lkcif`qlp, ^o_fqo^ibp ab ilp afsboplp Abkqolp ab ?o_fqo^gb
ab i^ A^mfq^i, Ck bpbpbkqfal* mlabjlp`fq^o+^
Nloilabj~p*obpriq^ fj mloq^kqbnrb i^ kloj^ qÅqril ab bgb j mil+ il afpmrbpql mlobi ^oqÅ`ril -:3
pb^ ^pÅ ab bpmb`Åcf`^ ^i `lkqbkbo `lk`bmqlp 2. abi Pbdi^jbkql Nol`bp^i ab ?o_fqo^gb ab i^ C
NX
`lj l i^ fkbufpqbk`f^* krifa^a* ^kri^_fifa^a* A~j^o^ ab Aljbo`fl ab Jfj^* `rvl fk`fpl / Zm
s
fks^ifabw b fkbcf`^`f^* nrb ^kqbp kl pb bk`lk+ pbÇ^i^ilpfdrfbkqb8 DĄ
M&
qo^_^k q^k abq^ii^alp bk i^ kloj^ ibd^i v nrb LC
f-f
elvpÅpbbk`rbkqo^kab_fa^jbkqbqo^q^alpbk >oZ\gZ`fe\jpfYa\Z`fe\jXcXiY`kiXa\ &T
<
`lk`loa^k`f^ `lk il nrb bpq^_ib`bk i^p ibvbp ?oqÅ`ril2.,+ `
;)
`fsfibp*`ljlbsbkqr^ibp`rbpqflk^jfbkqlp^i^ /, EXjgXik\jgf[ivegifgfe\i\oZ\gZ`fe\j
s^ifabwlbcf`^`f^abilp`lkqo^qlp, vfYa\Z`fe\jXcXiY`kiXa\_XjkX\cdfd\e(
B
DĄ
kf[\Zfek\jkXicX[\dXe[X'cXi\Zfem\e( M
+A
===% ACA9BHCD5F5CDCB9F9L79D7=CB9G Z`zef\c\jZi`kf[\gi\j\ekXZ`zej`dlckv( sg
`r
IC6>97=CB9G e\X[\gfj`Z`fe\j' j\^{e Zfii\jgfe[X' M'
O
cXjhl\j\ivegl\jkXj \e ZfefZ`d`\ekf `r
DĄ
Nlolqo^ m^oqb*ab_bjlppbÇ^i^onrbbifk`fpl1 [\cXZfekiXgXik\gXiXhl\gifZ\[XXjl DĄ
L
+
/7, KCPGLM KCPAFñL*HlpÄvAFGJJòL KCBGL?*HlpÄ K^oÅ^, MiXkX[f[\=\i\Z_f:iY`kiXc)Rbo`bo^ baf`fÉk, L^s^oo^8 à
O
ReljplkAfsfq^p*0..4*m,036,
Bb_bjlpqbkbojrvbk`rbkq^nrbbim^oqf`fm^o Ci`rbpqflk^jfbkqlriqbofloabi^`ljmbqbk`f^*
: =OH < :MN L /1.
bk bi klj_o^jfbkql ab rk ~o_fqol* j~p ^ii~ ab nrbpbmbojfqbabkqolabifk`fpl1abi^oqÅ`ril2/
e^_bo abar`fal i^ fk`ljmbqbk`f^ abi qof_rk^i ab i^ Jbv* bp ^_plirq^jbkqb mbifdolpl* mlonrb
^o_fqo^i l i^ lmlpf`fÉk ^i ^o_fqo^gb* bk qÄojfklp kl fj^dfk^jlpbgbjmilpbk ilp`r^ibp rk^ab
dbkbo^ibp* kl fjmif`^ a^o ^pbkqfjfbkql m^o^ bi i^p m^oqbp mrba^ `rbpqflk^o bp^ `ljmbqbk`f^*
abp^ooliil abi mol`bpl, Qfjmibjbkqb fjmif`^ bi pbk`fii^jbkqb mlonrb kl mrbab bufpqfo ^idÑk
`lkqfkr^o`lki^ob^ifw^`fÉkababqbojfk^a^paf+ bibj bkql krbsl, Cp ab`fo* `lk i^ abj^ka^*
pbe^dr^oa^al`fboq^ fkcloj^`fÉk,
Skl ab ilp ^pmb`qlp j~p `lkqolsboqfalp bk
Aljlpbmrbabl_pbos^o*bpqlfjmif`^^s^i^oi^ qlokl^ i^pbu`bm`flkbp*bpbi obi^qfsl^ bk nrÄ
afi^`fÉkabilpmol`bplp^o_fqo^ibp, j ljbkqlab_bk pboÄpq^pobprbiq^p,
fkqboil`rqlofl, qboj fkb bi mol`bpl ^o_fqo^i `lk bi i^ral nrb
mlkd^cfk^ijfpjl,
AljlpbÇ^i^kDlr`e^oa*E^fii^oavEliaj ^k0.*
bi i^ral^o_fqo^i mrbabpboabcfkfal`ljl rk^ Fbjlp abg^al m^o^ bi cfk^i* mbol kl mlonrb
ab`fpfÉkabcfkfqfs^mlom^oqbabilp~o_fqolpobp+ pb^ jbklp fj mloq^kqb* rk qbj^ nrbq^j _fÄk
mb`qlabqlal l m^oqbab i^ afpmrq^ pljbqfa^ e^v nrb ^_loa^o* v bp nrb* bk ^idrklp `^plp
^pr `lkl`fj fbkql*pb^ nrbpb obcfbo^ ^i clkal +bu`bm`flk^ibpmlo` fb oql +ilpqof_rk^ibp^o_f+
ab i^ `lkqolsbopf^* ^ i^ `lj mbqbk`f^ ab ilp qo^ibpmrbabkabg^om^o^bij lj bkqlabii^ral
~o_fqolpl^qbj^pabmol`bafjfbkqlp*pfbjmob i^ obplir`fÉk ab i^p bu`bm`flkbp* pf bp nrb bi
v`r^kal bp^ ab`fpfÉk pb^*`ljlv^ pb fkaf`É* `lkl`fj fbkql abi clkal ab i^p `lkqolsbopf^p
abcfkfqfs^, Jlp ^rqlobp fabkqfcf`^k e^pq^ `fk`l crbpb crka^j bkq^i m^o^ i^ obplir`fÉk ab i^
qfmlpabi^ralp8i^ralpcfk^ibp*i^ralpmobifj f+ molmf^bu`bm`fÉk,
k^obp* i^ralp fkqbofklp* i^ralpfkqboil`rqloflp
vi^ralp m^o`f^ibp0/, Jl nrb l`roob bp nrb bufpqbk ^idrk^p `fo`rkp+
q^k`f^p+v bkbijbafl^o_fqo^ipbmobpbkq^k`^a^
?elo^ _fbk* bi i^ral fkqboil`rqlofl bp bi nrb `fboqlqfb j m l +bkalkabklobpriq^c~`fiqlj^o
obprbisbpfk bkqo^o^i clkal ab i^ `lkqolsbopf^* rk^mlpf`fÉkX gi`fi`pl_obbiqbj^abi^bu`bm+
`ljll`roobbkbi`^plabi^pbu`bm`flkbp, `fÉk,Cpab`fo*biqof_rk^iobnrfbob+b k bicl k a l +
`lkl`boj~p`rbpqflkbpprpq^kqfs^pabimol`bpl*
Qfpbqo^q^pbabrki^ralfkqboil`rqloflalkabpb ^bcb`qlpabmlaboafir`fa^oi^bu`bm`fÉk,
obplisfbo^ki^pbu`bm`flkbpab`i^o~kali^pÅkqb+
do^jbkqbcrka^a^p*bpbi^ralfkqboil`rqlofl*ab Sk^pfqr^`fÉk bk i^ `r^i ilpqof_rk^ibp mlaoÅ^k
^`rboal^ilbpq^_ib`falmloi^Jbvab?o_fqo^gb* ob`roofo^rkprmrbpql`ljlÄpqb&bpab`fo*biab
pbo~ prp`bmqf_ib ab fj mrdk^`fÉk ^ qo^sÄp ab abg^om^o^bii^ral i^ obplir`fÉkabiqbj^abi^
rk^ ^``fÉk ab ^kri^`fÉk* `ljl bumif`^objlp bu`bm`fÉk'* pboÅ^ ^nrÄii^ bk alkab i^p m^oqbp
lmloqrk^j bkqb, klpÉile^v^klcob`falmorb_^pal`rjbkq^ibp*
:=OH < :MN L /1.
0., Afq^alp mlo A?LRS?PG?Q Q?J?TCPPW* Dbok^kal, :iY`kiXa\ <fd\iZ`Xc p [\ cXj Bem\ij`fe\j) Jfj^8 Skfsbopfa^a
Nbor^k^abAfbk`f^p?mif`^a^p*0..5*m,073,
0/, ?mbp^oabi^`fq^nrbe^`bA^kqr^of^pabilpobcbofalp^rqlobp*pbÇ^i^nrb^i^cb`e^klbufpqb`lkpbkpl^`bo`^abi
`lk`bmql i^ral^o_fqo^i kéabi`lkqbkfalbu^`qlabilpafcbobkqbpqfmlpabi^ralp^o_fqo^ibpnrbmrbabkaf`q^oilp
~o_fqolp,Hrpq^jbkqb*ab_fal^i^c^iq^ab`lkpbkpl^`bo`^abbpqbqbj^*ilp^rqlobpabi^ JbvKlabilabSk`fqo^i
abpfpqfbolkbk i^q^ob^ababcfkfonrÄpbbkqfbkabmloi^ral^o_fqo^ivabbpq^_ib`bopf mrbabk bufpqforkllj~p
qfmlpabi^ralp,rBYx[)%)
1.2 BÉĪĜÍ À É Ĭ İ Ĝ Ĥ Ĥ Í ÄĪĔLĪĔ Ō ĊĜİÉ Ç É ĚĪ Í Ĭ Í BĜIÉLÉ Ō ǼÉĮĪ É ÀÉĬ İĪ Í ÈÉ ĨÉİ É Ō ĄG ÍĔĤ À GĜ ĨÉ IÉ ÀÉİÉĤÊI
pfkl^idrk^morb_^nrbpbqbkd^nrb^`qr^o`lk pb ab`i^o^ ^kqf`fm^a^jbkqb i^ fk`ljmbqbk`f^* è :
mlpqboflofa^a, Ci obpriq^al ab af`e^ ^`qr^`fÉk mbol bp `i^ol nrb af`e^ fk`ljmbqbk`f^ mral jjj
mlaoÅ^ a^o j^vlobp ir`bp* ^ bcb`qlp ab nrb bi e^_bo pfal obprbiq^ bk bi molmfl i^ral* `lk il Ř AAÖA
KF+
qof_rk^i ^o_fqo^i mrafbo^ obplisbo i^ bu`bm`fÉk `r^i ilpob`roplpfjmrdk^qloflpbkrk`^plab+ SJPH
abar`fa^ mloi^ m^oqb, _bkpbobu^`q^jbkqbilpjfpjlpnrbbkbilqol, 2*6
ffZ
6JIDG
Qf pb er_fbpb obprbiql bi qbj^ sÅ^ i^ral* kl C68>DC6A
Bbkqolabq^iloabkabfab^p*bkbpqlp`^plp*`obb+
jlpnrbpbo~qlq^ijbkqbmlpf_ibviÅ`fqlnrbilp `^_oÅ^ ara^ ^idrk^ bk bi pbkqfal ab nrb bi
qof_rk^ibp^o_fqo^ibpabgbk m^o^bicfk^i*bpab`fo* ob`roplfj mrdk^qloflbo^biab^kri^`fÉk,Qfpb
m^o^bi jljbkqlabi^ra^o*i^ obplir`fÉkabi^p fjmrdk^pb bp^ obplir`fÉk mobsf^ ^i i^ral* bp
bu`bm`flkbp,Qfkbj_^odl*af`e^ab`fpfÉkab_b+ l_sflnrbbiob`roplfj mrdk^qloflqbkaoÅ^nrb
o~ pboqlj^a^ `lk jr`el `rfa^al*v^ nrb biil pbobu^`q^jbkqbbijfpjl,
mlaoÅ^fjmif`^ork j^vlo`lpqlm^o^i^pm^oqbp,
Ci ^oqÅ`ril 2/ abi fk`fpl 3 abi Bb`obql Jbdfp+
J% 5AD5FC89@59L79D7=xB i^qfsl /.5/* pbÇ^i^ nrb pf bi qof_ r k^ i ^o_fqo^i ÁÀ
^jm^o^ i^bu`bm`fÉk`ljl`rbpqfÉk mobsf^*pb á
TB
Cifk`fpl3abi^oqÅ`ril2/ abi^JbvpbÇ^i^nrbpf ab`i^o^o~fk`lj mbqbkqbvloabk^o~i^qboj fk^+ Qb
M
bi qof_rk^i ^o_fqo^i ^jm^o^ i^ bu`bm`fÉk `ljl `fÉkabi^p^`qr^`flkbp^o_fqo^ibp,Cpq^ab`fpfÉk úM
ol
`rbpqfÉk mobsf^* pb ab`i^o^o~ fk`lj mbqbkqb mlao~ pbo fj mrdk^a^ j baf^kqb ob`ropl ab ML
a\
v loabk^o~ i^ qboj fk^`fÉk ab i^p ^`qr^`flkbp ^kri^`fÉk, Qf biqof_rk^i ^o_fqo^i ^jm^o^ i^ bu+ :
8S
^o_fqo^ibp, Cpq^ ab`fpfÉk mlao~ pbo fjmrdk^a^ `bm`fÉk`ljl`rbpqfÉkmobsf^obpmb`qlabab+ 8
$!
jbaf^kqbob`roplab^kri^`fÉk, qbojfk^a^pj^qbof^p*i^p^`qr^`flkbp^o_fqo^ibp ÆÁÀ
`lkqfkr^o~k obpmb`qlabi^pabj~pj^qbof^pv D?
M
Ckbcb`ql*biqof_rk^imlaoÅ^bpqfj^omboqfkbkqb i^ab`fpfÉkpÉilmlao~pbofjmrdk^a^j baf^k+ l
]`
a^omlo`lk`irfa^pi^p^`qr^`flkbp^o_fqo^ibpmlo qb ob`ropl ab ^kri^`fÉk* irbdl ab bjfqfopb bi r
MH
`lkpfabo^opbfk`ljmbqbkqb, i^ral mlo bi nrb pb obprbisb abcfkfqfs^j bkqb Qb
M
i^`lkqolsbopf^, Qb
M
Nloilq^kql*abkqolabi^iÅkb^abilbumobp^al* âM
ol
obpriq^ fkÑqfi`lkqfkr^o`lk rk mol`bpl^o_fqo^i Jl obdri^albkbpqbbuqobjlab i^ kloj^bpbi
qbj^abilpi^ralpm^o`f^ibp*j^qbof^nrbklbp r
+` l k qfbj mlv`lpqlp m^o^ i^pm^oqbpvm^o^ ilp ol
JJ,
~o_fqolp+*pfbiqof_rk^i^o_fqo^ibpfk`ljmbqbkqb l_gbqlabbpqbqo^_^gl,
m^o^`lkl`boil, Qb
R9
Qfkmbogrf`flabbiil*mlabjlpab`fonrbbii^ral l
`
Ck bpb pbkqfal* bi mol`bplcfk^ifw^* pb ^o`efs^k m^o`f^i nrb obprbisb abqboj fk^a^ bu`bm`fÉk C
1
ilp ^`qr^alp v pb qo^q^* pfk ara^* ab rk i^ral ab`i^o~kali^ crka^a^*^o`efs^ bk bpbbuqobjl ol
fkqboil`rqlofl, J^ abold^a^ JbvEbkbo^i ab?o+ i^pmobqbkpflkbp9bimol`bpl`lkqfkÑ^pl_oblqo^p M
^
_fqo^gb &Jbv04350' klbpq^_ib`Å^`r~i bo^ i^sÅ^ mobqbkpflkbp l j^qbof^p `lkqolsboqfa^p v bp ol
L.
ab fjmrdk^`fÉk ab ilp i^ralp fkqboil`rqloflp* bsfabkqbnrbi^m^oqbnrbpbpfbkq^mbograf`^a^ ol
(+â
mloilnrb^idrk^pm^oqbp ob`rooÅ^k ^ i^^``fÉk mlobp^ obplir`fÉk+n r b ab`i^o^crka^a^ i^bu+ ué
Qb
ab^jm^ol*mboli^al`qofk^^o_fqo^i`lfk`faÅ^bk `bm`fÉkabfk`lj mbqbk`f^+mrbabfjmrdk^oi^* )Á+âÀ
a\
nrb^iqo^q^opbabrki^ralfkqboil`rqlofl*ilnrb mofjbol+sÅ^ob`lkpfabo^`fÉk+^kqbbimolmflqof+ <
M'
`loobpmlkaÅ^bo^ob`roofosÅ^^kri^`fÉkabijfp+ _rk^i^o_fqo^ivirbdl+sÅ^ob`roplab^kri^`fÉk ZZ
jl*mlonrbpbqo^q^abrk^obplir`fÉkbkalkab abi i^ ral+^kqbbiNlaboHraf`f^i,
,
`l
`+
à
O